scholarly journals Towards attosecond imaging at the nanoscale using broadband holography-assisted coherent imaging in the extreme ultraviolet

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Eschen ◽  
Sici Wang ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Robert Klas ◽  
Michael Steinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Ultrafast Dynamics ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Spectral Bandwidth ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Coherent Imaging ◽  
Large Bandwidth

AbstractNanoscale coherent imaging has emerged as an indispensable modality, allowing to surpass the resolution limit given by classical imaging optics. At the same time, attosecond science has experienced enormous progress and has revealed the ultrafast dynamics in complex materials. Combining attosecond temporal resolution of pump-probe experiments with nanometer spatial resolution would allow studying ultrafast dynamics on the smallest spatio-temporal scales but has not been demonstrated yet. To date, the large bandwidth of attosecond pulses poses a major challenge to high-resolution coherent imaging. Here, we present broadband holography-enhanced coherent imaging, which enables the combination of high-resolution coherent imaging with a large spectral bandwidth. By implementing our method at a high harmonic source, we demonstrate a spatial resolution of 34 nm in combination with a spectral bandwidth of 5.5 eV at a central photon energy of 92 eV. The method is single-shot capable and retrieves the spectrum from the measured diffraction pattern.

12 Solar radiation & structure

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Solar Photosphere ◽  
Image Correction ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Solar Telescopes

Spatial structures in the solar photosphere are likely to be seen down to scales of the order of the photon mean free path, which is about 70 km in the lower photosphere. This scale corresponds to an angle of O.”1 at disk center. Structures associated with magnetic fields may be expected on even smaller scales. Existing solar telescopes typically have diameters of slightly less than one meter. Hence, even in the visible part of the spectrum, the scales of solar structures extend out to the diffraction limit of current solar telescopes. Therefore, the achievable spatial resolution is limited by turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere (seeing). This has led to the development of various techniques to overcome this resolution limit and achieve diffraction-limited resolution. This report covers selected highlights and recent work done in the context of high-resolution techniques published in the period from July 1, 1993 to June 30, 1996. Due to the lack of space the report remains necessarily incomplete, and I apologize to all the authors of important contributions that are not cited here. This review does not cover space and balloon-borne instruments that try to achieve high spatial resolution by observing from above the Earth’s atmosphere. Recent work on ground-based high-resolution techniques has been collected in the proceedings of the 13thSacramento Peak Summer Workshop on Real Time and Post Facto Solar Image Correction (Radick 1993).

scholarly journals Single shot XUV nanoimaging using an intense femtosecond soft X-ray laser

2019 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Michael Zürch ◽  
Frederik Tuitje ◽  
Tobias Helk ◽  
Julian Gautier ◽  
Fabian Tissandier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nanoscale Imaging

We report the direct wavefront characterization of an intense ultrafast high-harmonic-seeded soft X-ray laser (λ=32.8 nm) depending on the arrival time of the seed pulses by high-resolution ptychographic imaging and subsequently perform single-shot nanoscale imaging.

scholarly journals Quantitative and correlative extreme ultraviolet coherent imaging of mouse hippocampal neurons at high resolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (18) ◽  
pp. eaaz3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Baksh ◽  
Michal Ostrčil ◽  
Magdalena Miszczak ◽  
Charles Pooley ◽  
Richard T. Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Coherent Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Resolution Element ◽  
Transmission Information ◽  
Amplitude Transmission ◽  
Euv Imaging

Microscopy with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light can provide many advantages over optical, hard x-ray or electron-based techniques. However, traditional EUV sources and optics have large disadvantages of scale and cost. Here, we demonstrate the use of a laboratory-scale, coherent EUV source to image biological samples—mouse hippocampal neurons—providing quantitative phase and amplitude transmission information with a lateral resolution of 80 nm and an axial sensitivity of ~1 nm. A comparison with fluorescence imaging of the same samples demonstrated EUV imaging was able to identify, without the need for staining or superresolution techniques, <100-nm-wide and <10-nm-thick structures not observable from the fluorescence images. Unlike hard x-ray microscopy, no damage is observed of the delicate neuron structure. The combination of previously demonstrated tomographic imaging techniques with the latest advances in laser technologies and coherent EUV sources has the potential for high-resolution element-specific imaging within biological structures in 3D.

