scholarly journals Capital-income breeding in wild boar: a comparison between two sexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Brogi ◽  
Roberta Chirichella ◽  
Francesca Brivio ◽  
Enrico Merli ◽  
Elisa Bottero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Capital Breeding ◽  
Income Breeding ◽  
Internal And External Factors

AbstractOrganisms differ in the strategy adopted to fuel reproduction by using resources either previously acquired and stored in body reserves (capital breeding) or, conversely, acquired during their reproductive activity (income breeding). The choice of one or the other strategy is related to several internal and external factors which are counteractive in wild boar. Based on a large dataset of culled wild boar, we investigated individual body weight variability throughout the period of 1st September–31st January, which included the main part of the mating season, among different sex and age classes to determine their position along the capital-income breeding continuum. Though food resources were abundant during the rut, adult males lost body weight suggesting they adopted a predominantly capital breeding strategy, likely owing to the high intra-sexual competition entailed by the peculiar mating system of the species. On the contrary, subadult males seemed to behave as income breeders, likely enhancing the reproductive flexibility of wild boar populations. During the rut, females stored reserves, thus suggesting that they substantially relied on them to cover future reproductive costs.

scholarly journals Evidence for use of both capital and income breeding strategies in the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisonii

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Carver ◽  
Morgan Meidell ◽  
Zachary J. Cannizzo ◽  
Blaine D. Griffen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Income Breeding ◽  
Aratus Pisonii ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Capital And Income Breeding

AbstractTwo common strategies organisms use to finance reproduction are capital breeding (using energy stored prior to reproduction) and income breeding (using energy gathered during the reproductive period). Understanding which of these two strategies a species uses can help in predicting its population dynamics and how it will respond to environmental change. Brachyuran crabs have historically been considered capital breeders as a group, but recent evidence has challenged this assumption. Here, we focus on the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisonii, and examine its breeding strategy on the Atlantic Florida coast. We collected crabs during and after their breeding season (March–October) and dissected them to discern how energy was stored and utilized for reproduction. We found patterns of reproduction and energy storage that are consistent with both the use of stored energy (capital) and energy acquired (income) during the breeding season. We also found that energy acquisition and storage patterns that supported reproduction were influenced by unequal tidal patterns associated with the syzygy tide inequality cycle. Contrary to previous assumptions for crabs, we suggest that species of crab that produce multiple clutches of eggs during long breeding seasons (many tropical and subtropical species) may commonly use income breeding strategies.

scholarly journals Ileal transposition helps to regulate plasma hepatokine levels in obese Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Stygar ◽  
Tomasz Sawczyn ◽  
Agnieszka Dulska ◽  
Elżbieta Chełmecka ◽  
Łukasz Mielańczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Ileal Transposition ◽  
Sham Surgery

AbstractWe studied the long-term effect of ileal transposition (IT) metabolic surgery on the hepatokines: retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), α-2-HS-glycoprotein (aHSG/fetuin-A), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels, glucose metabolism, body weight, liver histology, as well as total lipids concentration in muscle, liver, and fat tissue of obese Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats. 14 adult males were randomly submitted either to IT or SHAM (control) surgery. Pre-operative hepatokines plasma levels were not significantly different in rats submitted to IT or SHAM protocol. Three months after the procedures the plasma levels of RBP4, aHSG, FGF21, and CRP were significantly lower in IT-operated animals when compared to SHAM-operated group. Three and 12 weeks after the IT and SHAM surgery, the AUCOGTT were significantly lower than AUCOGTT before the surgery. HOMA-IR was lower in rats after IT surgery in comparison to the SHAM-operated rats. Muscle and liver total lipids concentration was reduced after the IT procedure when compared to pre-IT conditions. IT had a significant reductive impact on the body weight in comparison to SHAM surgery in the 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th week after the surgery. We conclude that IT reduces hepatokines’ plasma concentrations, muscle and liver total lipids concentration but not the inflammatory processes in the liver of Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats.

scholarly journals The Influence of Age, Sex, Pregnancy, Starvation, and Other Factors on the Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins of Rat Liver

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Petermann ◽  
Mary G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Analytical Ultracentrifuge ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Adult Females

