Prevalence and co-existence of cardiometabolic risk factors and associations with nutrition-related and socioeconomic indicators in a national sample of Gambian women

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa, and a large proportion of the adult population is thought to suffer from at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. This study assessed cardiometabolic risk factors and the contribution of nutrition-related indicators in Gambian women. The prevalence and co-existence of diabetes (elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) or prediabetes (HbA1c ≥ 5.7% to < 6.5%), hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg), obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30.0) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) > 3 mg/L or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) > 1 g/L) and the contribution of nutrition related and socioeconomic indicators were measured in non-pregnant women 15–49 years of age in the Gambia using data from a nationally representative cross-sectional stratified survey. Nationally, 54.5% (95% CI: 47.4, 61.4) of 1407 women had elevated HbA1c. Of these, 14.9% were diabetic and 85.1% were prediabetic. Moreover, 20.8% (95% CI 17.8, 20.0) of 1685 women had hypertension, 11.1% (95% CI 9.0, 13.7) of 1651 were obese and 17.2% (95% CI 5.1, 19.6) of 1401 had inflammation. At least one of the aforementioned cardiometabolic risk factor was present in 68.3% (95% CI 63.0, 73.1) of women. Obesity increased the risk of hypertension (aRR 1.84; 95% CI 1.40, 2.41), diabetes (aRR 1.91; 95% CI 1.29, 2.84), elevated HbA1c (aRR 1.31; 95% CI 1.14, 1.51) and inflammation (aRR 3.47; 95% CI 2.61, 4.61). Inflammation increased the risk of hypertension (aRR 1.42; 95% CI 1.14, 1.78). Aging increased the risk of hypertension, obesity and inflammation. Further, inadequate sanitation increased the risk for diabetes (aRR 1.65; 95% CI 1.17, 2.34) and iron deficiency increased the risk of elevated HbA1c (aRR 1.21; 95% CI 1.09, 1.33). The high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and their co-existence in Gambian women is concerning. Although controlling obesity seems to be key, multifaceted strategies to tackle the risk factors separately are warranted to reduce the prevalence or minimize the risk of CVD.

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Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/892091 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Serhat Tanik ◽

Savas Sarikaya ◽

Kürşad Zengin ◽

Sebahattin Albayrak ◽

Yunus Keser Yilmaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Erectile Dysfunction ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factor ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Fat Thickness ◽

Artery Disease

Introduction. There is an increasing interest in the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular risk factor. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with insulin resistance, increased cardiometabolic risk, and coronary artery disease. Our aim was to investigate relationships between epicardial fat thickness (EFT) as a cardiometabolic risk factor and erectile dysfunction.Method. We selected 30 erectile dysfunction patients without comorbidities and 30 healthy individuals. IIEF-5 score was applied to all patients, and IIEF-5 score below 22 was considered as erectile dysfunction. EFT was measured by echocardiography.Results. Body mass index (BMI) was higher in ED patients than those without ED (28.19 ± 4.45 kg/m2versus23.84±2.36 kg/m2,P = 0.001, resp.). Waist circumstance (WC) was higher in ED patients than those without ED (106.60±5.90versus87.86 ± 14.51,P = 0.001, resp.). EFT was higher in ED patients compared to non-ED patients (0.49 ± 0.09 cm versus0.45 ± 0.03 cm,P = 0.016, resp.). There was positive correlation among BMI, WC, and EFT. There was negative correlation between EFT and IIEF-5 score (r : -0.632,P = 0.001).Conclusion. EAT, BMI, and WC as cardiometabolic risk factors were higher in erectile dysfunction patients.

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Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents in a Country of the African Region

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2013/801832 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tanica Lyngdoh ◽

Bharathi Viswanathan ◽

Edwin van Wijngaarden ◽

Gary J. Myers ◽

Pascal Bovet

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Mass ◽

Weight Status ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

We assessed the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) (blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and glucose) in 390 young adults aged 19-20 years in Seychelles (Indian Ocean, Africa) and body mass index (BMI) measured either at the same time (cross-sectional analysis) or at the age of 12–15 years (longitudinal analysis). BMI tracked markedly between age of 12–15 and age of 19-20. BMI was strongly associated with all considered CRFs in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, with some exceptions. Comparing overweight participants with those having a BMI below the age-specific median, the odds ratios for high blood pressure were 5.4/4.7 (male/female) cross-sectionally and 2.5/3.9 longitudinally (P<0.05). Significant associations were also found for most other CRFs, with some exceptions. In linear regression analysis including both BMI at age of 12–15 and BMI at age of 19-20, only BMI at age of 19-20 remained significantly associated with most CRFs. We conclude that CRFs are predicted strongly by either current or past BMI levels in adolescents and young adults in this population. The observation that only current BMI remained associated with CRFs when including past and current levels together suggests that weight control at a later age may be effective in reducing CRFs in overweight children irrespective of past weight status.

