Large scale ZrS2 atomically thin layers

Large scale (up to 30 μm in lateral size) atomically thin hexagonal ZrS2 nanoflakes were prepared on traditional substrates (silica, sapphire) through a temperature dependent growth process.

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Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Drug Delivery Technology

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.2.3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 509-516

Author(s):

S. Pragati ◽

S. Kuldeep ◽

S. Ashok ◽

M. Satheesh

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Colloidal Particles ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Scale Production ◽

Research Activity ◽

New Approach ◽

Solid Lipid

One of the situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. Nanoparticle represents an important particulate carrier system, developed accordingly. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (SLNs). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are important advancement in this area. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their preparation, advantages, characterization and special features.

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Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae: Emerging Trends

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866526666191014124855 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 105-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Niaz Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Aamer Mehmood ◽

Sana Malik

Keyword(s):

Chloroplast Genome ◽

Recombinant Proteins ◽

Large Scale ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Scale Up ◽

Chloroplast Transformation ◽

Point Of View ◽

Nuclear Transformation ◽

Scale Production ◽

Algal Chloroplast

: In recent years, microalgae have emerged as an alternative platform for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for different commercial applications. As a production platform, it has several advantages, including rapid growth, easily scale up and ability to grow with or without the external carbon source. Genetic transformation of several species has been established. Of these, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become significantly attractive for its potential to express foreign proteins inexpensively. All its three genomes – nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic – have been sequenced. As a result, a wealth of information about its genetic machinery, protein expression mechanism (transcription, translation and post-translational modifications) is available. Over the years, various molecular tools have been developed for the manipulation of all these genomes. Various studies show that the transformation of the chloroplast genome has several advantages over nuclear transformation from the biopharming point of view. According to a recent survey, over 100 recombinant proteins have been expressed in algal chloroplasts. However, the expression levels achieved in the algal chloroplast genome are generally lower compared to the chloroplasts of higher plants. Work is therefore needed to make the algal chloroplast transformation commercially competitive. In this review, we discuss some examples from the algal research, which could play their role in making algal chloroplast commercially successful.

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Expanding the boundaries of learning

Phi Delta Kappan ◽

10.1177/00317217211013930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 102 (8) ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Thomas Hatch

Keyword(s):

Instructional Practices ◽

New Hampshire ◽

Large Scale ◽

Educational Experiences ◽

Scale Up ◽

Project Based Learning

Taking advantage of the possibilities for learning outside of school requires us to build on what we know about why it is so hard to sustain and scale up unconventional educational experiences within conventional schools. To illustrate the opportunities and challenges, Thomas Hatch describes a large-scale approach to project-based learning developed in a camp in New Hampshire and incorporated in a Brooklyn school, a trip-based program in Detroit, and Singapore’s systemic embrace of learning outside school. By understanding the conditions that can sustain alternative instructional practices, educators can find places to challenge the boundaries of schooling and create visions of the possible that exceed current constraints.

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The Dynamics of Subunit Rotation in a Eukaryotic Ribosome

Biophysica ◽

10.3390/biophysica1020016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 204-221

Author(s):

Frederico Campos Freitas ◽

Gabriele Fuchs ◽

Ronaldo Junio de Oliveira ◽

Paul Charles Whitford

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Small Subunit ◽

Free Energy Barrier ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Molecular Flexibility ◽

