scholarly journals Calculation of Admittance Capacity of Wind Farms under Harmonic Constraints

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
GUO Min ◽  
JIN Qingren ◽  
CHEN Weidong
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
The Status ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Installed Capacity

The harmonic voltage at the wind farm interconnection point does not exceed the harmonic distortion limits of all voltage levels stipulated by the national standard. The allowable value of the harmonic current injected into the power system shall be allocated in proportion to the total capacity and installed capacity of the harmonic source equipment. However, judging from the status quo of the implementation of harmonic national standard, there is still much controversy over this standard. One of the focal points of controversy is determining the limits of whether different types of harmonic sources should be treated differently. Based on the theoretical research, this paper selects the typical wind farm interconnection points and calculates the admittance capacity limits under different harmonic constraints of the wind farm based on the historical data and the level of harmonic planning, and analyzes the rationality of the calculation results.

scholarly journals The Development of Wind Farm Businesses and the Central Control of the Smart Grid in Spain: Making a Virtue of Necessity

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6582
Author(s):  
Santiago M. López ◽  
Mar Cebrián
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Centre ◽  
History Approach ◽  
Installed Capacity

This paper lays out the role of the first centre in the world for the integration into the electrical grid of electricity coming from renewable energy (the Spanish acronym for which is CECRE (Centro de Control de Energías Renovables; Control Centre for Renewable Energies)) and the industrial development of large energy suppliers and wind turbine manufacturers in Spain. These two initiatives enabled the development of one of the first integrated markets for this type of energy source. The key contributions were the development of two software programs (wind management and management of solar light incidence), their visual implementation, and centralized digital control. An economic and business history approach is used to show the rise and relative failure of the Spanish wind industry during the period 2004–2015, when Spain became the fourth country after China, the US, and Germany in terms of installed capacity of renewable energy and, in relative terms, the second country after Denmark. This study is unique in that it provides an integrated vision of the reasons for the relative fall of Spain in the world ranking of wind energy producers. The methodology of the economic analysis of industrial policies makes it possible to explain the fall in the relative importance of Spain in the international panorama of wind farms

The Electrical Systems of Five Wind Farms

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Jenkins ◽  
A Vaudin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Design Construction

The design, construction and early operating experience of the electrical systems of five wind farms, with a total installed capacity of 35 MW, is described. The design approaches adopted for the wind farm internal electrical systems and the interfaces to the rural public supply networks have been shown to be successful. No significant failures of electrical equipment or disturbances to the public supply network have occurred.

Measurement and Analysis on Power Quality of Electric Railway Traction Substation Based on LabVIEW

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 5034-5039
Author(s):  
Yang Yu Hu ◽  
Hong Jun Fu ◽  
Jun Yong Wu ◽  
Lu Yu Ji ◽  
Xi Lu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Virtual Instrument ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Railway Traction ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Electric Railway

A general power quality measuring system based on virtual instrument (LabVIEW) has been developed. For two electric railway traction transformers of Zhengzhou-Xi’an High Speed Passenger Dedicated Line, which access to Zhengzhou, Henan Grid, some important power quality parameters have been measured and analyzed. Then, the analysis results are compared with the calculation results by Power System Harmonic Penetration Software (PSHP), which is developed by our group. It shows that real measured data of Harmonic Ratio and Three-phase Unbalanced Factor of electric railway traction substations is comparable well with the calculation results. Furthermore, Three-phase Current Unbalanced Factor accorded well with the theoretical value of the V/v-connected traction transformer, and Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion and Unbalanced Factor meet the requirements of relative national standard.

Safety Analysis of Plant Slope of Haokou Power Station

2014 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 382-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhong Shen ◽  
Yi Fan Sun ◽  
Li Qun Xu ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Hydropower Project ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Load Combination ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Flac 3D ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Slope Rock ◽  
Installed Capacity

The Haokou power station is located in the south of Wu Long in chongqing, which is a medium-sized hydropower project given priority to electricity. The Dam located in south bank of Wujiang river downstream of Furong river has the catchment area of 7400 km2, total capacity of 94.12 million m3, installed capacity of 125 MW power . After the excavation of the main building, trailing edge to form 30 m high rock slope is tangential. Slope rock mass is given priority to with weakly weathered shale, mudstone, shallow accumulation horizon, thickness is about 0.5 m to 6.0 m. In analysis of slope stability, the FLAC 3d and the strength subtraction method was used. Considering of gravity, the shore web of pressure, water pressure and reinforcement bolt load combination, the stress response, displacement response, plastic zone as well as the safety factor of slope was analyzed. The calculation results show that the slope is stable.

A Wind Farm Optimal Control Algorithm Based on Wake Fast-Calculation Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gu Bo ◽  
Liu Yongqian ◽  
Yan Jie ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Kang Shun
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Fast Calculation ◽  
Wind Speed Distribution ◽  
Calculation Results

A wake fast-calculation model is developed, which can calculate the wind speed distribution of wind farms accurately and efficiently under varying wind speed and wind direction. Based on the wake fast-calculation model, a wind farm optimal controlling model is established to optimize the axial induction factors of wind turbines solving by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. In this way, the overall wind farm power output can be maximized and the wake losses can be minimized. Horns Rev wind farm in Denmark is selected as the case study, and the calculation results show that the wind farm optimal control algorithm based on the wake fast-calculation model is effective.

scholarly journals Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Evaluation of the Planned Offshore Wind Farm Investments in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Paweł Ziemba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Fuzzy Evaluation ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Polish Economy

In recent years, the dynamic development of renewable energy has been visible all over the world, including Poland. Wind energy is one of the most used renewable energy sources. In Poland, by 2030, it is planned to commission at least six offshore wind farms with a total capacity of 3.8 GW. It is estimated that these investments will increase Poland’s GDP by approximately PLN 60 billion and increase tax revenues by PLN 15 billion. Therefore, they could be a strong stimulus for the development of the Polish economy and may be of great importance in recovering from the crisis caused by the economic constraints related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is a multi-criteria evaluation of the investments planned in Poland in offshore wind farms and identification of potentially the most economically effective investments. To account for the uncertainty in this decision problem, a modified fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was used and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed. As a result of the research, a ranking of the considered projects was constructed and the most preferred investments were identified. Moreover, it has been shown that all the investments considered are justified and recommended.

