The Maximal Sniff in the Assessment of Diaphragm Function in Man

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet M. Miller ◽  
John Moxham ◽  
Malcolm Green
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Diaphragm Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Neuromuscular Impairment

1. We studied diaphragm function in a total of 64 normal subjects, who had no past or present respiratory or neuromuscular impairment. 2. We measured transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during maximal sniffs and compared these values with Pdi during maximal static inspiratory efforts (PImax.). 3. The range of Pdi during maximal sniffs (82-204 cm H2O) had better defined lower limits than Pdi during PImax. (16-164 cm H2O) and a higher mean value : mean + sd for maximal sniffs was 137 + 28 cm H2O and for PImax. was 90 + 37 cm H2O. 4. The reproducibility of sniff Pdi was assessed in eight randomly chosen subjects over 3 days: the mean coefficient of variation was 7.2%. By comparison the coefficient of variation of Pdi during PImax. was 13.0% in seven subjects. 5. The maximal sniff is a spontaneous manoeuvre, easily performed, repeatable without tiring, and reproducible. Its measurement provides a more reliable quantitative method for assessment of diaphragm strength, which has potential in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Branching exponent heterogeneity and wall shear stress distribution in vascular trees

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. H1256-H1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Karau ◽  
Gary S. Krenz ◽  
Christopher A. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Uniform Shear ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Stress Dependent

A bifurcating arterial system with Poiseuille flow can function at minimum cost and with uniform wall shear stress if the branching exponent ( z) = 3 [where z is defined by ( D 1) z = ( D 2) z + ( D 3) z ; D 1 is the parent vessel diameter and D 2 and D 3 are the two daughter vessel diameters at a bifurcation]. Because wall shear stress is a physiologically transducible force, shear stress-dependent control over vessel diameter would appear to provide a means for preserving this optimal structure through maintenance of uniform shear stress. A mean z of 3 has been considered confirmation of such a control mechanism. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the consequences of a heterogeneous distribution of z values about the mean with regard to this uniform shear stress hypothesis. Simulations were carried out on model structures otherwise conforming to the criteria consistent with uniform shear stress when z = 3 but with varying distributions of z. The result was that when there was significant heterogeneity in z approaching that found in a real arterial tree, the coefficient of variation in shear stress was comparable to the coefficient of variation in z and nearly independent of the mean value of z. A systematic increase in mean shear stress with decreasing vessel diameter was one component of the variation in shear stress even when the mean z = 3. The conclusion is that the influence of shear stress in determining vessel diameters is not, per se, manifested in a mean value of z. In a vascular tree having a heterogeneous distribution in zvalues, a particular mean value of z (e.g., z = 3) apparently has little bearing on the uniform shear stress hypothesis.

Effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on jejunal absorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (4) ◽  
pp. G349-G352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Schmulen ◽  
M. Lerman ◽  
C. Y. Pak ◽  
J. Zerwekh ◽  
S. Morawski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Jejunal Absorption ◽  
The Mean

These studies were performed to see if jejunal malabsorption of magnesium in patients with chronic renal disease was influenced by therapy with 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3; 2 microgram/day by mouth for 7 days]. This treatment restored normal serum concentrations of the vitamin D metabolite from 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 4.2 +/- 0.6 ng/dl. Jejunal absorption of magnesium, measured by a triple-lumen constant-perfusion technique, was enhanced in each of the seven patients by this therapy. The mean value rose from 0.04 +/- 0.02 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 mmol . 30 cm-1 . h-1. This last value is similar to the magnesium absorption rate in untreated normal subjects. These results demonstrate that magnesium absorption in the human jejunum is dependent on vitamin D, and they show that 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in patients with chronic renal failure is associated with an enhanced jejunal absorption of magnesium.

Concentration of glucocorticoid receptor sites in normal human lymphocytes.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Steiner ◽  
J L Wittliff
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Human T Cells ◽  
Cell Assays ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Mean

Abstract We used a whole-cell glucocorticoid receptor assay to examine characteristics of the glucocorticoid receptor in the lymphocytes of normal human donors. We measured binding of [3H]dexamethasone to the lymphocytes of four different donors on several different occasions; the variation about the mean for the assays was +/- 15%. Whole-cell assays in 15 normal subjects showed a mean value of 6.18 fmol/10(6) cells or 3722 sites per cell, with a somewhat higher level in men (7.67 fmol/10(6) cells, or 4620 sites per cell) than women (4.48 fmol/10(6) cells, or 2698 sites per cell). We saw no correlation between donor age and receptor values, in either group. Assays in which we used [3H]prednisolone demonstrated similar binding properties as with [3H]dexamethasone. The mean glucocorticoid receptor value for normal human T-cells from three donors was 2.52 fmol/10(6) cells, or 1518 sites per cell.

