scholarly journals High frequency of social polygyny reveals little costs for females in a songbird

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Santoro ◽  
Pilar Fernández-Díaz ◽  
David Canal ◽  
Carlos Camacho ◽  
László Z. Garamszegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Central Spain ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

AbstractMating system theory predicts that social polygyny—when one male forms pair bonds with two females—may evolve by female choice in species with biparental care. Females will accept a polygynous male if the benefit of mating with a male providing high-quality genes or rearing resources outweighs the cost of sharing mate assistance in parental care. Based on this rationale, we hypothesise that the population frequency of social polygyny (FSP) varies due to changes in mate sharing costs caused by changing environmental conditions. We predicted that: (1) polygamous females (i.e. mated with a polygynous male) pay a survival cost compared to monogamous females; (2) FSP would be higher in years with better rearing conditions and (3) the difference in survival rates between monogamous and polygamous females would be small following years with higher FSP. We tested these predictions using regression and multistate analyses of capture-recapture data of pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, in central Spain collected over 26 years (1990–2016). Monogamous females had a higher mean survival rate than polygamous females (prediction 1), but there was no difference in survival between polygynous and monogamous males. In addition, FSP was positively associated with annual reproductive success (a proxy of the quality of rearing conditions—prediction 2). Finally, following years with high FSP, the survival of polygamous females was similar to that of monogamous females (prediction 3), while the chance of breeding in a polygamous state for 2 years in a row increased for both males and females. Our findings suggest that fluctuating environmental conditions may be a necessary but neglected aspect of understanding social polygyny mechanisms.

scholarly journals BIAYA OPERASI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN NEGERI KATEGORI SBI/RSBI DI DIY

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Moch Alip
Keyword(s):  
Operational Cost ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Discrepancy Model ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Penelitian bertujuan mengungkap besar biaya operasi (BO) dan dana operasi nonpersonalia dalam penyusunan anggaran Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Bertaraf Internasioanl (SMK-BI) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). Penelitian evaluatif populatif ini  menggunakan model discrepancy dengan pendekatan penghitungan biaya berbasis kegiatan (activity based costing, disingkat ABC). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan kaji dokumen kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pengelola belum pernah menghitung besar BO nonpersonalia per Program Keahlian (PK) sehingga anggaran disusun per sekolah dan tidak mengakomodasi perbedaan kebutuhan bahan dan alat habis pakai (BAHP) antar PK. Besar BO nonpersonalia SMK-BI di DIY hampir sama dengan standar biaya SMK SSN, yaitu Rp2.166.237,00 untuk kelompok bidang non-teknik dan sebesar Rp2.287.066,00 untuk kelompok bidang teknik. Dana operasi nonpersonalia dari Pemerintah sekitar 10% s.d. 16% dari kebutuhan sehingga tidak cukup untuk pengadaan BAHP sekitar 10,5% s.d. 19,4% (idealnya 10% s.d. 30%) sehingga yang ditanggung orang tua siswa sebesar 84% s.d. 90%. Pemerintah perlu mengalokasikan dana operasi program peningkatan mutu sekolah seperti SMK-BI sesuai kebutuhan dan mendorong penerapan anggaran berbasis kinerja.Kata kunci: biaya operasi SMK ______________________________________________________________ OPERATIONAL COST OF STATE VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOLS IN SBI/RSBI CATEGORY IN DIYAbstract The objectives of this research are to reveal nonpersonel operational cost and funding in compossing the budget of world class of vocational school in Yogyakarta Special Province. The evaluatif populatif research used a discrepancy model and an activity based costing approach. Data were collected through interview and document analysis and analyzed by qualitatif and quantitatif tecnique. The result showed that the management had not calculated nonpersonel operational cost of each study program, so the school budget did not acommodate the difference cost of consumabel material between study programmes. Based on the budget documents, the nonpersonel operational cost per student per year is Rp2.166.237,00 for non-technical programes and Rp2.287.066,00 for technical programes. The cost was not much higher than that for standar schools. The fund from goverment is varies from  10% up to 16%. It is not enough for consumable materials of workshop activities that up to 10,5% for non-technical programes and 19,4% for technical programes. The small fund from goverment made the parent have to pay 84% up to 90% of nonpersonel operational cost, which is too expensive for poor families. The goverment should alocate appropriate fund when launching special programes for improving quality of education and implement performance based budgeting.Keywords: operational cost of  vocational high school

" Management of human talent and its relationship to enhance the competitive advantage of some sports federations in the Egyptian and Bahraini societies "