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Optimal waist:height ratio cut-off point for cardiometabolic risk factors in Turkish adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009991637 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 488-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ahmet Selçuk Can ◽

Emine Akal Yıldız ◽

Gülhan Samur ◽

Neslişah Rakıcıoğlu ◽

Gülden Pekcan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Youden Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the optimal waist:height ratio (WHtR) cut-off point that discriminates cardiometabolic risk factors in Turkish adults.DesignCross-sectional study. Hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome score ≥2 (presence of two or more metabolic syndrome components except for waist circumference) and at least one risk factor (diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidaemia) were categorical outcome variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were prepared by plotting 1 − specificity on the x-axis and sensitivity on the y-axis. The WHtR value that had the highest Youden index was selected as the optimal cut-off point for each cardiometabolic risk factor (Youden index = sensitivity + specificity − 1).SettingTurkey, 2003.SubjectsAdults (1121 women and 571 men) aged 18 years and over were examined.ResultsAnalysis of ROC coordinate tables showed that the optimal cut-off value ranged between 0·55 and 0·60 and was almost equal between men and women. The sensitivities of the identified cut-offs were between 0·63 and 0·81, the specificities were between 0·42 and 0·71 and the accuracies were between 0·65 and 0·73, for men and women. The cut-off point of 0·59 was the most frequently identified value for discrimination of the studied cardiometabolic risk factors. Subjects classified as having WHtR ≥ 0·59 had significantly higher age and sociodemographic multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for cardiometabolic risk factors than subjects with WHtR < 0·59, except for diabetes in men.ConclusionsWe show that the optimal WHtR cut-off point to discriminate cardiometabolic risk factors is 0·59 in Turkish adults.

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Abstract P152: Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescent Blood Donors

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.135.suppl_1.p152 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

James Keeton ◽

Stephen J Eason ◽

Merlyn Sayers ◽

Colby Ayers ◽

Maria O Gore

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factor ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Increased Risk

Objective: Cardiometabolic risk factors have been extensively studied in adults, but to a lesser extent in adolescents. We assessed potential cardiometabolic risk factors in a large cohort of adolescent blood donors. Methods: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), blood pressure (BP), and total cholesterol were measured in 10,756 blood donors aged 16-19 years at school blood drives conducted by Carter BloodCare, a large North Texas blood center. Borderline values were defined as HbA 1c 5.7-6.4%, BP (systolic/diastolic) 120-139/80-89 mm Hg, and total cholesterol 170-199 mg/dL. Elevated values were defined as HbA 1c ≥6.5%, BP ≥140/90, and total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL. Subjects were classified into one of three subcohorts: (A) no borderline or elevated values (“healthy” subcohort); (B) one borderline value; (C) either two borderline values or one elevated value. The subcohorts were further stratified as shown in the Table. Results: Of the 10,756 blood donors, 35.2% had one borderline cardiometabolic risk factor, and 17.9% had either two borderline or one elevated risk factor. There were more girls than boys in the “healthy” subcohort (p<0.0001). Girls had a higher prevalence of borderline or elevated total cholesterol (p<0.0001), whereas boys had higher prevalence of borderline or elevated BP (p<0.0001). Other differences between subcohorts are summarized in the Table. Conclusion: More than half of adolescents in this study had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor that was either borderline or elevated. Blood donation programs can serve as highly efficient and cost-effective gateways for cardiometabolic risk screening in adolescents, with potential for the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors early in life, specifically among those at increased risk.