Holographic imaging with a nanometer resolution using compact table-top EUV laser

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wachulak ◽  
M. Marconi ◽  
R. Bartels ◽  
C. Menoni ◽  
J. Rocca
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Numerical Aperture ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Nanometer Resolution ◽  
Holographic Imaging

AbstractHolographic 2D/3D imaging with nanometer resolution using short wavelength extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light is presented in this paper. Gabor’s holograms were recorded with a highly coherent table top EUV laser with different numerical apertures demonstrating ultimately a spatial resolution of 46+/−2 nm, comparable with the illumination wavelength, in 2D holographic imaging. Three dimensional images were obtained from a single high numerical aperture hologram recorded in a high resolution photoresist and numerically reconstructed at different image planes, allowing numerical optical sectioning with a lateral resolution ∼170 nm and depth resolution of 2.4 µm. The holograms were recorded in a high resolution photoresist and digitized with an atomic force microscope. To assess the spatial resolution of the numerical reconstructions of the holograms a correlation method was used. The algorithm allows for simultaneous estimation of the resolution and the feature size of the image under analysis.

scholarly journals Ptychographic imaging with partially coherent plasma EUV sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bußmann ◽  
Michal Odstrčil ◽  
Yusuke Teramoto ◽  
Larissa Juschkin
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Visible Spectral Range ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Plasma Radiation ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Range Image ◽  
Diffractive Imaging

AbstractWe report on high-resolution lens-less imaging experiments based on ptychographic scanning coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) method employing compact plasma sources developed for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography applications. Two kinds of discharge sources were used in our experiments: a hollow-cathode-triggered pinch plasma source operated with oxygen and for the first time a laser-assisted discharge EUV source with a liquid tin target. Ptychographic reconstructions of different samples were achieved by applying constraint relaxation to the algorithm. Our ptychography algorithms can handle low spatial coherence and broadband illumination as well as compensate for the residual background due to plasma radiation in the visible spectral range. Image resolution down to 100 nm is demonstrated even for sparse objects, and it is limited presently by the sample structure contrast and the available coherent photon flux. We could extract material properties by the reconstruction of the complex exit-wave field, gaining additional information compared to electron microscopy or CDI with longer-wavelength high harmonic laser sources. Our results show that compact plasma-based EUV light sources of only partial spatial and temporal coherence can be effectively used for lens-less imaging applications. The reported methods may be applied in combination with reflectometry and scatterometry for high-resolution EUV metrology.

High Spatial Resolution EBSD Study of Nanosized Epitaxial Particles

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 559-560
Author(s):  
F. Cosandey
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Orientation Relationship ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Scanning Electron

Traditionally, the structure and orientation relationship of individual catalyst particles on various oxide substrates have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. However, the combination of high resolution scanning electron microscopes (HRSEM) equipped with Schottky field emission sources with CCD cameras for recording electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) paterns, it is now possible to obtain both morpholgy and orientation of individual particles with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we present results on the application of combined EBSD with HRSEM to determine the epitaxial orientation relationship of 80 nm Au particles on TiO2 (110). An evaluation of the spatial resolution limit of EBSD using Monte Carlo simulation of backscattered electron trajectories is also presented.The TiO2 (110) single crystal surfaces used in this study were prepared in UHV using surface science tools followed by in-situ metallization. After deposition of 15 nm Au at 300K followed by annealing at 800K, the samples were transferred in air to the Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope (LEO 982 Gemini) for high resolution imaging.