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Hasan Ahmad Alshafea ◽  
Abdelrahman Ahmad Saear ◽  
Abdelrahman Mohamad Megahed
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Board Members ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

The study aimed to identify the relationship between talent management and enhancing the competitive advantage of some sports federations in the Egyptian and Bahraini societies, in addition to the difference in this according to the variables of both experience and level of employment. To achieve this, the researchers used both Talent Management and Competitive Advantage quetionair as a tool to collect data and information from a sampling sample of (50) and a core sample of (247) board members and employees of Egyptian and Bahraini sports federations. The results of the study showed that there is no relationship between the methods of managing human talent between the Egyptian and Bahrain sports federations. There is a positive relationship in the quality of talent in the Bahraini unions and creativity in the Egyptian and Bahraini federations. The results also indicate that there is no difference between the Bahraini and Egyptian federations in the management of sports talents and the promotion of competitive advantage due to the variables of experience and level of employment. Researchers have recommended that specific criteria be used to attract sports talent and retain competencies to reduce the cost of spending on sports talent.

scholarly journals Zwinne szacowanie pracochłonności w projektach programistycznych – studium przypadków

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Łabędzki ◽  
Patryk Promiński ◽  
Adam Rybicki ◽  
Marcin Wolski
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Labor Intensity ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Correct Estimation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

Aim:Aim: The purpose of this paper is to identify common mistakes and pitfalls as well as best practices in estimating labor intensity in software projects. The quality of estimations in less experienced teams is often unsatisfactory, as a result of which estimation as part of the software development process is abandoned. The decision is usually justified by misunderstanding "agility". This article is part of the discussion on current trends in estimation, especially in the context of the new "no estimates" approach.Design / Research methods: The publication is a case study based on the experience of a mature development team. The author, on the basis of literature-based estimation techniques, shows good and bad practices, as well as common mistakes in thinking and behavior.Conclusions / findings: The key to correct estimation is: understanding the difference between labor intensity and time, ability to monitor performance, as well as how to analyze staff requirements for the team.Originality / value of the article: The publication helps to master confidence-boosting techniques for any estimation (duration, and indirectly, the cost of software development) where requirements are known, but mainly at the stage of project implementation (design and implementation).Limitations of the research: The work does not address the problems of initial estimation of projects, i.e. the estimation made in the early stages of planning.

Nanomedicines for enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-stratified patients have the potential to improve treatment outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Improve Treatment ◽  
Enhanced Permeability And Retention ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

Nanomedicines are being tasked with boosting the efficacy of existing immunotherapies. Understanding the pathophysiology of the targeted tumors is critical for devising the optimum strategy. The corticosteroid dexamethasone has recently been discovered to promote tumor perfusion and nanomedicine accumulation. Only a limited percentage of patients, however, respond to immune checkpoint blockage (ICB). In the United States, for example, it is believed that ICB therapy is ineffective for about 87 percent of cancer patients. The care of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-stratified patients has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. Treating patients with several metastatic foci with varying amounts of EPR impact could increase nanomedicine impact in cancer patients, but only losartan has yet to reach clinical trials. Other medication repurposing techniques have been proposed for the increased efficacy of small medicines and antibodies, but they are still in clinical trials and need to be tested in human patients. The treatment of these patients could improve the effectiveness of nanomedi-based immunotherapy and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This could have a positive effect on cancer patients' survival rates and quality of life, as well as on the cost of treatment. The potential of nanomedicines to deliver a wide range of immunomodulating drugs and modulate their action in space