Rat liver was homogenized in 0.88 M sucrose. The DNA and total RNA were determined, and the homogenate was fractionated by differential centrifugation. The pellets obtained between 30 minutes at 20,000 g and 180 minutes at 105,000 g were analyzed for RNA and nitrogen. The ribonucleoproteins were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The non-pellet RNA was calculated by difference. The results are reported as amounts per 6.7 x 10-9 mg. of DNA. In young, growing male rats the amounts of microsomal protein and ribonucleoprotein B (83S) increased with age. Non-pregnant adult females showed less non-pellet RNA and much more ribonucleoprotein C (63S) than did adult males. During pregnancy both of these cell constituents reverted to levels characteristic for male animals. Starvation for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the mass of liver tissue, the non-pellet RNA, the microsomal protein, and ribonucleoproteins B and C. During recovery from starvation the return of the liver to normal paralleled the rate at which body weight was restored. Treatment with cortisone, 25 mg. per rat per day for 5 days, caused an increase in microsomal protein and a decrease in ribonucleoprotein B. Treatment with 6-mercapto-purine, 50 mg. per kilo per day for 5 days, caused little change in liver composition in either males or females.

A note on annual reproductive rhythm in Marwari sheep of the Rajasthan Desert in India

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Mittal ◽  
P. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Western India ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
North Western

ABSTRACTSeasonal fluctuations in oestrous activity and live weight were studied in ewes of the Marwari breed indigenous to the Rajasthan Desert in north-western India. Of the ewes examined 80 to 100% were in oestrus every month of the year, indicating thereby the non-seasonality of female reproductive activity in this breed. On average, each ewe exhibited heat 18 times a year. The incidence of silent heats was low (4·2 %). The average length of an oestrous cycle was 17 days, while the actual period of oestrus varied from 24 to 48 h with an average of 36 h. No seasonal effect on these activities could be observed. The maximum and minimum body weights of the animals were recorded during the autumn (October) and summer (June) months respectively. The body weights differed significantly (P<0·05) between months. Sexual activity in these animals is, therefore, apparently not affected by changes in body weight. The continuous nature of oestrous activity in Marwari sheep may be economically exploited by regulating the lambing season according o t the prevailing ecological conditions and market demands, without the use of hormones.

scholarly journals Growth and body weight of free-range reindeer in western Alaska

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg L. Finstad ◽  
Alexander K. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Average Body

Total body weight of 9749 reindeer calves and 4798 adult reindeer were measured from 1984 to 1999 on the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, USA. Growth rates of male and female calves, and annual growth patterns of adults were determined. Male calves grew faster than female calves. Reproductive females were lighter than non-reproductive females during summer but there was no effect of reproduction on average body weights the following winter. Adult males age 3-5 were heavier during summer than winter. Castrated males weighed the same as uncastrated males in summer, but were significantly heavier in winter, and did not display the large annual fluctuations in weight typical of reproductive males and females. Growth rates were higher and body weights greater in this herd than many other cir-cumpolar reindeer populations. We suggest these kinds of physiological indices should be used to monitor the possible effects of spatial and temporal variation in population density and to evaluate changes in herding practices.

scholarly journals Invasive toads adopt marked capital breeding when introduced to a cooler, more seasonal environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Vimercati ◽  
Sarah J Davies ◽  
John Measey
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Invasive Population ◽  
Starvation Resistance ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Capital Breeding ◽  
Seasonal Environment ◽  
Structural Mass

Abstract Amphibians from cold and seasonal environments show marked capital breeding and sustained resource allocation to growth when compared with conspecifics from warmer, less seasonal environments. Capital breeding fuels reproduction by using only stored energy, and larger sizes and masses confer higher fecundity, starvation resistance and heat and water retention. Invasive populations act as experiments to explore how resources are allocated in novel environments. We investigated resource allocation of the southern African toad Sclerophrys gutturalis in a native source population (Durban) and in an invasive population recently (< 20 years) established in a cooler, more seasonal climate (Cape Town). After dissection, lean structural mass (bones and muscles), gonadal mass, liver mass and body fat percentage were measured in 161 native and invasive animals sampled at the beginning and the end of the breeding season. As expected, female gonadal mass decreased throughout the breeding season only in the invaded range. Thus, invasive female toads adopt a more marked capital breeding strategy than native conspecifics. Conversely, males from both populations appear to be income breeders. Also, male and female toads from the invaded range allocate more resources to growth than their native counterparts. Such a novel allocation strategy might be a response to the low temperatures, reduced rainfall and heightened seasonality encountered by the invasive population.

scholarly journals Actividad reproductiva y dieta de Hemidactylus frenatus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) en el norte de Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (36) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Díaz-Pérez ◽  
Alcides C. Sampedro-Marín ◽  
Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Environmental Availability ◽  
Hemidactylus Frenatus

