scholarly journals The Development of Wind Farm Businesses and the Central Control of the Smart Grid in Spain: Making a Virtue of Necessity

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6582
Author(s):  
Santiago M. López ◽  
Mar Cebrián
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Centre ◽  
History Approach ◽  
Installed Capacity

This paper lays out the role of the first centre in the world for the integration into the electrical grid of electricity coming from renewable energy (the Spanish acronym for which is CECRE (Centro de Control de Energías Renovables; Control Centre for Renewable Energies)) and the industrial development of large energy suppliers and wind turbine manufacturers in Spain. These two initiatives enabled the development of one of the first integrated markets for this type of energy source. The key contributions were the development of two software programs (wind management and management of solar light incidence), their visual implementation, and centralized digital control. An economic and business history approach is used to show the rise and relative failure of the Spanish wind industry during the period 2004–2015, when Spain became the fourth country after China, the US, and Germany in terms of installed capacity of renewable energy and, in relative terms, the second country after Denmark. This study is unique in that it provides an integrated vision of the reasons for the relative fall of Spain in the world ranking of wind energy producers. The methodology of the economic analysis of industrial policies makes it possible to explain the fall in the relative importance of Spain in the international panorama of wind farms

scholarly journals The Development of Wind Farms Business and the Central Control of Smart Grid in Spain: Making a Virtue of Necessity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago M López ◽  
Mar Cebrián
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farms ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Business History ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
History Approach ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
World Ranking

An economic and business history approach is used to show the rise and relative failure of the Spanish wind industry during the period between 2004-2015, when Spain became the fourth country after China, the US and Germany in installed capacity of renewable energies and, in relative terms, the second country after Denmark. This study is unique in that it provides an integrated vision of the reasons for the relative fall of Spain in the world ranking of wind energy producers. The methodology of the economic analysis of industrial policies makes it possible to explain the fall in the relative importance of Spain in the international panorama of wind farms. There were no reasons related to technological obsolescence or inability of the CECRE managing renewable energies to explain the fall.

scholarly journals Assessing the effect of wind farms in fauna with a mathematical model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Refoyo Román ◽  
Cristina Olmedo Salinas ◽  
Benito Muñoz Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
The World

Abstract Energy production by wind turbines has many advantages. The wind is a renewable energy that does not emit greenhouse gases and has caused a considerable increase in wind farms around the world. However, this type of energy is not completely free of impact. In particular, wind turbines displace and kill a wide variety of wild species what forces us to plan their location well. In any case, the determination of the effects of wind farms on fauna, especially the flying one, is difficult to determine and depends on several factors. In this work, we will try to establish a mathematical algorithm that allows us to combine all variables that affect the species with the idea of quantifying the effect that can cause the installation of a wind farm with certain characteristics in a given place. We have considered specific parameters of wind farms, the most relevant environmental characteristics related to the location of the wind farm, and morphological, ethological and legal characteristics in the species. Two types of assessment are established for the definitive valuation. Total Assessment and Weighted Assessment. Total Valuation is established based on a reference scale that will allow us to establish categories of affection for the different species while Weighted valuation allows us to establish which species are most affected.

Optimized Dynamic Operation of Fixed-Speed Wind Farms Using Classical and Advanced Controllers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman A. Omar ◽  
Niveen M. Badra ◽  
Mahmoud A. Attia ◽  
Ahmed Gad
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Voltage Regulator ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Proportional Integral

