scholarly journals Intergenerational sustainability is enhanced by taking the perspective of future generations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa E. Shahen ◽  
Koji Kotani ◽  
Tatsuyoshi Saijo
Keyword(s):  
Future Generation ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Strategy Method ◽  
Individual Behaviors ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe intergenerational sustainability dilemma (ISD) is a situation of whether or not a person sacrifices herself for future sustainability. To examine the individual behaviors, one-person ISD game (ISDG) is instituted with strategy method where a queue of individuals is organized as a generational sequence. In ISDG, each individual chooses unsustainable (or sustainable) option with her payoff of $$X$$ X ($$X-D$$ X - D ) and an irreversible cost of $$D$$ D (zero cost) to future generations in $$36$$ 36 situations. Future ahead and back (FAB) mechanism is suggested as resolution for ISD by taking the perspective of future generation whereby each individual is first asked to take the next generation’s standpoint and request what she wants the current generation to choose, and, second, to make the actual decision from the original position. Results show that individuals choose unsustainable option as previous generations do so or $$\frac{X}{D}$$ X D is low (i.e., sustainability is endangered). However, FAB prevents individuals from choosing unsustainable option in such endangered situations. Overall, the results suggest that some new institutions, such as FAB mechanisms, which induce people to take the perspective of future generations, may be necessary to avoid intergenerational unsustainability, especially when intergenerational sustainability is highly endangered.

scholarly journals Motivational Factors in Intergenerational Sustainability Dilemma: A Post-Interview Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa E. Shahen ◽  
Wada Masaya ◽  
Koji Kotani ◽  
Tatsuyoshi Saijo
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Motivational Factor ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Interview Analysis ◽  
Actual Decision

An intergenerational sustainability dilemma (ISD) is a situation of whether or not a person sacrifices herself for future sustainability. However, little is known about what people consider while making a decision under ISD. This paper analyzes motivational factors for people to decide under ISD, hypothesizing that the factors can be different with or without perspective-taking of future generations. One-person basic ISD game (ISDG) along with post-interviews are instituted where a lineup of individuals is organized as a generational sequence. Each individual chooses an unsustainable (or sustainable) option with (without) irreversibly costing future generations in 36 situations. A future ahead and back (FAB) mechanism is applied as a treatment for perspective-taking of future generations where each individual is asked to take the next generation’s position and to make a request about the choice that he/she wants the current generation to choose, and next, he/she makes the actual decision from the original position. By analyzing the post-interview contents with text-mining techniques, the paper finds that individuals mostly consider how previous generations had behaved in basic ISDG as the main motivational factor. However, individuals in FAB treatment are induced to put more weight on the possible consequences of their decisions for future generations as motivational factors. The findings suggest that perspective-taking of future generations through FAB mechanism enables people to change not only their behaviors but also motivational factors, enhancing ISD.

Communicating moral reasoning in medicine as an expression of respect for patients and integrity among professionals

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauris Christopher Kaldjian
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Moral Pluralism ◽  
Moral Integrity ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Moral Framework ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
Moral Frameworks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The communication of moral reasoning in medicine can be understood as a means of showing respect for patients and colleagues through the giving of moral reasons for actions. This communication is especially important when disagreements arise. While moral reasoning should strive for impartiality, it also needs to acknowledge the individual moral beliefs and values that distinguish each person (moral particularity) and give rise to the challenge of contrasting moral frameworks (moral pluralism). Efforts to communicate moral reasoning should move beyond common approaches to principles-based reasoning in medical ethics by addressing the underlying beliefs and values that define our moral frameworks and guide our interpretations and applications of principles. Communicating about underlying beliefs and values requires a willingness to grapple with challenges of accessibility (the degree to which particular beliefs and values are intelligible between persons) and translatability (the degree to which particular beliefs and values can be transposed from one moral framework to another) as words and concepts are used to communicate beliefs and values. Moral dialogues between professionals and patients and among professionals themselves need to be handled carefully, and sometimes these dialogues invite reference to underlying beliefs and values. When professionals choose to articulate such beliefs and values, they can do so as an expression of respectful patient care and collaboration and as a means of promoting their own moral integrity by signalling the need for consistency between their own beliefs, words and actions.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Moore
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Organizational Ethics ◽  
Stakeholder Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Do So

