scholarly journals New approach to development and manufacturing technologies of duplex steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 04010
Author(s):  
Victor Orlov ◽  
Leonid Levkov ◽  
Vladimir Dub ◽  
Alan Balikoev ◽  
Dmitry Shurygin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Duplex Steel ◽  
Duplex Steels

We conducted a brief review of current production and application of duplex and super duplex steels for manufacture of equipment exposed to the hazard of sulphide stress-corrosion cracking, sea water and other corrosive environment. The super duplex steel with enhanced corrosion-mechanical characteristics in comparison with the known steels of austenitic-ferritic class was developed. Based on the concepts of formation of a special structure of two-phase austenitic-ferritic steels in the process of crystallization, the possibilities of compositional, technological, thermal and special impact techniques are considered and advanced ways of controlling physical, chemical, structural homogeneity and properties of super duplex steels are developed. Electroslag remelting with the application of low-frequency alternating current provides effective control over the length of the two-phase area, the size of the primary dendrites of the austenitic and ferritic phases, the average distance between their axes, the parameters of the crystallizing cell, the development of liquation phenomena and the size of the growing non-metallic phases. Within framework of the proposed approach, the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions for the formation and growth of hardening phases are assessed, a new composition and a complex technology for the manufacture of corrosion-resistant super duplex steels for gas and oil production equipment has been developed. Thermodynamically stable, having sizes of 30-300 nm, niobium nitrides and carbonitrides are located inside the grains of the ferritic phase. At the same time, the sigma phase and chromium carbide precipitates at the intergrain boundaries are not observed. The results of the determination of mechanical and corrosion properties in accordance with the NACE TM 0177 standard (method A), tests of corrosion witness-samples in field conditions demonstrate the advantages and prospects of using new super duplex steel for the manufacture of oil and gas production equipment operating in an environment with high H2S content and CO2 under significant mechanical loads, without the risk of brittle fracture.

Experimental and CFD Investigations to Evaluate the Effects of Fluid Viscosity and Particle Size on Erosion Damage in Oil and Gas Production Equipment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Okita ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Edmund F. Rybicki
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Particle Speed

Zhang et al (2006) utilized CFD to examine the validity of erosion models that have been implemented into CFD codes to predict solid particle erosion in air and water for Inconel 625. This work is an extension of Zhang’s work and is presented as a step toward obtaining a better understanding of the effects of fluid viscosity and sand particle size on measured and calculated erosion rates. The erosion rates of Aluminum 6061-T6 were measured for direct impingement conditions of a submerged jet. Fluid viscosities of 1, 10, 25, and 50 cP and sand particle sizes of 20, 150, and 300 μm were tested. The average fluid speed of the jet was maintained at 10 m/s. Erosion data show that erosion rates for the 20 and 150 μm particles are reduced as the viscosity is increased, while surprisingly the erosion rates for the 300 μm particles do not seem to change much for the higher viscosities. For all viscosities considered, larger particles produced higher erosion rates, for the same mass of sand, than smaller particles. Concurrently, an erosion equation has been generated based on erosion testing of the same material in air. The new erosion model has been compared to available models and has been implemented into a commercially available CFD code to predict erosion rates for a variety of flow conditions, flow geometries, and particle sizes. Since particle speed and impact angle greatly influence erosion rates of the material, calculated particle speeds were compared with measurements. Comparisons reveal that, as the particles penetrate the near wall shear layer, particles in the higher viscosity liquids tend to slow down more rapidly than particles in the lower viscosity liquids. In addition, CFD predictions and particle speed measurements are used to explain why the erosion data for larger particles is less sensitive to the increased viscosities.

Solubility Of Common Oil Field Scales Of Injection Water And High–barium Concentration And High–salinity Formation Water

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Badr Merdhah ◽  
Abu Azam Mohd Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Barium Concentration ◽  
Injection Water