Subunit Rotation ◽

Biological Kinetics ◽

Rate Limiting ◽

Reversible Rotation

Protein synthesis by the ribosome is coordinated by an intricate series of large-scale conformational rearrangements. Structural studies can provide information about long-lived states, however biological kinetics are controlled by the intervening free-energy barriers. While there has been progress describing the energy landscapes of bacterial ribosomes, very little is known about the energetics of large-scale rearrangements in eukaryotic systems. To address this topic, we constructed an all-atom model with simplified energetics and performed simulations of subunit rotation in the yeast ribosome. In these simulations, the small subunit (SSU; ∼1 MDa) undergoes spontaneous and reversible rotation events (∼8∘). By enabling the simulation of this rearrangement under equilibrium conditions, these calculations provide initial insights into the molecular factors that control dynamics in eukaryotic ribosomes. Through this, we are able to identify specific inter-subunit interactions that have a pronounced influence on the rate-limiting free-energy barrier. We also show that, as a result of changes in molecular flexibility, the thermodynamic balance between the rotated and unrotated states is temperature-dependent. This effect may be interpreted in terms of differential molecular flexibility within the rotated and unrotated states. Together, these calculations provide a foundation, upon which the field may begin to dissect the energetics of these complex molecular machines.

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Modelling and pH Control in Raceway and Thin-Layer Photobioreactors for Wastewater Treatment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1099

Author(s):

María José Rodríguez-Torres ◽

Ainoa Morillas-España ◽

José Luis Guzmán ◽

Francisco Gabriel Acién

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Large Scale ◽

Control Period ◽

Ph Control ◽

Thin Layers ◽

Control Algorithms ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Reduction Of Co2

One of the most critical variables in microalgae-related processes is the pH; it directly determines the overall performance of the production system especially when coupling with wastewater treatment. In microalgae-related wastewater treatment processes, the adequacy of pH has a large impact on the microalgae/bacteria consortium already developing on these systems. For cost-saving reasons, the pH is usually controlled by classical On/Off control algorithms during the daytime period, typically with the dynamics of the system and disturbances not being considered in the design of the control system. This paper presents the modelling and pH control in open photobioreactors, both raceway and thin-layer, using advanced controllers. In both types of photobioreactors, a classic control was implemented and compared with a Proportional–Integral (PI) control, also the operation during only the daylight period and complete daily time was evaluated. Thus, three major variables already studied include (i) the type of reactors (thin-layers and raceways), (ii) the type of control algorithm (On/Off and PI), and (iii) the control period (during the daytime and throughout the daytime and nighttime). Results show that the pH was adequately controlled in both photobioreactors, although each type requires different control algorithms, the pH control being largely improved when using PI controllers, with the controllers allowing us to reduce the total costs of the process with the reduction of CO2 injections. Moreover, the control during the complete daily cycle (including night) not only not increases the amount of CO2 to be injected, otherwise reducing it, but also improves the overall performance of the production process. Optimal pH control systems here developed are highly useful to develop robust large-scale microalgae-related wastewater treatment processes.

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Scaling Up Delivery of Biofortified Staple Food Crops Globally: Paths to Nourishing Millions

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120982501 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 037957212098250

Author(s):

Jennifer K. Foley ◽

Kristina D. Michaux ◽

Bho Mudyahoto ◽

Laira Kyazike ◽

Binu Cherian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Raw Material ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Seed Systems ◽

Public And Private ◽

Context Specific ◽

Public And Private Sector

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies affect over one quarter of the world’s population. Biofortification is an evidence-based nutrition strategy that addresses some of the most common and preventable global micronutrient gaps and can help improve the health of millions of people. Since 2013, HarvestPlus and a consortium of collaborators have made impressive progress in the enrichment of staple crops with essential micronutrients through conventional plant breeding. Objective: To review and highlight lessons learned from multiple large-scale delivery strategies used by HarvestPlus to scale up biofortification across different country and crop contexts. Results: India has strong public and private sector pearl millet breeding programs and a robust commercial seed sector. To scale-up pearl millet, HarvestPlus established partnerships with public and private seed companies, which facilitated the rapid commercialization of products and engagement of farmers in delivery activities. In Nigeria, HarvestPlus stimulated the initial acceptance and popularization of vitamin A cassava using a host of creative approaches, including “crowding in” delivery partners, innovative promotional programs, and development of intermediate raw material for industry and novel food products. In Uganda, orange sweet potato (OSP) is a traditional subsistence crop. Due to this, and the lack of formal seed systems and markets, HarvestPlus established a network of partnerships with community-based nongovernmental organizations and vine multipliers to popularize and scale-up delivery of OSP. Conclusions: Impact of biofortification ultimately depends on the development of sustainable markets for biofortified seeds and products. Results illustrate the need for context-specific, innovative solutions to promote widespread adoption.

