scholarly journals Preventing leaching from lead water pipes with electrochemistry: an exploratory study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Pablo Lobo ◽  
Ashok Gadgil
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Lead Leaching ◽  
Pipe Replacement

Toxic levels of lead leaching from ageing water distribution infrastructure affect over 5,000 public drinking water systems in the US. Pipe replacement, the most effective solution to this problem, is...

Drinking Water and Public Health in an Era of Aging Distribution Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Allen ◽  
Robert Clark ◽  
Joseph A. Cotruvo ◽  
Neil Grigg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Driving Factor ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Treated Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Water

The provision of a safe and sustainable drinking water supply is one of the hallmarks of a successful society. Treated drinking water entering distribution systems in virtually all U.S. public drinking water systems meets regulations and is microbiologically safe. However, the opportunity for microbial contamination from decades to century old water distribution systems is increasing with time. Thus, increased health risk to consumers should be a driving factor in accelerating reinvestment in America’s aging water distribution water systems.

scholarly journals Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Dai ◽  
Maria C. Sevillano-Rivera ◽  
Szymon T. Calus ◽  
Q. Melina Bautista-de los Santos ◽  
A. Murat Eren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Decay Products ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

ABSTRACTLimiting microbial growth during drinking water distribution is achieved either by maintaining a disinfectant residual or through nutrient limitation without the use of a disinfectant. The impact of these contrasting approaches on the drinking water microbiome is not systematically understood. We utilized genome-resolved metagenomics to compare the structure, metabolic traits, and population genomes of drinking water microbiomes across multiple full-scale drinking water systems utilizing these two-distinct microbial growth control strategies. Microbial communities cluster together at the structural- and functional potential-level based on the presence or absence of a disinfectant residual. Disinfectant residual concentrations alone explained 17 and 6.5% of the variance in structure and functional potential of the drinking water microbiome, respectively, despite including samples from multiple drinking water systems with variable source waters and source water communities, treatment strategies, and chemical compositions. The drinking water microbiome is structurally and functionally less diverse and less variable across disinfected systems as compared to non-disinfected systems. While bacteria were the most abundant domain, archaea and eukaryota were more abundant in non-disinfected and disinfected systems, respectively. Community-level differences in functional potential were driven by enrichment of genes associated with carbon and nitrogen fixation in non-disinfected systems and γ-aminobutyrate metabolism in disinfected systems which may be associated with the recycling of amino acids. Metagenome-assembled genome-level analyses for a subset of phylogenetically related microorganisms suggests that disinfection may select for microorganisms capable of using fatty acids, presumably from microbial decay products, via the glyoxylate cycle. Overall, we find that disinfection exhibits systematic and consistent selective pressures on the drinking water microbiome and may select for microorganisms able to utilize microbial decay products originating from disinfection inactivated microorganisms.

scholarly journals Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7076
Author(s):  
J. Wren Tracy ◽  
Amy Guo ◽  
Kaida Liang ◽  
Jamie Bartram ◽  
Michael Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

Exposure to toxic metals and metalloids (TMs) such as arsenic and lead at levels of concern is associated with lifelong adverse health consequences. As exposure to TMs from paint, leaded gasoline, canned foods, and other consumer products has decreased in recent decades, the relative contribution of drinking water to environmental TM exposure and associated disease burdens has increased. We conducted a rapid review from June to September 2019 to synthesize information on the sources of TM contamination in small rural drinking water systems and solutions to TM contamination from these sources, with an emphasis on actionable evidence applicable to small rural drinking water systems worldwide. We reviewed publications from five databases (ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Global Health Library) as well as grey literature from expert groups including WHO, IWA, and others; findings from 61 eligible review publications were synthesized. Identified sources of TMs in included studies were natural occurrence (geogenic), catchment pollution, and corrosion of water distribution system materials. The review found general support for preventive over corrective actions. This review informs a useful planning and management framework for preventing and mitigating TM exposure from drinking water based on water supply characteristics, identified contamination sources, and other context-specific variables.