Climate Impacts of Large-Scale Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Global Climate Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 6160-6180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Installed Capacity

Abstract The local, regional, and global climate impacts of a large-scale global deployment of wind power in regionally high densities over land are investigated for a 60-yr period. Wind farms are represented as elevated momentum sinks as well as enhanced turbulence to represent turbine blade mixing in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), a global climate model. For a total installed capacity of 2.5 TW, to provide 16% of the world’s projected electricity demand in 2050, minimal impacts are found both regionally and globally on temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes, cloud, and precipitation. A mean near-surface warming of 0.12 ± 0.07 K is seen within the wind farms, with a global-mean temperature change of −0.013 ± 0.015 K. Impacts on wind speed and turbulence are more pronounced but largely confined within the wind farm areas. Increasing the wind farm areas to provide an installed capacity of 10 TW, or 65% of the 2050 electricity demand, causes further impacts; however, they remain slight overall. Maximum temperature changes are less than 0.5 K in the wind farm areas. To provide 20 TW of installed capacity, or 130% of the 2050 electricity demand, impacts both within the wind farms and beyond become more pronounced, with a doubling in turbine density. However, maximum temperature changes remain less than 0.7 K. Representing wind farms instead as an increase in surface roughness generally produces similar mean results; however, maximum changes increase, and influences on wind and turbulence are exaggerated. Overall, wind farm impacts are much weaker than those expected from greenhouse gas emissions, with very slight global-mean climate impacts.

Unrestricted Wind Farm Layout Design With Optimal Control Considerations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand P. Deshmukh ◽  
James T. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
System Level ◽  
Production Improvement ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
Installed Capacity

Wind energy is a rapidly expanding source of renewable energy, but is highly intermittent. The performance of a wind farm, composed of a collection of wind turbines, depends not only on the placement of wind turbines in a farm, but also control actions taken by individual turbines. The wind turbine placement (layout) design problem involves adjusting turbine locations within a given area to improve a performance objective (such as maximizing annualized energy production). This layout problem has been addressed previously considering the effect of constraints such land configuration, installed capacity, and wake model choice on the performance of wind farms. All the studies, however, ignore the effects of the control system, which can have significant impact on performance. A well designed wind farm — without an optimal controller — will not achieve the full system level optimal performance, and vice-versa. In this article, we propose a novel layout co-design approach that includes optimal control considerations to exploit this synergy between farm layout and control. Layout case studies involving 8 and 12 turbines are presented. An annual energy production improvement of up to 17% is observed when accounting for coupling between control and layout design, when compared to layout-only optimization.

scholarly journals Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Porté-Agel ◽  
Majid Bastankhah ◽  
Sina Shamsoddin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Synoptic Forcing ◽  
Flow Interactions ◽  
Operation Control ◽  
High Reynolds ◽  
Turbine Wake

Abstract Wind energy, together with other renewable energy sources, are expected to grow substantially in the coming decades and play a key role in mitigating climate change and achieving energy sustainability. One of the main challenges in optimizing the design, operation, control, and grid integration of wind farms is the prediction of their performance, owing to the complex multiscale two-way interactions between wind farms and the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). From a fluid mechanical perspective, these interactions are complicated by the high Reynolds number of the ABL flow, its inherent unsteadiness due to the diurnal cycle and synoptic-forcing variability, the ubiquitous nature of thermal effects, and the heterogeneity of the terrain. Particularly important is the effect of ABL turbulence on wind-turbine wake flows and their superposition, as they are responsible for considerable turbine power losses and fatigue loads in wind farms. These flow interactions affect, in turn, the structure of the ABL and the turbulent fluxes of momentum and scalars. This review summarizes recent experimental, computational, and theoretical research efforts that have contributed to improving our understanding and ability to predict the interactions of ABL flow with wind turbines and wind farms.

Evaluating Community Engagement and Benefit-Sharing Practices in Australian Wind Farm Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Lansbury Hall ◽  
Jarra Hicks ◽  
Taryn Lane ◽  
Emily Wood
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Delphi Panel ◽  
Government Organizations

The wind industry is positioned to contribute significantly to a clean energy future, yet the level of community opposition has at times led to unviable projects. Social acceptance is crucial and can be improved in part through better practice community engagement and benefit-sharing. This case study provides a “snapshot” of current community engagement and benefit-sharing practices for Australian wind farms, with a particular emphasis on practices found to be enhancing positive social outcomes in communities. Five methods were used to gather views on effective engagement and benefit-sharing: a literature review, interviews and a survey of the wind industry, a Delphi panel, and a review of community engagement plans. The overarching finding was that each community engagement and benefit-sharing initiative should be tailored to a community’s context, needs and expectations as informed by community involvement. This requires moving away from a “one size fits all” approach. This case study is relevant to wind developers, energy regulators, local communities and renewable energy-focused non-government organizations. It is applicable beyond Australia to all contexts where wind farm development has encountered conflicted societal acceptance responses.

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