The Development of Speech-Language Pathology in Zambia: A Reflection on the Current Landscape and Two Contrasting Training Models

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (17) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Suzanna Bright ◽  
Chisomo Selemani
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Training Models ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Disability Prevalence ◽  
Service Gap ◽  
Communication Disability

Functional approaches to disability measurement in Zambia reveals an overall disability prevalence rate of 13.4%, 4% of whom are recorded as having “speech impairment” (Zambia Federation of the Disabled [ZAFOD], 2006). Further, multidimensional poverty assessments indicate that 48.6% of Zambia's approximately 16 million citizens are impoverished. Currently, there are three internationally qualified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) providing services within Zambia's capital city, Lusaka. Given these statistics, it follows that a significant number of Zambian's, experiencing communication disability, are unable to access specialist assessment and support. Over the past decade, Zambia has seen two very different approaches to address this service gap—firstly, a larger scale top-down approach through the implementation of a formal master's degree program and more recently a smaller scale, bottom-up approach, building the capacity of existing professionals working in the field of communication disability. This article provides an overview of both programs and the context, unique to Zambia, in which they have developed. Authors describe the implementation challenges encountered and program successes leading to a discussion of the weakness and merits to both programs, in an attempt to draw lessons from which future efforts to support communication disability and SLP service development in Majority World contexts may benefit.

Multiple Dimensions of Impoverishment in Iran

2020 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Hosnieh Mahoozi ◽  
Jeurgen Meckl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multiple Dimensions

Concerning the demands of Sen’s (1984) Capability Approach to the assessment of human well-being, we estimate multidimensional poverty and compare the results with traditional measures of income poverty in Iran. We detect poverty in urban and rural Iran over 1999-2007, a period with relatively high GDP growth. The results reveal that the pace of income poverty reduction is much faster than the pace of multidimensional poverty alleviation. The pace of poverty reduction is much slower in rural areas than in urban areas and the capital city, Tehran. Hence, inequality between rural and urban areas increased over the time. We also show how policymakers may benefit from applying the multidimensional approach in targeting the subgroups by the most deprived aspects.

scholarly journals Patterns of Health Service Use Among Young People With Cerebral Palsy in England

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Ryan ◽  
Grace Lavelle ◽  
Nicola Theis ◽  
Cherry Kilbride ◽  
Marika Noorkoiv
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Young People ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Health Service Use ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: Although the provision of healthcare for people with cerebral palsy (CP) is typically focussed on childhood, many people with CP require access to services periodically throughout their life. Few studies have examined patterns of health service use among young people with CP in England. Understanding patterns of use may inform future service development.Objective: To describe patterns of visits to rehabilitation and medical professionals among ambulatory young people with CP living in England, and identify factors associated with service use.Methods: Sixty-two young people with CP aged 10–19 years [mean (SD) age 13.7 (2.5) years] in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III reported visits to a range of health professionals, hospital admissions and visits to the emergency department over a median duration of 34 weeks (min–max: 12–34 weeks). Negative binomial models were used to examine factors associated with number of visits.Results: Physiotherapists were the most commonly used professional, with 67.7% of participants visiting a physiotherapist at least once, followed by dentists (66.1%), general practitioners (48.4%), occupational therapists (40.3%) and orthopaedic surgeons (40.3%). Physiotherapists were also the most frequently visited professional with a total of 473 visits (13.3 visits per person-year). Speech and language therapists (5.0 visits per person-year), occupational therapists (4.5 visits per person-year) and nurses (4.3 per person-year) were the next most frequently visited professionals. Age, GMFCS level, and speech impairment were associated with rate of visits to a physiotherapist.Conclusions: The proportion of young people who visited medical and rehabilitation professionals during the study period varied considerably depending on the profession. Generally, the proportion of young people using services was low. In the context of limited resources, data on service use in combination with data on unmet need, may support the reorganisation of services to maximise benefits to young people with CP.