The role of biofilms in the mobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the coal-tar lining of water pipes

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maier ◽  
D. Maier ◽  
B.J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Real Distribution ◽  
Water Mains ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The influence of biofilm formation on the coal-tar lining of water pipes in drinking water distribution systems was investigated in batch experiments as well as in a continuously flown circular reactor system. The nutrient source for the growth of the biofilm was only the drinking water and the coal-tar coating on the slides. The growth and existence of the biofilm was examined using different techniques. Leaching experiments showed clearly that the biofilm has protective characteristics because enhanced PAH concentrations could be detected after the removal of the biofilm from the slides. Moreover, the dosage of chlorine as a disinfectant during the reactor experiments gave indication that the chlorination resulted in a destabilisation of the biofilm which lead to elevated PAH concentrations. The results are in correspondence with observations made in real distribution systems where enhanced PAH concentrations were observed during disinfection processes. The examination of coal-tar coated water mains revealed that in addition to the protective effect of a biofilm a vast amount of the PAHs was adsorbed on particles embedded in the biofilm, e.g. from the iron oxidising bacteria Gallionella.

scholarly journals Reducing the Energy Dependency of Water Networks in Irrigation, Public Drinking Water, and Process Industry: REDAWN Project

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Carravetta ◽  
Oreste Fecarotta ◽  
Helena M. Ramos ◽  
Maria Mello ◽  
Juan Antonio Rodriguez-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Process Industry ◽  
Water Networks ◽  
Energy Dependency ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
The Eu

The EU funded Interreg project REDAWN is presented, setting a new operational framework for efficiently foster micro-hydropower in water distribution.

Occurrence and Potential Significance of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Detected in New Jersey Public Drinking Water Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 4547-4554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria B. Post ◽  
Judith B. Louis ◽  
Keith R. Cooper ◽  
Betty Jane Boros-Russo ◽  
R. Lee Lippincott
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

scholarly journals Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4582
Author(s):  
Alberto Vertova ◽  
Alessandro Miani ◽  
Giordano Lesma ◽  
Sandra Rondinini ◽  
Alessandro Minguzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Water Pipes ◽  
Set Up

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been widely used as a disinfectant in drinking water in the past but its effects on water pipes have not been investigated deeply, mainly due to the difficult experimental set-up required to simulate real-life water pipe conditions. In the present paper, four different kinds of water pipes, two based on plastics, namely random polypropylene (PPR) and polyethylene of raised temperature (PERT/aluminum multilayer), and two made of metals, i.e., copper and galvanized steel, were put in a semi-closed system where ClO2 was dosed continuously. The semi-closed system allowed for the simulation of real ClO2 concentrations in common water distribution systems and to simulate the presence of pipes made with different materials from the source of water to the tap. Results show that ClO2 has a deep effect on all the materials tested (plastics and metals) and that severe damage occurs due to its strong oxidizing power in terms of surface chemical modification of metals and progressive cracking of plastics. These phenomena could in turn become an issue for the health and safety of drinking water due to progressive leakage of degraded products in the water.

scholarly journals Review of perchlorate occurrence in large public drinking water systems in the United States of America

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-694
Author(s):  
Steven J. Luis ◽  
Elizabeth A. Miesner ◽  
Clarissa L. Enslin ◽  
Keith Heidecorn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminant Monitoring ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Public Drinking

Abstract When deciding whether or not to regulate a chemical, regulatory bodies often evaluate the degree to which the public may be exposed by evaluating the chemical's occurrence in food and drinking water. As part of its decision-making process, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) evaluated the occurrence of perchlorate in public drinking water by sampling public water systems (PWSs) as part of the first implementation of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 1) between 2001 and 2005. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the current representativeness of the UCMR 1 dataset. To achieve this objective, publicly available sources were searched to obtain updated perchlorate data for the majority of large PWSs with perchlorate detections under UCMR 1. Comparison of the updated and UCMR 1 perchlorate datasets shows that the UCMR 1 dataset is no longer representative because the extent and degree of occurrence has decreased since implementation of UCMR 1. Given this finding, it seems appropriate for regulatory bodies engaged in decision-making processes over several years to periodically re-evaluate the conditions that prompted the regulatory effort, thereby ensuring that rules and regulations address actual conditions of concern.

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