Kerak pemendapan merupakan satu daripada masalah paling penting dan serius dalam sistem suntikan air. Kerak kadangkala mengehadkan atau menghalang penghasilan gas dan minyak melalui penyumbatan matrik atau perpecahan pembentukan minyak dan jeda yang berlubang. Makalah ini mengetengahkan kesimpulan pengukuran makmal bagi kerak terbentuk di dalam keterlarutan medan minyak biasa dalam sintetik air masin (pembentukan air dan air laut) bagi pembentukan air yang mengandungi barium dan kandungan garam yang tinggi pada suhu 40 hingga 90°C pada tekanan atmosfera. Keputusan uji kaji mengesahkan pola kebergantungan keterlarutan bagi kerak medan minyak biasa pada keadaan ini. Pada suhu yang lebih tinggi, kerak bagi CaCO3, CaSO4, dan SrSO4 meningkat manakala kerak BaSO4 menurun disebabkan oleh keterlarutan CaCO3, CaSO4, dan SrSO4 menurun dan keterlarutan BaSO4 meningkat dengan kenaikan suhu. Kata kunci: Masalah pengskalaan; skala keterlarutan; paras kandungan garam tinggi; logam barium tinggi Scale deposition is one of the most important and serious problems which water injection systems are generally engaged in. Scale sometimes limits or blocks oil and gas production by plugging the oil–producing formation matrix or fractures and the perforated intervals. This paper presents a summary of the laboratory measurements of the solubility of common oil field scales in synthetic brines (formation water and sea water) of high–barium and high–salinity formation waters at 40 to 90°C and atmospheric pressure. The experimental results confirm the general trend in solubility dependencies for common oil field scales at these conditions. At higher temperatures the deposition of CaCO3, CaSO4 and SrSO4 scale increases and the deposition of BaSO4 scale decreases since the solubilities of CaCO3, CaSO4 and SrSO4 scales decreases and the solubility of BaSO4 increases with increasing temperature. Key words: Scaling problems; solubility of scale; high salinity; high barium

Microbial fuel cells under extreme salinity: performance and microbial analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oihane Monzon ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Cong Yu ◽  
Qilin Li ◽  
Pedro J. J. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Coulombic Efficiency ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Extreme Salinity

Environmental context The treatment of extremely saline, high-strength wastewaters while producing electricity represents a great opportunity to mitigate environmental effects and recover resources associated with wastes from shale oil and gas production. This paper demonstrates that extreme halophilic microbes can produce electricity at salinity up to 3- to 7-fold higher than sea water. Abstract Many industries generate hypersaline wastewaters with high organic strength, which represent a major challenge for pollution control and resource recovery. This study assesses the potential for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to treat such wastewaters and generate electricity under extreme salinity. A power density of up to 71mWm–2 (318mWm–3) with a Coulombic efficiency of 42% was obtained with 100gL–1 NaCl, and the capability of MFCs to generate electricity in the presence of up to 250gL–1 NaCl was demonstrated for the first time. Pyrosequencing analysis of the microbial community colonising the anode showed the predominance of a single genus, Halanaerobium (85.7%), which has been found in late flowback fluids and is widely distributed in shale formations and oil reservoirs. Overall, this work encourages further research to assess the feasibility of MFCs to treat hypersaline wastewaters generated by the oil and gas industry.

A Numerical Study of Sand Particle Erosion in a Series of Ball Seats in Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rasteh ◽  
A. Farokhipour ◽  
M. A. Rasoulian ◽  
Z. Mansoori ◽  
M. Saffar-Avval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Cone

Abstract Fracking (fracturing) is of great importance for enhancing oil and gas production from low permeability reservoirs. Since in fracking fluid, suspension of sand particles are used, the erosion failure of fracturing equipment has become an increasing concern. Accordingly, investigation of erosion of commonly used fittings such as ball seats in order to decrease its adverse consequences has attracted considerable attentions. Although the erosion wear of gas-solid flows in the pipe sudden expansion was investigated in the literature, the effect of particle size, ball seat shape and the contraction configurations on the erosion-induced wear is not fully understood. This study is aimed to explore the most erosion-resistant configuration of a ball seat under various operational conditions. A CFD model is used and a wide range of geometries are investigated. The studied configurations are categorized in three main groups including single cone, double cone and curved cone. In each category, different cone angles and curve styles are considered. The results showed that, among the single cone ball seats, the cone angle of 15° is the most erosion-resistant configuration. It was also shown that the third-order curve style cone has the best erosion performance.

scholarly journals A Hydraulic Model for Multiphase Flow Based on the Drift Flux Model in Managed Pressure Drilling

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang ◽  
Meng ◽  
Wei ◽  
Xu ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Splitting Method ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Drift Flux Model ◽  
Drift Flux ◽  
Managed Pressure Drilling ◽  
Flux Model

Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is a drilling technique used to address the narrow density window under complex geological environments. It has widespread applications in the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas, both onshore and offshore. In this study, to achieve effective control of the downhole pressure to ensure safety, a gas–liquid two-phase flow model based on the drift flux model is developed to describe the characteristics of transient multiphase flow in the wellbore. The advection upwind splitting method (AUSM) numerical scheme is used to assist with calculation and analysis, and the monotonic upwind scheme for conservation laws (MUSCLs) technique with second-order precision is adopted in combination with the Van Leer slope limiter to improve precision. Relevant data sourced from prior literature are used to validate the suggested model, the results of which reveal an excellent statistical consistency. Further, the influences of various parameters in a field application, including backpressure, density, and mass flow, are analyzed. Over the course of later-stage drilling, a combination of wellhead backpressure and displacement is recommended to exercise control.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF SERVICEABILITY IN THE PROCESS OF WEAR OF ELEMENTS DURING THE OPERATION OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Sevda Aliyeva Sevda Aliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Total Utility ◽  
Generalized Indicator