Despite its success as an invasive species, little is known about the ecological aspects of the gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus frenatus in Colombia. In the present study the size at maturity, sexual dimorphism, reproductive activity, and diet composition of a population of this species in an urban locality of Northern Colombia were determined. We conducted eleven samplings from September 2011 to August 2012 in buildings of the municipality of Sincelejo. A total of 264 specimens H. frenatus were captured, 112 were adult females, 133 adult males and 19 juveniles. Males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size (snout-vent length) than females (males: 35.7 mm; females: 42.7 mm), also they are larger and have proportionally larger heads and mouths than females. Males were reproductive throughout the year; although testicular volume varied significantly between samples, this variation was not associated with body size and precipitation in the study area. Reproductive adult females were found during all the sampling period. Females have an invariable clutch size of two eggs and we found no differences in the diameter and weight of eggs in each oviduct. The diet of H. frenatus is varied, with Diptera, Hemiptera and Formicidae being the prey types with the greatest relative importance values. Individuals of both sexes consume a similar volume and number of prey. Thus, the studied population of H. frenatus has continuous reproductive activity and a generalist-opportunistic feeding behavior. The climatic conditions of the study area, environmental availability of prey and intrinsic features of this species appear to be responsible for their abundance and colonizing success in this and other localities.

Capital or income breeding crabs: who are the better invaders?

Crustaceana ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (14) ◽  
pp. 1648-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwen Zeng ◽  
Colin McLay ◽  
Darren C. J. Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Hemigrapsus Sanguineus ◽  
Life History Pattern ◽  
Income Breeding ◽  
Capital Breeder

A recent study by Griffen et al. (2012) drew a link between invasiveness and breeding strategy (income or capital breeding), a hitherto unconsidered life-history trait, in crabs. The methods used by the authors identified Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) as a capital breeder and Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1853) as an income breeder. We extend this association of breeding strategies and invasiveness to other crab species and note that crabs in general are capital breeders based on the concurrent opposing trends of gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index during secondary vitellogenesis (indicating an endogenous source of nutrients for reproduction). We identify possible reasons why H. sanguineus may be regarded as an exception to this brachyuran life history pattern. Given that some species could be capable of a mixed breeding strategy, we propose experimental methods for determining such strategies.

Body mass changes in male Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) during the seasonal activity period

Mammalia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Encarnação ◽  
Markus Dietz ◽  
Uwe Kierdorf ◽  
Volkmar Wolters
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Myotis Daubentonii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Wallis Anova

Body mass changes of adult and juvenile male Daubenton’s bats were studied in a summer habitat in Hesse (Germany) in the years 1998-2001. Animals from the resident population were regularly captured along the flight path from April to October, and body mass was determined using a digital balance. Body mass of adult individuals differed significantly among fortnightly periods (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks: H = 141.75, p < 0.001). Body mass increased significantly from the second half of April (median: 7.0 g) to the first half of May (median: 7.8 g). Between the second half of May and the first half of August, median body mass fluctuated between 7.8 g and 8.3 g. From the second half of July (median: 7.9 g) to the second half of August (median: 8.4 g), and the second half of September (median: 9.3 g) body mass again significantly increased. The highest median body mass (9.6 g) was recorded in the second half of October. Median body mass of juvenile males ranged between 6.5 g in the first half of July and 8.5 g in the second half of October. Differences in body mass over the studied period were significant (H = 21.70, p < 0.01). During the months July, August, and September, body mass of adult males was significantly higher than that of juveniles, whereas in October the difference was no longer of statistical significance. It is suggested that the decrease in body mass observed in some adult males in September was related to their reproductive activity.

The reproductive cycle of the newt Triturus italicus

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio M. Guarino ◽  
Vincenzo Caputo ◽  
Francesco Angelini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mountain Population

AbstractThis paper describes the reproductive cycle in male and female newts Triturus italicus (Peracca, 1898) from a mountain population living in southern Italy. The male shows a well-defined seasonal testicular cycle: spermatogenesis almost stops from November to March, resuming in April-May; the maturative stage of spermatogenesis occurs in summer and spermiohistogenesis is completed by late October. Spermiation starts in late autumn and culminates in the next spring. The female shows a seasonal ovarian cycle. Vitellogenesis starts in September; ovulation and egg deposition occur between late January and early June. Thus potentially long reproductive activity is demonstrated in both males and females of T italicus. Testicular and ovarian weights seem to be reliable indices of the reproductive status of an animal. Annual variation in gonadal weight appears unrelated to annual variation in fat body weight in both sexes.

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