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Dietary acid load and cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019001125 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 2823-2834 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elnaz Daneshzad ◽

Fahimeh Haghighatdoost ◽

Leila Azadbakht

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Acid ◽

Acid Load

AbstractObjective:Dietary acid load (DAL) might contribute to change the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, the results are conflicting. The present review was conducted to determine the relationship between DAL and cardiometabolic risk factors.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting:A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases including ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar for observational studies which assessed cardiometabolic risk factors across DAL. Outcomes were lipid profile, glycaemic factors and anthropometric indices. Effect sizes were derived using a fixed- or random-effect model (DerSimonian–Laird). Also, subgroup analysis was performed to find the probable source of heterogeneity. Egger’s test was performed for finding any publication bias.Results:Thirty-one studies were included in the current review with overall sample size of 92 478. There was a significant relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP; weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1·74 (95 % CI 0·25, 3·24) mmHg;P= 0·022;I2= 95·3 %), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; WMD = 0·75 (95 % CI 0·07, 1·42) mmHg;P= 0·030;I2= 80·8 %) and DAL in cross-sectional studies. Serum lipids, glycaemic parameters including fasting blood sugar, glycated Hb, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and waist circumference had no significant relationship with DAL. No publication bias was found. BMI was not associated with DAL in both cross-sectional and cohort studies.Conclusions:Higher DAL is associated with increased SBP and DBP. More studies are needed to find any relationship of DAL with lipid profile and glycaemic factors.

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Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030860 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 860 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alice J. Owen ◽

Michael J. Abramson ◽

Jill F. Ikin ◽

Tracy A. McCaffrey ◽

Sylvia Pomeroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Soft Drink ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factor ◽

The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream of the Hazelwood Health Study. Participants completed a 120 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, diabetes, and body mass index was used to examine the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean (SD) age of participants was 71 (8) years, and 55% were male. More than half of men and women did not meet recommended intakes of fibre, while 60% of men and 42% of women exceeded recommended dietary sodium intakes. Higher diet quality in terms of intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed meat, as well as intake of non-fried fish, was associated with more favourable cardiometabolic risk profiles, while sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factor levels. In older, regionally-dwelling adults, dietary public health strategies that address whole grain products, vegetable and fish consumption, and sugar-sweetened soft-drink intake may be of benefit in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

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Clustering of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Children and Adolescents in a Rural Community in Ondo, Southwest Nigeria

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics ◽

10.1093/tropej/fmz075 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 366-376

Author(s):

Akinwumi Ayodeji Akinbodewa ◽

Ademola Oluseyi Adejumo ◽

Oluwakemi Abiola Lamidi ◽

Ogunleye Adeyemi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

High Serum ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors is rapidly becoming prevalent among children and adolescents with grave implications for their cardiovascular health. We set out to determine prevalence and pattern of clustering of risk factors and, identify factors (if any) that determine their clustering. Methods A cross-sectional study of children (3–9 years) and adolescents (10–17 years) in a rural, agrarian community. Their blood pressure, body mass index and lipids were measured. Data was analyzed with SPSS 20. Results A total of 114 (M : F, 1 : 1.1) subjects were studied. The mean age of children and adolescents were 5.6 ± 2.1 and 12.9 ± 2.2 years respectively. The most prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors were elevated non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c; 39.5%), low HDL-c (33.3%), prehypertension (12.3%) and overweight (9.6%). The prevalence of hypertension was higher among females (11.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.024) and adolescents (13.2% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.037). Serum levels of non-HDL-c was higher among adolescents than children (50.9% vs. 29.5%, p = 0.013). At least one risk factor was present in 68.4% of the subjects. Clustering of two and three risk factors were present in 18.4% and 6.1%. The presence of prehypertension (χ2 23.93, p < .001), hypertension (χ2 12.19, p = 0.002), high serum non-HDL-c (χ2 6.336, p = 0.011) and high serum total cholesterol (TC; χ2 8.810, p < 0.001) were associated with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusion The burden of cardiometabolic risk factors among children and adolescents is high. Identified determinants of risk factor clustering were prehypertension, hypertension, non-HDL-c and TC.