AbstractElectric power systems are allowing higher penetration levels of renewable energy resources, mainly due to their environmental benefits. The majority of electrical energy generated by renewable energy resources is contributed by wind farms. However, the stochastic nature of these resources does not allow the installed generation capacities to be entirely utilized. In this context, this paper attempts to improve the performance of fixed-speed wind turbines. Turbines of this type have been already installed in some classical wind farms and it is not feasible to replace them with variable-speed ones before their lifetime ends. A fixed-speed turbine is typically connected to the electric grid with a Static VAR Compensator (SVC) across its terminal. For a better dynamic voltage response, the controller gains of a Proportional-Integral (PI) voltage regulator within the SVC will be tuned using a variety of optimization techniques to minimize the integrated square of error for the wind farm terminal voltage. Similarly, the controller gains of the turbine’s pitch angle may be tuned to enhance its dynamic output power performance. Simulation results, in this paper, show that the pitch angle controller causes a significant minimization in the integrated square of error for the wind farm output power. Finally, an advanced Proportional-Integral-Acceleration (PIA) voltage regulator controller has been proposed for the SVC. When the PIA control gains are optimized, they result in a better performance than the classical PI controller.

TROUBLES WITH A WIND FARM PROECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keenan Nakagawa ◽  
Amarjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
New Development ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Native Birds ◽  
The Impact

The Kahuku Wind Farm of Hawaii has been laden with controversy since its inception in 2011. Although it was one of the two wind farms on Oahu responsible for supplying a combined 14% of the island’s renewable energy in 2018, citizens have been outspoken in their criticism of the facility. Local residents have cited concerns regarding adverse health effects to the surrounding community, as well as deaths of native birds and endangered bats caused by the turbines. The impact on the Hawaiian hoary bat population has been a focal point of numerous complaints, as more bats are being killed than initially predicted. To the dismay of their opponents, eight additional turbines are being erected in Kahuku as part of the Na Pua Makani Wind Energy Project. And, as of November 2019, approximately 200 individuals have been arrested while protesting it. To add to the controversy, wind farm officials are currently facing legal hurdles, as challengers are skeptical on whether the project’s environmental review correctly estimates the number of birds and bats that will fall victim to this new development. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the issues associated with the Kahuku Wind Farm and Na Pua Makani Wind Energy Project, as well as the position and arguments of stakeholders and litigants.

Reliability Evaluation of New Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Grid Connection Topologies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kazemtabrizi ◽  
C. Crabtree ◽  
S. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Sequential Monte Carlo ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Reliability Modeling ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Grid Connection ◽  
Potential Improvement

In this paper, a composite generation transmission approach has been chosen for adequacy evaluation of wind farms integrated with conventional generating units. It has been assumed that the failure characteristics of a turbine’s underlying subassemblies possess the required Markov properties to be modeled as Markov processes. The wind farm along with the offshore connection grid has then been modeled in a sequential Monte Carlo simulation which also contains sequential chronological models for wind speed and load level variations over a specific period of time. The reliability of the wind farm is then evaluated against a series of load- and energy-based indices as well as overall productivity of the farm with different connections. The results indicate a potential improvement in the reliability of wind power output when in cluster-type topologies, where the converters are grouped and maintained in a central offshore platform, in comparison to conventional string-type topologies. Academic researchers involved in reliability modeling and risk analysis of renewable sources of energy, particularly wind, as well as industry professionals both in wind turbine manufacturing and operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms would equally benefit from the degree of detail and accuracy provided by the models presented in this paper.

The Electrical Systems of Five Wind Farms

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Jenkins ◽  
A Vaudin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Design Construction

The design, construction and early operating experience of the electrical systems of five wind farms, with a total installed capacity of 35 MW, is described. The design approaches adopted for the wind farm internal electrical systems and the interfaces to the rural public supply networks have been shown to be successful. No significant failures of electrical equipment or disturbances to the public supply network have occurred.

scholarly journals The assessment of the Bostanliq district (Uzbekistan Republic) based on the wind energy potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Maria Yalbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
The Government