Free Water Clearance in Patients with Essential Hypertension

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
E. J. Dorhout Mees ◽  
H. de Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Uncomplicated Hypertension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Water Clearance

1. Free water clearance (CH2O) was measured in sixteen normal subjects and twenty-five patients with uncomplicated hypertension at different levels of salt intake. 2. In normal subjects CH2O and Na+ excretion were related thus: log Na+ excretion = 0·1685 + 0·1508 × CH2O. At a given value for Na+ excretion the standard deviation for CH2O was ±1·5 ml min−1. 3. The mean value for the ratio CH2O/creatinine clearance was higher in the hypertensive patients than in controls at all levels of Na+ excretion. 4. Most previous studies reporting decreased values for CH2O in hypertension can be explained by the exponential relationship between CH2O and Na+ excretion.

CD59 Deficient Granulocytes in High Risk Groups of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS).

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4717-4717
Author(s):  
Georgia Kaiafa ◽  
Vasiliki Tsavdaridou ◽  
Athanasios Papadopoulos ◽  
Christos Savopoulos ◽  
Apostolos Hatzitolios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Refractory Anaemia ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Pnh Clone

Abstract Background: Blood cells are deficient in membrane-bound glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) because of an acquired disorder of the pluripotent stem cell. CD55 and CD59 antigens are the most common GPI-anchored proteins that are used for the diagnosis of the presence of PNH clone. The association of MDS with PNH is rather controversial. There are few published individual cases of PNH arrived from a previous MDS or MDS following PNH. Aim: Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of PNH clone in some MDS patients. These studies were performed mostly on erythrocytes and to the best of our knowledge they are only 4. Granulocytes appear to be more sensitive markers of PNH clone existence than erythrocytes and therefore we investigate the expression of PNH clone on granulocytes of patients with MDS. Material-Methods: A total number of 95 patients 25–80 yrs old with MDS {A:19 with refractory anaemia (RA), B:9 with refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), C:17 with refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB), D: 12 with refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) and E: 19 with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMLL)} and 19 healthy donors were included in our study. The presence of GPI-anchored proteins (CD55, CD59)-deficient granulocytes was examined by flow cytometry. For the detection of the PNH clone the commercial kit by Beckman Coulter (cellquant CD55/CD59) was used. Statistical analysis was made by ANOVA, while Robust test was performed because there was no homogeneity of variances by ANOVA. Results: Table 1 shows the percentages of CD55 and CD59 deficient granulocytes in the 5 groups of pts with MDS comparing with the control group. a) Although the mean values of CD55 deficient granulocytes in the groups RAEB, RAEB-t and CMLL were higher enough than those of the normal subjects, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.10) in the comparison of the mean values of CD55 deficient granulocytes between each group of patients with the control group. b) On the contrary there was a very statistically significant difference in the comparison of the mean value of CD59 deficient granulocytes between the three last groups (C, D and E) of pts with the control group (p< 0.086, p< 0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). The percentages of CD55 and CD59 deficient granulocytes in the 5 groups of patients with MDS and in the control group CD55 CD55 CD59 CD59 Groups N Mean Value Std deviation Mean Value Std deviation A (RA) 19 2.89 2.79 2.91 2.85 B (RARS) 9 1.05 1.14 3.89 3.63 C (RAEB) 17 4.78 4.76 11.75 6.06 D (RAEB-t) 12 4.23 2.85 23.76 8.53 E (CMLL) 19 6.01 4.97 38.26 16.18 Control 19 3.67 2.89 3.67 2.89 Total 95 4.00 3.87 14.44 16.39 Conclusions: There are relatively large CD59 negative subpopulations (mean values 11.75–38.26%) of granulocytes in the last three groups (RAEB, RAEB-t, CMLL) of MDS patients. On the contrary the two low risk forms (RA, RARS) revealed no such populations. Non-expression of CD59 antigen on granulocytes is a more sensitive marker than that of CD55 antigen for the presence of a possible PNH clone in MDS patients.