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Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 using non-commercial RT-LAMP reagents on heat-inactivated samples

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80352-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alisa Alekseenko ◽

Donal Barrett ◽

Yerma Pareja-Sanchez ◽

Rebecca J. Howard ◽

Emilia Strandback ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Direct Detection ◽

Dna Polymerases ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lamp Assay ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Clinical Patient ◽

Reverse Transcriptases ◽

Large Scale Testing

AbstractRT-LAMP detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be a valuable approach to scale up COVID-19 diagnostics and thus contribute to limiting the spread of the disease. Here we present the optimization of highly cost-effective in-house produced enzymes, and we benchmark their performance against commercial alternatives. We explore the compatibility between multiple DNA polymerases with high strand-displacement activity and thermostable reverse transcriptases required for RT-LAMP. We optimize reaction conditions and demonstrate their applicability using both synthetic RNA and clinical patient samples. Finally, we validate the optimized RT-LAMP assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in unextracted heat-inactivated nasopharyngeal samples from 184 patients. We anticipate that optimized and affordable reagents for RT-LAMP will facilitate the expansion of SARS-CoV-2 testing globally, especially in sites and settings where the need for large scale testing cannot be met by commercial alternatives.

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Mechanical Properties of Protective Coatings against Marine Fouling: A Review

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13020173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Alessandro Pistone ◽

Cristina Scolaro ◽

Annamaria Visco

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Large Scale ◽

Protective Coatings ◽

Scale Up ◽

Product Distribution ◽

Properties Of Coatings ◽

Fouling Organism ◽

Ship Hulls ◽

Marine Industry ◽

Application Fields

The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and non-target organisms driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. The review reports recent development of hydrophobic protective coatings in terms of mechanical properties, correlated with the wet ability features. The attention is focused mainly on coatings based on siloxane and epoxy resin due to the wide application fields of such systems in the marine industry. Polyurethane and other systems have been considered as well. These coatings for anti-fouling applications needs to be both long-term mechanically stable, perfectly adherent with the metallic/composite substrate, and capable to detach/destroy the fouling organism. Prospects should focus on developing even “greener” antifouling coatings solutions. These coatings should also be readily addressable to industrial scale-up for large-scale product distribution, possibly at a reasonable cost.

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Immobilized Covalent Triazine Frameworks Films as Effective Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

10.21203/rs.3.rs-630168/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xunliang Hu ◽

Irshad Hussain ◽

Bien Tan

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Evolution ◽

Water Splitting ◽

Crystalline Structure ◽

Large Scale ◽

Interfacial Polymerization ◽

Point Of View ◽

Lateral Size ◽

Free Standing ◽

X Ray ◽

Synthetic Approaches

Abstract Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have recently been demonstrated as promising materials for photocatalytic water splitting and are usually used in the form of suspended powder. From a practical point of view, immobilized CTFs materials are more suitable for large-scale water splitting applications, owing to their convenient separation and recycling potential. However, existing synthetic approaches mainly result in insoluble and unprocessable powders, which makes their future device application still a huge challenge. Herein, we report an aliphatic amine-assisted interfacial polymerization method to obtain free-standing, crystalline CTFs film with excellent photoelectric performance. The lateral size of the film was up to 250 cm2, the average thickness can be regulated from 30-500 nm. The crystalline structure was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. Intrigued by the good light absorption, crystalline structure, and big lateral size of the film, it was immobilized on a glass support that exhibited good photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance (5.4 mmol h-1 m-2) and was easy to recycle.

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