scholarly journals Budget constrained machine learning for early prediction of adverse outcomes for COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Nguyen ◽  
Ryan Chan ◽  
Jose Cadena ◽  
Braden Soper ◽  
Paul Kiszka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractThe combination of machine learning (ML) and electronic health records (EHR) data may be able to improve outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through improved risk stratification and patient outcome prediction. However, in resource constrained environments the clinical utility of such data-driven predictive tools may be limited by the cost or unavailability of certain laboratory tests. We leveraged EHR data to develop an ML-based tool for predicting adverse outcomes that optimizes clinical utility under a given cost structure. We further gained insights into the decision-making process of the ML models through an explainable AI tool. This cohort study was performed using deidentified EHR data from COVID-19 patients from ProMedica Health System in northwest Ohio and southeastern Michigan. We tested the performance of various ML approaches for predicting either increasing ventilatory support or mortality. We performed post hoc analysis to obtain optimal feature sets under various budget constraints. We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in cost at the expense of a small reduction in predictive performance. For example, when predicting ventilation, it is possible to achieve a 43% reduction in cost with only a 3% reduction in performance. Similarly, when predicting mortality, it is possible to achieve a 50% reduction in cost with only a 1% reduction in performance. This study presents a quick, accurate, and cost-effective method to evaluate risk of deterioration for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of clinical evaluation.

scholarly journals Budget Constrained Machine Learning for Early Prediction of Adverse Outcomes for COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Nguyen ◽  
Ryan Chan ◽  
Jose Cadena ◽  
Braden Soper ◽  
Paul Kiszka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Basic Metabolic Panel ◽  
Model Features ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Background: Machine learning (ML) based risk stratification models of Electronic Health records (EHR) data may help to optimize treatment of COVID-19 patients, but are often limited by their lack of clinical interpretability and cost of laboratory tests. We develop a ML based tool for predicting adverse outcomes based on EHR data to optimize clinical utility under a given cost structure. This cohort study was performed using deidentified EHR data from COVID-19 patients from ProMedica Healthcare in northwest Ohio and southeastern Michigan. Methods: We tested performance of various ML approaches for predicting either increasing ventilatory support or mortality and the set of model features under a budget constraint was optimized via exhaustive search across all combinations of features. Results: The optimal sets of features for predicting ventilation under any budget constraint included demographics and comorbidities (DCM), basic metabolic panel (BMP), D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), CRP, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and procalcitonin and for mortality included DCM, BMP, complete blood count, D-dimer, LDH, CRP, BNP, procalcitonin and ferritin. Conclusions: This study presents a quick, accurate and cost-effective method to evaluate risk of deterioration for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of clinical evaluation.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

scholarly journals Cost–effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of oliceridine in the treatment of acute pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit N Simpson ◽  
Michael J Fossler ◽  
Linda Wase ◽  
Mark A Demitrack
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Opioid Receptor Agonist ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Μ Opioid Receptor ◽  
The Cost

Aim: Oliceridine, a new class of μ-opioid receptor agonist, is selective for G-protein signaling (analgesia) with limited recruitment of β-arrestin (associated with adverse outcomes) and may provide a cost-effective alternative versus conventional opioid morphine for postoperative pain. Patients & methods: Using a decision tree with a 24-h time horizon, we calculated costs for medication and management of three most common adverse events (AEs; oxygen saturation <90%, vomiting and somnolence) following postoperative oliceridine or morphine use. Results: Using oliceridine, the cost for managing AEs was US$528,424 versus $852,429 for morphine, with a net cost savings of $324,005. Conclusion: Oliceridine has a favorable overall impact on the total cost of postoperative care compared with the use of the conventional opioid morphine.