The generalized indicator of useful use, depending on the state of individual elements of oil-producing equipment, characterizes the ability of this equipment to perform its function during operation at optimal working time. The generalized indicator of the useful use of operational equipment can be described as the calculated sum of the indicator of the useful use of individual equipment elements. If, during operation, the oil-producing equipment retains its operability due to frequent replacement of its structural and non-structural elements, then such operational equipment is considered by users as outdated. Operating equipment can be divided into 6 categories according to the indicators of suitability. The article analyzes the state of useful use of equipment and, as a result, the total utility of equipment is calculated in accordance with the indicators of useful use by category, and graphs of changes in the state of useful use are constructed. Based on the study of the graphs of the useful use of equipment, it was proposed to conduct an analysis in the following areas: • Evaluation of the design and technological perfection of the equipment by users according to important new parameters. • Determination of equipment compliance with wear standards during operation. Keywords: structural element, wear theory, the usefulness of jam, categories, schedule of changes, reliability.

Gas Void Fraction Measurement in Two-Phase Gas/Liquid Slug Flow Using Acoustic Emission Technology

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Al-lababidi ◽  
A. Addali ◽  
H. Yeung ◽  
D. Mba ◽  
F. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Void Fraction ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Engineering Industry ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Gas Void Fraction

The gas-liquid two-phase slug flow regime phenomenon is commonly encountered in the chemical engineering industry, particularly in oil and gas production transportation pipelines. Slug flow regime normally occurs for a range of pipe inclinations, and gas and liquid flowrates. A pipeline operating in the slug flow regime creates high fluctuations in gas and liquid flowrates at the outlet. Therefore, the monitoring of slugs and the measurement of their characteristics, such as the gas void fraction, are necessary to minimize the disruption of downstream process facilities. In this paper, a correlation between gas void fraction, absolute acoustic emission energy, and slug velocities in a two-phase air/water flow regime was developed using an acoustic emission technique. It is demonstrated that the gas void fraction can be determined by measurement of acoustic emission.

Study of Slug Control Techniques in Pipeline Systems

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. C. Monteiro ◽  
L. Loureiro Silva ◽  
J. L. A. Vidal ◽  
Theodoro A. Netto
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Automated Control System

Severe slugging may occur at low flow rate conditions when a downward inclined pipeline is followed by a vertical riser. This phenomenon is undesirable for offshore oil and gas production due to large pressure and flow rate fluctuations. It is of great technological relevance to develop reliable and economical means of severe slugging mitigation. This study aims to develop an automated control system to detect and mitigate the formation of severe slugging through a choke valve and a series of sensors. As a first step, an overall flow map is generated to indicate the region within which severe slugging may occur based on Boe’s criterion [1] and Taitel’s model [2, 3]. It was possible to obtain different flow patterns by controlling the rate of water and gas injection. The aim of this paper is, however, the formation of severe slugs and study of mitigation techniques. In the control part, we used a choke valve controlled by software which is in feedback with data from a system with pressure, temperature, flow, which are able to measure even small changes in the relevant parameters to the model. A two-phase flow loop was built for the study of severe slugging in pipeline-riser system with air and water as work fluids. The inner diameter of riser and flowline is 76.2 mm. The riser is 20 meters high and the flowline is 15 meters long and could be inclined upward or downward up to 8-degree. It has been shown by experiments how riser slugging can be controlled by automated control system.

On the choice of mathematical methods for assessing the value of real options for capacity extension of oil and gas projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-57
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Khat’kov ◽  
G. V. Zubarev ◽  
I. V. Demkin ◽  
E. V. Pozhidaev ◽  
I. M. Nikonov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Project Cycle

The article presents the results of the study of cost evaluation of a real option for capacity extension of a two-phase liquefied natural gas production project and the economic effect of reserving capacity in the project. The expediency of using the simulation method to solve the problem of assessing the economic efficiency of the project with the real option at different stages of the project cycle is shown. Recommendations are given on using methods for constructing a binomial and a numerical integration models as additional (testing) methods for assessing the economic efficiency of a project with an option at the pre-investment stage.

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