Trends in the location of the HIV-positive population in Australia: Implications for access to healthcare services and delivery

Sexual Health ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Carman ◽  
Jeffrey Grierson ◽  
Marian Pitts ◽  
Michael Hurley ◽  
Jennifer Power
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Longitudinal Data Collection ◽  
Positive Population

Background: Examining existing and potential trends in the HIV-positive population in Australia is important for current and future healthcare service development and delivery. Methods: A new analysis of existing data on this population from the HIV Futures 5 survey was based on linking a geographic breakdown of respondents based on ‘area type’ – capital city or inner suburban, outer suburban, regional centre and rural – with patterns of healthcare service access. In addition, the distance between the postcode of the respondent’s residence and the postcode of the doctor seen for HIV-related treatment was calculated. An analysis of ‘area type’ by income and age was also conducted. Results: The ‘area type’ analysis showed important differences in patterns of access to antiretroviral prescriptions and choice of provider for HIV-related and general healthcare. The median distance travelled to see a doctor for HIV-related treatment was higher for those living in outer suburbs than those living in regional centres. Discussion: Differences in service use appear to be related to geographic accessibility of different service types. However, there may be other important social, economic and cultural factors involved. Ageing and socio-economic pressures may be influencing a move away from inner suburban areas where most HIV-specific care is located. This new analysis assists in finding the right balance between increasing the accessibility of HIV-specific services and ‘mainstreaming’. Longitudinal data collection would further assist in tracking trends in geographic location, and how often and at what intervals people living with HIV utilise healthcare services.

SDG’s Indicators Framework and Disability in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-250
Author(s):  
Surajit Deb
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Disability Prevalence ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
High Level

The post-2015 development framework endorsed disability as an issue of social rights that is in accordance with the guidelines of United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The United Nations Statistical Commission has worked through the Inter-agency and Expert Group and the High-level Group in the formation of the indicators framework to measure the progress made by the disabled persons in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The main objective of this article is to assess the disability prevalence in India and subsequently examine its preparedness towards developing the disability indicators. We consider the Census 2011 data to provide an account of disability situations along with information on state-wise composition, types, age distribution, literacy and employment aspects. We then explain as to how the indicators framework would result in data and information demands on India’s part, which are essential for monitoring the progress of disability inclusion in the country.

Veiled entrapment: a study of social isolation of older Chinese migrants in Brisbane, Queensland

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID IP ◽  
CHI WAI LUI ◽  
WING HONG CHUI
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
English Language ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Older Chinese

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the findings of a study of the support and service needs of older Chinese people in Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland, Australia. There were two specific objectives: to ascertain the problems encountered by older Chinese-Australians in their daily lives and social activities; and to develop policy and service development recommendations, with a view to mitigating their problems, meeting their unmet needs, improving their quality of life, and enhancing their participation in Australian society. The study used multiple methods, including a literature review, focus group meetings, and a community survey. The findings indicate that older Chinese people, and particularly women, experience significant restrictions in their activity patterns, social isolation and loneliness. Their lack of proficiency in the English language, and the difficulties they have in accessing language-support and interpretation services, limit their autonomous mobility and make them heavily dependent on their adult children, not least for transport. Their physical and psychological wellbeing is affected further by strained relations with their adult children, and these are compounded by financial concerns. The implications of the findings for welfare policy and practice are discussed at the end of the paper.

scholarly journals Participation in Regular Physical Activity According to the Type of Disability, Sex, Point of Disability Diagnosis, and Ability to Walk Independently in South Korea

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Changok Cho ◽  
Wonsang Shin ◽  
Sunga Kong
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Speech Impairments ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Acquired Disability ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Disability Group

This study aimed to compare rates of participation in physical activity according to the type of disability, sex, point of disability diagnosis (congenital vs. acquired), and ability to walk independently. The study involved individuals who were registered as disabled based on the 2020 Sports Survey for the Disabled project of the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. Participants (mean age: 49.94 ± 12.35 years) included those with physical disabilities (n = 889), visual impairments (n = 523), hearing/speech impairments (n = 412), intellectual disabilities (n = 561), and disabilities associated with brain lesions (n = 364). Rates of severe (100%) and congenital disability (65.95%) were highest in the intellectual disability group. Acquired disability was most frequent in the physical disability group (94.71%). The highest frequency of independent walking ability was observed in the hearing/speech impairment group (99.27%). The rate of participation in physical activity was significantly higher in the acquired (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–1.87, p = 0.005) and independent walking (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.11–1.84, p = 0.005) hearing/speech impairment groups than in the corresponding physical disability groups after adjusting for age, sex, and severity. Our findings highlight the need to promote physical activity for people with physical and intellectual disabilities based on the factors examined in this study.