Method of Fuels and Lubricants Performance Properties Requirements Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 624 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Pimenov ◽  
◽  
A. V. Ulit’ko ◽  
V. A. Sereda ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Requirements Management ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Laboratory Bench ◽  
Motor Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost

The cost-effective method of fuels and lubricants performance properties requirements management is proposed. Method ensures effectiveness enhancement of equipment and of fuels and lubricants life cycles; it includes requirements establishment (constructing of conceptual and empirical models of requirements), their quantitative expression through highly informative indicators of fuels and lubricants propensity for transformations, then approbation with the use of laboratory, bench and test stands tests, specification, assessment of realization in real world equipment operational conditions, effectiveness evaluation and modification of requirements. Some illustrations of application of the new method phases with regards to motor fuels and hydraulic fluid are provided.

The Engineering Technology Index Analysis of the Low-Carbon Building

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 1985-1990
Author(s):  
Bao Ku Qi ◽  
Jing Ming Zhao ◽  
Yu Qu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Cost And Benefit ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Analysis Mode ◽  
Carbon Economy

Low-carbon building is the new building types under the background of low-carbon economy. Compared with traditional architectural form, the cost and benefit of the low-carbon building have changed a lot; therefore, it is necessary to analyze the low-carbon building from the perspective of cost and benefit. This paper structured an analysis mode through the cost-effective method, and also provided a new analysis idea and approach to value the low-carbon building, so it has an important referential value for the promotion and construction of low-carbon building in the whole society.

scholarly journals Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Palmero Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Photographic Film ◽  
Film Scanner ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
High Dynamic ◽  
University Department ◽  
The Cost

This article presents a cost-effective method for digitising photographic film for archival purposes using a DSLR camera, focussing on the widely used colour reversal Kodachrome film produced by Eastman Kodak between 1935 and 2009. I discuss the digitisation of an archive of 787 Kodachrome slides taken between 1988 and 1989 during the excavation of Jemdet Nasr, an archaeological site located in southern Iraq (Project website). I compare results obtained using a film scanner (Nikon Coolscan IV ED) with two different scanning software solutions (SilverFast and VueScan), a flatbed scanner (HP Scanjet 8300), and two DSLR cameras with macro lens (a Canon EOS KissX3 with 105mm lens and a Canon EOS 80D with 90mm lens). The results demonstrate the cost-effective value of the DSLR method for archives where time and resources are limited, but where digital photography equipment might be readily available, such as an archaeological unit or a university department. The method allows for high quality, fast and economical digitisation of excavation and collection archives that will enhance research. The method also offers superior results in rendering the high dynamic range of photographic film such as Kodachrome.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of a machine learning-based in-hospital COvid-19 Disease Outcome Predictor (CODOP): a multicontinental retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riku Klen ◽  
Disha Purohit ◽  
Ricardo Gomez-Huelgas ◽  
Jose Manuel Casas-Rojo ◽  
Juan Miguel Anton Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
The Usa

Summary: Background More contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus variants, breakthrough infections, waning immunity, and differential access to COVID-19 vaccines account for the worst yet numbers of hospitalization and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in resource-limited countries. There is an urgent need for clinically valuable, generalizable, and parsimonious triage tools assisting the appropriate allocation of hospital resources during the pandemic. We aimed to develop and extensively validate a machine learning-based tool for accurately predicting the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: CODOP was built using modified stable iterative variable selection and linear regression with lasso regularisation. To avoid generalization problems, CODOP was trained and tested with three time-sliced and geographically distinct cohorts encompassing 40 511 blood-based analyses of COVID-19 patients from more than 110 hospitals in Spain and the USA during 2020-21. We assessed the discriminative ability of the model using the Area Under the Receiving Operative Curve (AUROC) as well as horizon and Kaplan-Meier risk stratification analyses. To reckon the fluctuating pressure levels in hospitals through the pandemic, we offer two online CODOP calculators suited for undertriage or overtriage scenarios. We challenged their generalizability and clinical utility throughout an evaluation with datasets gathered in five hospitals from three Latin American countries. Findings: CODOP uses 12 clinical parameters commonly measured at hospital admission and associated with the pathophysiology of COVID-19. CODOP reaches high discriminative ability up to nine days before clinical resolution (AUROC: 0.90-0.96, 95% CI 0.879-0.970), it is well calibrated, and it enables an effective dynamic risk stratification during hospitalization. The two CODOP online calculators predicted the clinical outcome of the majority of patients (73-100% sensitivity and 84-100% specificity) from the distinctive Latin American evaluation cohort. Interpretation: The high predictive performance of CODOP in geographically disperse patient cohorts and the easiness-of-use, strongly suggest its clinical utility as a global triage tool, particularly in resource-limited countries.