The purpose of the concluding chapter is to review and draw some conclusions from all that has been covered in previous chapters. To do so, it first summarizes the MacIntyrean virtue ethics approach, particularly at the individual level. It then reconsiders the organizational and managerial implications, drawing out some of the themes which have emerged from the various studies which have been explored particularly in Chapters 8 and 9. In doing so, the chapter considers a question which has been implicit in the discussions to this point: how feasible is all of this, particularly for organizations? In the light of that, it revisits the earlier critique of current approaches to organizational ethics (Corporate Social Responsibility and the stakeholder approach), before concluding.

Making Things Up

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Good Sense ◽  
Individual Behaviors ◽  
Subatomic Particles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Composition Property ◽  
The Individual ◽  
In Virtue Of

We frequently speak of certain things or phenomena being built out of or based in others. This soda can is made of molecules, which are in turn made of atoms, which are in turn made of subatomic particles. The behavior of a crowd is based in the behaviors of and interactions between individual people—it behaves as it does in virtue of the individual behaviors and interactions. Making Things Up concerns the family of relations that such talk appeals to, which Karen Bennett calls “building relations.” Grounding is one currently popular such relation; so too are composition, property realization, and—controversially—causation. Building relations connect more fundamental things (like atoms) to less fundamental things (like soda cans). But what are we even talking about when we say that something is more fundamental than something else? This book illuminates the ideas of building and fundamentality, as they are deployed in metaphysics and elsewhere in philosophy. Bennett paints a picture of a hierarchically structured world, and makes good sense of otherwise somewhat cryptic talk of “in virtue of” and fundamentality.

Miigwech and blood memory: gratitude as a multi-lineage spiritual practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 000332862110238
Author(s):  
Hillary Raining
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Do So ◽  
Church Communities

In the last few years, scientists have discovered what indigenous communities have known for countless generations: that the emotional and physical lives of our ancestors will fundamentally affect our emotional and physical lives as well. Despite the increasingly evident effect that both trauma and/or gratitude can have on an individual (and by extension their offspring), there has been precious little research done on the effects of gratitude on future generations. This paper will seek to study the effect of gratitude as a deep spiritual practice that changes—not only those who practice it—but also the generations that follow. It will do so through the lenses of generational, psychological, and theological studies using the gratitude worldview and practices of the Ojibwa Native Americans as our entry point into the study of blood memory. It will also offer suggestions for church communities looking to reclaim gratitude as a spiritual practice in modern times drawing from the Church’s institutional “blood memory.”

scholarly journals ARE THERE OBLIGATIONS WITHOUT RIGHTS?

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Heller
Keyword(s):  
Future Generation ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Negative Sense ◽  
Prospective Responsibility ◽  
Present Understanding

In all command-obedience relations of asymmetric reciprocity, obligations or rather duties do not go normally with corresponding rights. There are no rights related to such relationships, at least not in the present  understanding of the word “right”, since they are prerogatives. But there are obligations based on morals, if not on rights, also in relations of  asymmetric reciprocity. Only in a relation of symmetric reciprocity do rights appear as foundations (archai) for claims, both in a positive, and in a  negative sense. We have obligations to future generations, even  responsibilities for living up to those obligations, but future generations cannot have rights. There is not, and cannot be, symmetric reciprocity between us and any future generation, in fact no reciprocity at all; there are obligations without corresponding rights.The cases of prospective responsibility, of being in charge, also implies obligations irrespective of the circumstance whether the parties towards whom we have obligations are the bearers of rights or not. Intergenerational justice does not presuppose extant rights whereas potential rights are just projections or metaphors with little relevance, for they are not binding.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Bubbles of Beliefs for Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10652
Author(s):  
Keiichiro Kobayashi ◽  
Asako Chiba
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Dynamic Economy ◽  
Religious Doctrine