Effect of Erythropoietin on Platelet Function and Glycoprotein Expression in Patients with MDS.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 3993-3993
Author(s):  
Fotis F.I. Girtovitis ◽  
Dimitrios D. Bougiouklis ◽  
Michel M.P. Makris ◽  
Elefteria E. Pithara ◽  
Pantelis P.E. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Human Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Aim: We decide to study the effect of erythropoietin on the platelet function and glycoproteins expression in patients (pts) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). All patients suffered from primary MDS but none of them received any special treatment. From our study pts that suffered from diseases or they were receiving medication that affect the function of platelets were excluded. Furthermore pts with platelet count&lt;50,000/μl were excluded also because we were unable to check the aggregation of platelets. Material: 41 subjects were studied, 15 normal subject (10 men and 5 women mean age 66,6±14 years old)and 26 pts (17 men and 9 women with mean age70,9±7,4 years old) suffered from all types of MDS according to FAB criteria (9 with RA, 3 with RARS, 7 RAEB, 4 with CMML and 3 with RAEB-t). We divided them in 2 groups: 1st - 7 Pts receiving human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) with mean dose 30.000 iu subcutaneous weekly and 2nd - 19 without rEPO. Methods. 1- The platelet function was studied in Platelet Ionized Calcium Aggregometer (PICA) using Ristocetin, ADP, Collagen and Adrenalin as stimulators. 2- The expression of platelet glycoproteins (GPIb, IX, IIb, IIIa and P-selectin) was studied using the flow cytometry and special monoclonal antibodies. This way the percentage of glycoprotein expressed in platelet membrane and MFI were estimated. We performed the statistical analysis of our results using the t-test with common standard deviation.. Results: our results concerning the aggregation test and flow cytometry are presented in tables 1,2 and 3. From the study of our results we can see that while the decrease of aggregation between the patients under EPO and normal subjects is statistically non significant (p&lt;0.1)the decrease of the corresponding values between the pts that did not received EPO and normal subjects was statistically very significant for all stimulators (p &lt;0,001). pts under EPO show an important increase of platelet expressing GPIIb percentage grater than the expressed percentage of patients without EPO (60% vs. 46,1% correspondingly, p&lt;0.001). The difference of expressed MFI was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of our study show us that erythropoietin improves the function of platelets in patients with MDS, probably through the increase of platelet percentage which express glycoproteins. Table 1 Comparison of the mean value of aggregation between the groups Table 2 Comparison of the mean values of the platelets expressing corresponding glycoproteins percentage between the groups Table 3 Comparison of the mean value of MFI between the groups

scholarly journals Significance of Blood Cadmium Concentrations in Patients with Renal Disorders or Essential Hypertension and the Normal Population

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta J. Ward ◽  
Monica Fisher ◽  
Marisol Tellez-Yudilevich
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Renal Disorders ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Blood Cadmium ◽  
The Mean

Summary Cadmium concentrations in whole blood have been determined in normal control subjects, in patients with untreated essential hypertension or with treated essential hypertension, and in those with acute or chronic renal disorders. High cadmium concentrations were not found in the patients with untreated essential hypertension. Most tobacco smokers were found to have high blood cadmium concentrations. When the mean cadmium concentrations from each group of patients were compared with those of the control subjects no significant differences were found. When the four groups were divided into smokers and non-smokers, however, a significantly higher mean value was found for the non-smoking renal patients in comparison with the non-smoking normal subjects. The marked increases in blood cadmium concentration in the patients with renal disorders may be attributed to impaired excretion.