Once-Daily Oral Deferasirox (Exjade®, ICL670) Versus Infusional Deferoxamine as Iron Chelation Therapy in Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease Receiving Frequent Transfusions: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 5584-5584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Delea ◽  
Simu K. Thomas ◽  
Jean-Francois Baladi ◽  
Thomas D. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Chelation Therapy ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Iron Chelator ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background. Patients with sickle-cell disease (SCD) receiving chronic transfusions require chelation therapy to prevent complications from iron overload. Although deferoxamine (DFO) is an effective iron chelator, it must be administered as an 8–12 hour infusion 5–7 times per week, leading to poor compliance and/or reduced quality of life. Deferasirox (DSX) is an investigational once-daily oral iron chelator that has been shown to produce reductions in liver iron concentrations and serum ferritin similar in magnitude to those obtained with DFO. Cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis is a technique used to determine whether the benefits of new therapies are worth their additional costs. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate from a US perspective the CE of DSX versus DFO in SCD patients receiving frequent transfusions. Methods. Data from a variety of published and unpublished sources were used to estimate the CE of chelation therapy with DSX versus DFO in SCD patients receiving frequent transfusions (≥8 per year). As there are no long-term studies describing the complications of iron overload in patients with SCD, we focused on the short term (i.e., one year) costs and quality-of-life effects of chelation therapy. We assumed that patients would receive dosages (mg/kg/d) of DSX and DFO that have been found to be similarly effective in patients with SCD. To be conservative we assumed that all patients would be fully compliant with chelation therapy. CE was measured in terms of the ratio of the difference (DSX vs DFO) in costs to the difference in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over one year of treatment. Analyses were based on the wholesale acquisition cost of generic DFO and the anticipated cost of DSX in the US. Mean weight was estimated to be 52 kg, based on data from deferasirox clinical studies. The cost of DFO administration was based on analyses of health insurance claims data for patients with transfusion-dependent anemias. Utilities (weights representing patient quality of life) were based on results of a study that used time-trade-off methods to estimate community-based preferences for oral versus infusional iron chelation therapy. Results. Total annual costs were estimated to be $1,486 greater with DSX ($22,922 vs $21,436 with DFO). Annual costs of DFO included $13,628 for drug acquisition and $7,808 for drug administration. One year of treatment with DSX is estimated to result in a gain of 0.25 QALYs (0.82 vs 0.57 with DFO). The CE of DSX versus DFO is therefore estimated to be $5,944 per QALY gained. CE of DSX versus DFO was sensitive to the assumed dosages of DSX and DFO and the cost of infusional therapy. Conclusion. In patients with SCD receiving frequent transfusions, DSX versus DFO is highly cost-effective compared with other generally-accepted treatments for patients with hematologic and oncologic disorders. These results may understate the CE of DSX, as they did not consider the potential benefits of improved compliance or side effects of infusion therapy. Further research is needed to assess the potential implication of DSX on the risk-benefit profile of transfusion therapy in patients with SCD.

Cost effectiveness in a supportive care unit.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18326-e18326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Morin ◽  
Pauline Leroy ◽  
Christophe Aubaret ◽  
Karine Legeay ◽  
Alexandre Saadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Standard Cost ◽  
Related Group ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

e18326 Background: Supportive care in cancer (SCC) may create a financial burden, compared to a standard cancer department. In 2011, a specific SCC inpatient unit was developed in an academic hospital, based on a multidisciplinary approach in order to anticipate patient’s disability and limit emergency hospitalization. Assess the cost effectiveness of the SCC unit expenses and benefits compared to Medical (MO) and Gastro-Intestinal (GI) oncology departments. Methods: Data were analyzed over a six year period (2011-2016). Cost of hospital stays and cost per year were calculated based on the hospital’s standard cost accounting method. Hospital benefits were calculated as the difference between total incomes and total expenses (cost and Diagnosis Related Group tariffs for the stay) and results were compared (period available for comparison 2011 to 2014). Results: Total costs for the hospital, primarily due to staff expenses, were lower for the SCC unit compared to MO and GI in 2011 and 2014, as well as the daily cost per stay (DCS). Benefit per year was also higher for the SCC unit permitting it, to benefit financially compared to the two other oncology units (Table). Incomes reimbursed by the National Health system for SCC unit were 1,632,601 euros in 2015 and 2,096,285 euros in 2016 with a total of 357 and 408 patients admitted in the 8 bed SCC unit in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Conclusions: The SCC unit was less expensive to operate compared to our other oncology units. Our results suggest that its development permitted the oncology department to enhance its quality of care without any additional expenses. [Table: see text]

Assessments and Decisions During Mate Choice in Gammarus Pulex (Amphipoda)

Behaviour ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Elwood ◽  
Jaimie T.A. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Precopulatory Mate Guarding ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

AbstractMale Gammarus pulex preferentially enter precopulatory mate guarding with large females close to moulting. The interactions of males and females were observed in an attempt to elucidate the process by which males assess females and, further, to determine how such information gathering influences mating decisions. Males which encountered single females, which had recently been experimentally separated from other males, grabbed and held those females in a perpendicular hold prior to establishing the precopulatory hold. The higher the reproductive quality of the female the more rapid was the male decision to move into the perpendicular hold but this was followed by an increased level of abdomen flexing and antennae touching. Once precopula was established, higher quality females received more stroking with the free gnathopods. When two females were encountered, some males simply took the first contacted and this resulted in random pairing. Other males, however, demonstrated the ability to sequentially sample as well as simultaneously compare females and, if this occurred, they almost invariably took the higher quality female. Discrimination between two females was more rapid as the difference in their qualities increased whereas males engaged in more grabbing and holding when females were of similar moult stages. The data show that assessment of female size and moult stage occurs early in the interaction, whereas subsequent activities such as flexing and stroking are probably involved in courtship, possibly serving to pacify females.