We constructed a simple model of a dynamic economy in which the current generation chooses to excessively consume, thereby rendering society unsustainable. In such an economy, we assumed that a notional bubbly asset emerges, and its value grows if the current generation conserves adequate resources for future generations. Provided that the bubbly asset is considered valuable, the current generation chooses to conserve resources, rendering the economy sustainable. The condition for sustainability is that the value of this asset grows intergenerationally and indefinitely. The asset represents a belief system, such as a religious doctrine or a political ideology. Results imply that, to restore sustainability, a new intergenerational belief system must be identified, and its value grows indefinitely.

scholarly journals SoK: Privacy on Mobile Devices – It’s Complicated

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Spensky ◽  
Jeffrey Stewart ◽  
Arkady Yerukhimovich ◽  
Richard Shay ◽  
Ari Trachtenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Technology Gaps ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Typical User ◽  
Do So

AbstractModern mobile devices place a wide variety of sensors and services within the personal space of their users. As a result, these devices are capable of transparently monitoring many sensitive aspects of these users’ lives (e.g., location, health, or correspondences). Users typically trade access to this data for convenient applications and features, in many cases without a full appreciation of the nature and extent of the information that they are exposing to a variety of third parties. Nevertheless, studies show that users remain concerned about their privacy and vendors have similarly been increasing their utilization of privacy-preserving technologies in these devices. Still, despite significant efforts, these technologies continue to fail in fundamental ways, leaving users’ private data exposed.In this work, we survey the numerous components of mobile devices, giving particular attention to those that collect, process, or protect users’ private data. Whereas the individual components have been generally well studied and understood, examining the entire mobile device ecosystem provides significant insights into its overwhelming complexity. The numerous components of this complex ecosystem are frequently built and controlled by different parties with varying interests and incentives. Moreover, most of these parties are unknown to the typical user. The technologies that are employed to protect the users’ privacy typically only do so within a small slice of this ecosystem, abstracting away the greater complexity of the system. Our analysis suggests that this abstracted complexity is the major cause of many privacy-related vulnerabilities, and that a fundamentally new, holistic, approach to privacy is needed going forward. We thus highlight various existing technology gaps and propose several promising research directions for addressing and reducing this complexity.

HEALTH HAZARDS OF EXCESSIVE STUDY IN THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS (1854)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Present System ◽  
Boston Public Schools ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Surgical Journal ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Poor Children ◽  
Mental Exertion ◽  
Academic Demands ◽  
Do So

During the mid-nineteenth century American physicians were greatly troubled by what they thought were the evils of excessive academic demands placed on children in our public schools. The editorial below, published in 1854 in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, is typical of many of a similar nature. Our city prides itself on the superiority of its public schools; and we think Boston is justly entitled to take the highest rank among the cities of the civilized world for the facilities afforded by its citizens for the education of youth. But notwithstanding the large expenditure of money for the erection of beautiful and commodious school-houses, for mathematical and other instruments, for teachers, &c., all which give a character to our Boston schools, there exists an evil in the present system of educating, which seriously demands attention, and, if possible, a remedy. It is the ambition of the teachers of our schools, to have their scholars thoroughly instructed, and that they may appear well before the committees at examinations; and for that purpose, lessons in great numbers and requiring toilsome study, are imposed upon them. No discrimination is made, as regards the mental or physical capacity of the individual members of the class, but all are required to be perfect in their answers, or else they lose their position in the class and school. Not one fifth of the time devoted to school hours is allowed for study, being occupied in recitations; and the severe tasks the poor children have in getting their lessons must be apparent, when it is known that so long a time is required in reciting them. The scholars of the second class, for instance, have to commit to memory from twelve to twenty-five pages of geography, three to six pages of arithmetic, the same of grammar, three pages in spelling, besides exercises in reading, writing, &c. Now these lessons must be studied out of school, at the time which should be devoted to exercise and recreation. The imposition of such severe tasks upon the young and growing children, must enfeeble their constutions, and often incapacitates them, if they arrive at maturity, for enjoying life. We have seen many children who were ambitious to accomplish all that was required of them by teachers; and to do so, the greatest portion of the twenty-four hours was necessarily devoted to their books, scarcely allowing any time for taking their meals. It must be obvious to every one, that such close application to study, produces, in their turn, a train of diseases which cannot always be eradicated. Aching heads, loss of appetite, sleepless nights, inflamed eyes, with other deviations from health, are the accompaniments and the consequences of excessive mental exertion.

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