The idea of achieving energy security and lowering the dependence on the global hydrocarbon market is at the top of the agenda in many countries. Most of them consider switching from traditional energy sources to renewable ones as one of the ways to reduce fuel import. This concept absolutely conforms to one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Goal no. 7, “Affordable and Clean Energy”). In May 2019, the Government of Uzbekistan Republic adopted the law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). By 2030, Uzbekistan is going to increase the share of RES in the total structure of electricity generation up to 25 % (currently it is at 10 %), by building solar and wind farms with a total installed capacity of 5,000 MW and 3,000 MW, respectively. The energy-deficient Bostanliq district of the Tashkent region has become one of the places of interest, where transport infrastructure, recreation services, and renewable energy will be developed. The purpose of this study was a multivariate analysis, considering the meteorological, ecological, and socio-economic characteristics of the Bostanliq district, leading to the selection of the optimal location for the wind farm. The assessment map based on the results of this analysis made it possible to identify areas that are most suitable for the location of wind power plants. The assessment method, that was used in this work, is also applicable to other regions of the world.

scholarly journals ‘Knowledge is power’ – making sense of wind farm data

2014 ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Frank O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Making Sense

The Irish wind energy sector is booming. In 2012, Irish wind farms supplied enough energy to provide about 15% of Ireland’s electricity demand and power 1.12 million households. In March 2014, The Irish Wind Energy Association (IWEA), an organisation committed to the promotion of wind energy in Ireland, highlighted a planned €7 billion investment in the sector, with a confirmed project pipeline of over 180 new wind schemes. According to a recent TCD/ESRI report, this will bring the total number of jobs in the sector from 3,400 at present to over 8,400 and see a doubling of production of clean, indigenous, renewable energy. The modern wind turbines, which will be rolled out as part of these new schemes are a far cry from the turbines installed over four decades ago at the first commercial wind farm, constructed in 1980 on Crotched Mountain, New Hampshire, USA. A modern turbine such as ...

scholarly journals Fault Diagnosis Strategy for Wind Turbine Generator Based on the Gaussian Process Metamodel

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dongmei Zhang ◽  
Jun Yuan ◽  
Jiang Zhu ◽  
Qingchang Ji ◽  
Xintong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
System Availability ◽  
Wind Turbine Generator

To facilitate continuous development of the wind power industry, maintaining technological innovation and reducing cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by the wind turbine generator system (WTGS) are effective measures to facilitate the industrial development. Therefore, the improvement of the system availability for wind farms becomes an important issue which can significantly reduce the operational cost. To improve the system availability, it is necessary to diagnose the system fault for the wind turbine generator so as to find the key factors that influence the system performance and further reduce the maintenance cost. In this paper, a wind farm with 200 MW installed capacity in eastern coastal plain in China is chosen as the research object. A prediction model of wind farm’s faults is constructed based on the Gaussian process metamodel. By comparing with actual observation results, the constructed model is proved able to predict failure events of the wind turbine generator accurately. The developed model is further used to analyze the key factors that influence the system failure. These are conducive to increase the running and maintenance efficiency in wind farms, shorten downtime caused by failure, and increase earnings of wind farms.

scholarly journals Balancing Generation from Renewable Energy Sources: Profitability of an Energy Trader

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kath ◽  
Weronika Nitka ◽  
Tomasz Serafin ◽  
Tomasz Weron ◽  
Przemysław Zaleski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Trading Company ◽  
Risk Appetite ◽  
Simple Regression Model ◽  
Suitable Framework

Motivated by a practical problem faced by an energy trading company in Poland, we investigate the profitability of balancing intermittent generation from renewable energy sources (RES). We consider a company that buys electricity generated by a pool of wind farms and pays their owners the day-ahead system price minus a commission, then sells the actually generated volume in the day-ahead and balancing markets. We evaluate the profitability (measured by the Sharpe ratio) and market risk faced by the energy trader as a function of the commission charged and the adopted trading strategy. We show that publicly available, country-wide RES generation forecasts can be significantly improved using a relatively simple regression model and that trading on this information yields significantly higher profits for the company. Moreover, we address the issue of contract design as a key performance driver. We argue that by offering tolerance range contracts, which transfer some of the risk to wind farm owners, both parties can bilaterally agree on a suitable framework that meets individual risk appetite and profitability expectations.

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