scholarly journals Understanding the Cost-Effectiveness of Hearing Aids and Surgery for the Treatment of Otosclerosis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M. Gillard ◽  
Jeffrey D. Sharon
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Stapes Surgery ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Complications Of Surgery ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize and critically review recent literature on the relative cost-effectiveness of hearing augmentation versus stapes surgery for the treatment of otosclerosis. Recent Findings Otosclerosis leads to reduced patient quality of life, which can be ameliorated by either stapes surgery, or hearing aid usage. The success of stapes surgery is high, and the risks of serious postoperative complications are low. Hearing aids don’t have the complications of surgery but are associated with long-term costs. Cost-effectiveness models have shown that stapes surgery is a cost-effective method for treating otosclerosis. Summary Both stapes surgery and hearing aids can improve patient-reported quality of life in otosclerosis. Stapes surgery has larger upfront costs and surgical risks, but hearing aids are associated with longer lifetime costs. Stapes surgery is cost-effective for the treatment of otosclerosis.

Asphalt-Rubber Overlay on Rubblized Concrete Pavement on I-135

1996 ◽  
Vol 1543 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Fager
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Asphalt Rubber ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Cement Concrete Pavement ◽  
Control Section ◽  
The Cost

During 1993 and 1994, the Kansas Department of Transportation constructed a 15.25-km full-depth asphalt-rubber project on I-135. Three test sections were finished in 1994 along with one control section in 1995. The test sections consisted of both a thick and thin asphalt-rubber section over rubblized portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) and a completely reconstructed asphalt-rubber section. The control section was built over rubblized PCCP to the same thickness as the thick asphalt-rubber section. Approximately 172 000 metric tons of asphalt-rubber were produced using the wet (reacted) process. Data indicated that the asphalt-rubber mix cost approximately 50 percent more than the asphalt-only mix. Reducing the thickness of the asphalt-rubber from 225 mm to 180 mm would allow the cost to become equal to the asphalt-only control section. Equal performance of the reduced thickness section or longer performance from the 225-mm asphalt-rubber section would be a cost-effective method of using tire rubber in asphalt pavements. Test data indicate a stable mix and adequate thermal characteristics but high permeabilities. Performance after 6 winter months under traffic indicates no raveling, rutting, flushing, cracking, or moisture damage.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Taheri ◽  
Ahmad Firouzianhaji ◽  
Peyman Mehrabi ◽  
Bahador Vosough Hosseini ◽  
Bijan Samali
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Buckling Modes ◽  
Flexural Performance ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Bending Capacity ◽  
Cold Formed Steel ◽  
The Cost

Perforated cold-formed steel (CFS) beams subjected to different bending scenarios should be able to deal with different buckling modes. There is almost no simple way to address this significant concern. This paper investigates the bending capacity and flexural behavior of a novel-designed system using bolt and nut reinforcing system through both experimental and numerical approaches. For the experiential program, a total of eighteen specimens of three types were manufactured: a non-reinforced section, and two sections reinforced along the upright length at 200 mm and 300 mm pitches. Then, monotonic loading was applied to both the minor and major axes of the specimens. The finite element models were also generated and proved the accuracy of the test results. Using the proposed reinforcing system the flexural capacity of the upright sections was improved around either the major axis or minor axis. The 200 mm reinforcement type provided the best performance of the three types. The proposed reinforcing pattern enhanced flexural behavior and constrained irregular buckling and deformation. Thus, the proposed reinforcements can be a very useful and cost-effective method for strengthening all open CFS sections under flexural loading, considering the trade-off between flexural performance and the cost of using the method.

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