Prevalence, Pattern, and Factors Associated With Self-reported Disability Among the Bhutanese Population: A Secondary Data Analysis of Population and Housing Census

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110498
Author(s):  
Kinley Dorjee ◽  
Soundappan Kathirvel ◽  
Kathiresan Jeyashree ◽  
Thinley Dorji ◽  
Tshering Choeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Disability Prevalence ◽  
Permanent Residents

We analyzed the Population and Health Census of Bhutan (PHCB) 2017 to assess the prevalence and pattern of self-reported disability among people aged ≥15 years and the associated factors. The PHCB 2017 used the Washington Group Short Set on Functioning questionnaire to assess the disability (“lot of difficulty” or “cannot do at all”) in seeing, hearing, mobility, cognition, self-care, and communication. Of the 536 443 persons included in the analysis, 384 101(71.6%) were aged <45 years, 283 453(52.8%) were men, and 206 103(38.4%) were from the rural area. The prevalence of any self-reported disability was 2.8%, among whom 34.2% reported multiple disabilities. The disability prevalence (any) was significantly higher among people aged ≥65 years, illiterate, economically inactive, permanent residents, residing in a rural area, and from central and eastern regions of the country compared with their respective counterparts. Further research on access to rehabilitation and linking with social protection schemes for the disabled is required in this country.

scholarly journals Disability Prevalence and Correlates in Pakistan: A Demographic Analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Disability Rate ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Disability Prevalence

The paper provides a demographic view of disability patterns in Pakistan, and also highlights the inadequacies and inconsistencies of data, especially those provided by the census. Besides assessing the prevalence of disability by age, gender considerations, nature of disability and reasons of disability, the paper examines such features among the disabled population as their work participation, training, self-sufficiency and dependence on the help of the others. Even though the estimates of disability worked out from the 1984-85 Survey of Disabled Population are relatively more realistic, the need for broadening and standardisation of the concepts and adoption of improved survey procedures for better coverage and diagnostics is clearly evident. The high prevalence of disability and the fact that nearly half of the total disabilities occur due to disease, more than a third are by birth, and about 15 percent are due to accidents, clearly point towards the need for preventive and curative health facilities and imparting of proper awareness among the people. The association of disability prevalence with the prevailing conditions of fertility, health, education and socio-economic circumstances, observed from the results have important policy implications for the country. The study which has attempted to provide a view of disability patterns in Pakistan, and to highlight some of the covariates of disability rate, represents a beginning of a demographic concern in this important area.

Communicative Performance of Adolescents with Severe Speech Impairment

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth M. Dalton ◽  
Jan L. Bedrosian
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Communication Mode ◽  
Mode Function ◽  
Communicative Performance ◽  
Therapy Room ◽  
Communication Board

The communicative performance of 4 preoperational-level adolescents, using limited speech, gestures, and communication board techniques, was examined in a two-part investigation. In Part 1, each subject participated in an academic interaction with a teacher in a therapy room. Data were transcribed and coded for communication mode, function, and role. Two subjects were found to predominantly use the speech mode, while the remaining 2 predominantly used board and one other mode. The majority of productions consisted of responses to requests, and the initiator role was infrequently occupied. These findings were similar to those reported in previous investigations conducted in classroom settings. In Part 2, another examination of the communicative performance of these subjects was conducted in spontaneous interactions involving speaking and nonspeaking peers in a therapy room. Using the same data analysis procedures, gesture and speech modes predominated for 3 of the subjects in the nonspeaking peer interactions. The remaining subject exhibited minimal interaction. No consistent pattern of mode usage was exhibited across the speaking peer interactions. In the nonspeaking peer interactions, requests predominated. In contrast, a variety of communication functions was exhibited in the speaking peer interactions. Both the initiator and the maintainer roles were occupied in the majority of interactions. Pertinent variables and clinical implications are discussed.

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