Objective cyclodeviation measurement in normal subjects by means of Cyclocheck® application

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212090531
Author(s):  
Justyna Simiera ◽  
Agata Joanna Ordon ◽  
Piotr Loba
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Muscle Balance ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To evaluate the range of cyclodeviation in normal individuals by means of Cyclocheck® application recently designed by the authors and freely available at www.cyclocheck.com . Methods: Healthy subjects with normal muscle balance, best-corrected visual acuity of ⩾0.8, and stereopsis on Randot charts of ⩽100 s of arc were included in the study. Two separate digital fundus photographs were taken of each eye of every patient. The disk-foveal angle was calculated using the Cyclocheck® application. The average result of the disk-foveal angle measurements were considered for data analysis. Results: A total of 131 patients met inclusion criteria for the study population. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle in the whole study group (both right and left eye) was 6.39° ± 2.72° with 5.26° ± 2.56° (range from −0.4° to 12.55°) in the right eye and 7.52° ± 2.39° (range from 1.25° to 12.76°) in the left eye. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle of the left eye was greater by 2.26° than that of the right eye. Conclusion: Cyclocheck® software allows easy assessment of cyclodeviation. Normal individuals present with a positive value of the disk-foveal angle with a certain spread of the results. The analysis of obtained measurements revealed a significant asymmetry between both eyes with the left eye being more excyclodeviated in an otherwise orthotropic population, which remains a subject for further investigations.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Specific Radioimmunoassay for Somatostatin in Human Plasma

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Penman ◽  
J. A. H. Wass ◽  
Alison Lund ◽  
P. J. Lowry ◽  
Jennifer Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Plasma Binding ◽  
Fasting Level ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Free Plasma

Little is known about the factors controlling somatostatin secretion in man, and data are not available on the changes in circulating levels in various human physiological or pathophysiological states. This is mainly a consequence of the technical difficulties involved in measuring somatostatin in plasma. In the presence of plasma, binding of somatostatin tracer to antibody was consistently decreased by about 20%, and this could not be abolished by the addition of EDTA and aprotinin or by the use of specially prepared somatostatin-free plasma. Furthermore, in the presence of plasma, endogenous somatostatin does not dilute in parallel with synthetic cyclic somatostatin standard. We have, therefore, developed and validated a radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using prior extraction of the peptide onto leached silica glass. Tyrosine-11 somatostatin was iodinated using lactoperoxidase and purified on ODS silica. This method is superior to iodination using chloramine-T with CMC cellulose purification, and gives a highly purified preparation with a shelf-life of at least eight weeks. Using this tracer and a specific antiserum, the limit of sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 12% (n = 16) and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 15% (n = 10). Parallelism has been demonstrated between standard synthetic cyclic somatostatin and all extracted plasma samples. The mean recovery of exogenous somatostatin from plasma was 78%. The fasting level of immunoreactive somatostatin at 0900 hours in 40 normal subjects ranged from 17 to 81 pg/ml. Care is needed, however, when comparing these values with those obtained from other laboratories since standard preparations of somatostatin vary considerably in their immunopotency.

The use of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: evidence from real clinical practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
N. V. Nekrasova ◽  
Yu. E. Borovikov ◽  
T. G. Zadorkina ◽  
P. V. Nekrasova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Interleukin 23 ◽  
Real Clinical Practice

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, spine and enthesis from the group of spondyloarthritis that develops in patients with psoriasis. Guselkumab is a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, an inhibitor of interleukin 23, which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of plaque psoriasis and PsA.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of guselkumab treatment in PsA patients.Patients and methods. The study included 16 patients with PsA. All patients received 100 mg of guselkumab subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, 12, 20. Disease activity and treatment efficacy were assessed at weeks 0, 12 and 24 using the DAS28, ASDAS, BASDAI, DAPSA activity indices, the index of the extent and severity of psoriasis PASI.Results and discussion. During treatment, patients with PsA showed a pronounced positive dynamics of the indices of disease activity and an improvement in the skin condition. Before the treatment with guselkumab, the mean value of the DAS28 index was 4.26±0.64, DAPSA – 37.94±9.45, ASDAS – 2.7±0.65, and BASDAI – 5.49±1.39, after 12 weeks of treatment these indicators decreased to 3.03±0.49; 17.06±4.58; 1.64±0.33 and 3.48±0.66, respectively, and after 24 weeks (after the 4th injection) – to 2.32±0.18; 11.31±2.18; 1.22±0.27 and 2.62±0.78, respectively (p<0.05 for all cases). Before treatment, the average PASI index reached 30.99±15.43, after 12 weeks – 4.55±4.82, and after 24 weeks – 1.05±1.46 (p<0.05). During treatment, a significant improvement in the main manifestations of the disease was noted: regression of peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, and skin rashes.The treatment was well tolerated during the 24 weeks of the study, and no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion. The data from real clinical practice indicate that guselkumab is highly effective and safe in the treatment of PsA.

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