High Resolution Specimen Area Imaged Under Negligible Field Aberrations

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 540-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yanaka ◽  
K. Shirota
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Image Space ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Leakage Flux ◽  
Specimen Area ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Aberration Theory

It is significant to note field aberrations (chromatic field aberration, coma, astigmatism and blurring due to curvature of field, defined by Glaser's aberration theory relative to the Blenden Freien System) of the objective lens in connection with the following three points of view; field aberrations increase as the resolution of the axial point improves by increasing the lens excitation (k2) and decreasing the half width value (d) of the axial lens field distribution; when one or all of the imaging lenses have axial imperfections such as beam deflection in image space by the asymmetrical magnetic leakage flux, the apparent axial point has field aberrations which prevent the theoretical resolution limit from being obtained.

Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photo-induced Force Microscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Wang ◽  
Devon Jakob ◽  
Haomin Wang ◽  
Alexis Apostolos ◽  
Marcos M. Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Heterodyne Detection ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Afm Cantilever

<div>Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photo induced force from light-matter interaction. So far, photo induced force microscopy has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of photoinduced force microscopy by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for photo induced force microscopy deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ~10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and related tapping mode AFM-IR, and provide possibilities for additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.</div>

Mapping and Monitoring of the Land Use/Cover Changes in the Wider Area of ltanos, Crete, Using Very High Resolution EO Imagery With Specific Interest in Archaeological Sites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawyer Reid stippa ◽  
George Petropoulos ◽  
Leonidas Toulios ◽  
Prashant K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Large Area ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Site Mapping ◽  
Rule Sets

Archaeological site mapping is important for both understanding the history as well as protecting them from excavation during the developmental activities. As archaeological sites generally spread over a large area, use of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery is becoming increasingly applicable in the world. The main objective of this study was to map the land cover of the Itanos area of Crete and of its changes, with specific focus on the detection of the landscape’s archaeological features. Six satellite images were acquired from the Pleiades and WorldView-2 satellites over a period of 3 years. In addition, digital photography of two known archaeological sites was used for validation. An Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification was subsequently developed using the five acquired satellite images. Two rule-sets were created, one using the standard four bands which both satellites have and another for the two WorldView-2 images their four extra bands included. Validation of the thematic maps produced from the classification scenarios confirmed a difference in accuracy amongst the five images. Comparing the results of a 4-band rule-set versus the 8-band showed a slight increase in classification accuracy using extra bands. The resultant classifications showed a good level of accuracy exceeding 70%. Yet, separating the archaeological sites from the open spaces with little or no vegetation proved challenging. This was mainly due to the high spectral similarity between rocks and the archaeological ruins. The satellite data spatial resolution allowed for the accuracy in defining larger archaeological sites, but still was a difficulty in distinguishing smaller areas of interest. The digital photography data provided a very good 3D representation for the archaeological sites, assisting as well in validating the satellite-derived classification maps. All in all, our study provided further evidence that use of high resolution imagery may allow for archaeological sites to be located, but only where they are of a suitable size archaeological features.

High Resolution Current Imaging by Direct Magnetic Field Sensing

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Woods ◽  
Nesco M. Lettsome ◽  
A.B. Cawthorne ◽  
L.A. Knauss ◽  
R.H. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Magnetoresistive Sensor ◽  
Magnetic Sensitivity ◽  
Current Lines ◽  
Scanning Squid ◽  
Scanning Fiber ◽  
Ferromagnetic Probe

Abstract Two types of magnetic microscopes have been investigated for use in high resolution current mapping. The scanning fiber/SQUID microscope uses a SQUID sensor coupled to a nanoscale ferromagnetic probe, and the GMR microscope employs a nanoscale giant magnetoresistive sensor. Initial scans demonstrate that these microscopes can resolve current lines less than 10 µm apart with edge resolution of 1 µm. These types of microscopes are compared with the performance of a standard scanning SQUID microscope and with each other with respect to spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. Both microscopes show great promise for identifying current defects in die level devices.

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