scholarly journals Comparing the Maintenance Quality of Two Groups of Equipment: A Case of Water Chillers

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeng-Hsiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Interarrival Time ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

In practice, air-conditioner service companies often wish to compare the maintenance quality of two groups of equipment. One of the feasible methods is to compare the survival rates at some specified survival times. However, differences in survival rate between two groups of equipment can change significantly depending on the chosen time. To overcome this problem, this study tried to find out a statistical test method for determining whether there is a statistically significant difference between the survival functions or hazard functions of two groups of water chillers. This study collected two sets of data on the maintenance of water chillers in the stations of the Red Line and the Green Line, Taipei Metro, Taiwan. Then, survival analysis was performed to estimate the survival rates for the two groups of water chillers and identify the probability model of the interarrival time of equipment failure. This study used the Kaplan-Meier method to produce the survival curves for water chillers and thereby comprehend the cycle of maintenance and repairs. Finally, the differences in survival rate between the two groups of water chillers were examined and used to infer the difference in maintenance quality. Research results show that the survival time data of water chillers satisfy the proportional hazard model. The log-rank test can be used to verify the difference in maintenance quality between two groups of water chillers.

scholarly journals Cost of Illness Analysis and Quality of Life in Ischemic Stroke Patients In Usu Medan Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Darma Ericson Saragih ◽  
Azizah Nasution ◽  
Khairunnisa K
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Cost Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Average Cost

Objective: aims to evaluate the COI INA-CBG BPJS patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke BPJS (n = 33) at USU Medan Hospital in February 2019-August 2019 period. Design: this study was conducted used a prospective cohort study method in patients with ischemic stroke (n = 33) in USU Hospital. Interventions: the intervened  variable were the cost of patient therapy and calculating the difference in claims of INA-CBGs with the cost of patient therapy. Main outcome measures: the main measurement in this study was quality of life with European Quality of Life - 5 Dimensions Three Level (EQ5D3L). Results:  the results of this study indicate the total average cost of ischemic stroke inpatient therapy at the In patient Installation of USU Hospital in Medan obtained Rp 2,284,854 The average cost / rate incurred by the Hospital for ischemic stroke patients (n = 33) is still below the INA-CBGs claim rate. There was a relationship between the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients with diagnosis and comorbidities of patients (p = 0.004). The average quality of life (QoL) of ischemic stroke patients was obtained 0.7324 ± 0.2118. Conclusion: it could be concluded that the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients is classified as good 32 patients (96.96%).    

scholarly journals Movements and capture-recapture data analysis of the vesper rat (Nyctomys sumichrasti : Rodentia, Muridae) in a tropical forest in northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico.

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Pérez-Lustre ◽  
Antonio Santos-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Capture Probability ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Males And Females

In order to explain the population demography of the Vesper Rat (Nyctomys sumichrasti) and with regarding to an estimate of population size and survival rates, as well as possible differences in the movements distances between males and females, we analyzed capture-recapture data of this species from a trapping effort of 455 trap-nights and a total of 157 captures of 36 individuals which were livetraped at 3 trap heights: 3-9 m above ground (low canopy), 9-15 m (medium canopy) and the highest part of the canopy, 15-21.5 m. Due to differences between age categories in sample size, the analysis of capture-recapture histories was restricted to adult individuals. The sample of 29 adult individuals included 12 females (8 singletons and 4 captured in the complete study) and 17 males (5 singletons and 12 captured in the complete study); which represents a sex-ratio of 1:1.41, which did not differ statistically from 1:1. The capture-recapture histories were analyzed using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model, where the best model maintains the survival constant and equal between sexes, and capture probability is constant through time, but differs between sexes. The survival probability was 0.8287, while the capture probability was 0.874 for males and 0.5733 for females. Estimated population size included 19 males and 21 females. The average distance travelled by females was 34.86 m (standard deviation 5.92) with extreme values of 20.1 to 60.32, whereas for males was 35.42 m (standard deviation 18.27), with extreme values of 10.3 to 75.1 m.

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