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Children-Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII), cardiometabolic risk, and inflammation in adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2021-0280 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Feray Çağiran Yilmaz ◽

Murat Açık

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Inflammatory Index ◽

Hs Crp

Abstract Objectives There is limited evidence about the inflammatory potential of diet and cardiometabolic risk in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) with cardiometabolic risk factors in Turkish adolescents from 10 to 17 years. Methods Participants aged 10–17 years, who completed a 24-h dietary recall, from which C-DII scores were calculated, were include in this cross-sectional study. Lipid profile, glycemic parameters, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), liver enzymes, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and uric acid were analyzed in blood samples. Sociodemographic characteristics and sedentary behavior were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. We compared the distributions of anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure measurement levels associated with cardiometabolic risk factors by the median of C-DII with linear regression. Results The mean sample C-DII was −0.16 ± 2.31 and ranged from −3.22 to +4.09. Higher median C-DII scores, indicating a more pro-inflammatory diet among children, were associated with higher blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). However, the C-DII was modestly directly associated with fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, and waist circumference. The area under the receiver operating curve of C-DII in predicting hs-CRP was found to be quite high (0.864, 95% CI: 0.795–0.933). Conclusions Consuming a pro-inflammatory diet in adolescence was associated with alterations in cardiometabolic risk factors, especially with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI.

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Examining the Interaction of the Gut Microbiome with Host Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Health in Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4318

Author(s):

Serena Galié ◽

Christopher Papandreou ◽

Pierre Arcelin ◽

David Garcia ◽

Antoni Palau-Galindo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Adult Population ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis ◽

Positive Correlations

(1) Background: The microbiota-host cross-talk has been previously investigated, while its role in health is not yet clear. This study aimed to unravel the network of microbial-host interactions and correlate it with cardiometabolic risk factors. (2) Methods: A total of 47 adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from the METADIET study were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Microbiota composition (151 genera) was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, fecal (m = 203) and plasma (m = 373) metabolites were profiled. An unsupervised sparse generalized canonical correlation analysis was used to construct a network of microbiota-metabolite interactions. A multi-omics score was derived for each cluster of the network and associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. (3) Results: Five multi-omics clusters were identified. Thirty-one fecal metabolites formed these clusters and were correlated with plasma sphingomyelins, lysophospholipids and medium to long-chain acylcarnitines. Seven genera from Ruminococcaceae and a member from the Desulfovibrionaceae family were correlated with fecal and plasma metabolites. Positive correlations were found between the multi-omics scores from two clusters with cholesterol and triglycerides levels. (4) Conclusions: We identified a correlated network between specific microbial genera and fecal/plasma metabolites in an adult population with metabolic syndrome, suggesting an interplay between gut microbiota and host lipid metabolism on cardiometabolic health.

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Cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with tuberculosis attending tuberculosis treatment centers in Nepal

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20468/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Indra Prasad Poudyal ◽

Pratik Khanal ◽

Shiva Raj Mishra ◽

Milan Malla ◽

Prakash Poudel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Treatment Guideline ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Tuberculosis Treatment ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factor ◽

Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽

Co Morbidity

Abstract Background The co-morbidity of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis adds a significant burden in current health systems in developing countries including Nepal. The main objective of this study was to explore cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with Tuberculosis. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among patients with tuberculosis in 12 tuberculosis treatment centers from eight districts of Nepal between May and July 2017. Interviews with participants were conducted using a structured questionnaire and were supplemented by anthropometric measurements and on-site blood glucose tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Among 221 study participants, 138 (62.4%) had new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 (10.9%) had new smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis and 34 (15.4%) had new extra- pulmonary tuberculosis. Overall, 43.1% of the patients with tuberculosis had at least one cardiometabolic risk factor. The prevalence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor was more in male than female (47.8% versus 33.8%). Prevalence of tobacco (18.9% versus 4.8%), and alcohol (12.6% versus 6.5%) use was proportionately higher in male compared to female. The prevalence of hypertension (17% vs. 21%) and obesity (11.9% vs. 12.9%) was lower in male compared to females. Female (AOR=0.47; CI: 0.23-0.94), those from Gandaki Province (AOR=0.32; CI: 0.13-0.79) and literate (AOR=0.49; CI: 0.25-0.96) had reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Conclusions This study highlights the role of gender and socio-demographic characteristics associated with the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in patients with Tuberculosis. The findings from this study can guide medical practitioners and policy makers to consider clinical suspicion, diagnosis and treatment. National treatment guideline can benefit by integrating the management of non-communicable diseases in Tuberculosis treatment centers.

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