scholarly journals The effect of combinations of cyproconazole and fludioxonil on infestation of wheat and barley grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
E. V. Baybakova ◽  
E.E. Nefed’eva ◽  
A. A. Okolelova ◽  
V. F. Zheltobriukhov ◽  
E. S. Ermoshina

The most popular and affordable means to protect plants from fungal diseases are fungicides. Development of new products is aimed at preparation of the composition of several substances to achieve the effect of mutual enhancement of action. We used the grains of wheat (Triticum sp. variety Julius) and barley (Hordeum sativum variety Gloria), they were significantly infected with phytopathogenic fungi, which allows us to get reliable data on the effectiveness of active substances of fungicides. All wheat grains treated with fungicides were infected less than the control ones. Analysis of the effect of individual fungicides demonstrated that the fungi were more sensitive to fludioxonil, especially at doses of CF 0: 2 (56.7% of infected grains) and CF 0:4 (36.7% of infected grains) 5.0 and 10.0 g/t. After the treatment of cyproconazole, the smallest number of infected grains was obtained when grains were treated at a dose 5.0 g/t (80.0 % of infected grains). The fungistatic effect of cyproconazole (C) and fludioxonil (F) was greatest when ratios of C : F were 2.5:10; 5:10; 10:2.5; 10:5; 10:10 g/t.

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Baybakova ◽  
Elena E. Nefed’eva ◽  
Maria N. Belitskaya ◽  
Irina R. Gribust ◽  
Margarita D. Kosogorina ◽  
...  

Fusarium infection promotes losses of yield and death of plants. Fusarium infections are dangerous because grains contain fusariotoxins that cause intoxication in humans and animals, as well as necrosis of plant tissues and changes in plant growth. Fungicides inhibit the growth of mycelium, but strobilurins are known to promote the production of mycotoxins by fungi, and triazoles, on the contrary, reduce the production of deoxynivalenol. The toxigenic effect of fungicides was assessed by biotest method. Wheat grains were germinated with the addition of disinfected culture fluid. The culture fluid after the cultivation of Fusarium oxysporum with addition of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in small doses was toxic for grains. The death of a significant part of the grains was noted in it. The fungistatic effect of small doses was not expressed. Therefore, the adaptation of the fungus was realized as a change in metabolism. High doses of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in culture fluid increased seed germination. Those doses had a fungistatic effect. The addition of carbendazim increased the fungistatic effect and decreased the toxicity of the strain. Development of combined fungicides with sufficient doses of active substances reduces the risk of inhibition of the growth of the protected crops.


2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Marian Michniewicz ◽  
Antoni Rożej ◽  
Ewelina Czerwińska

Wheat cv. Grana grown under field conditions, in the early phase of the first node formation, was sprayed with Ethrel (0.35 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) and with the fungicides: Sportak 45 EC (0.1 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) and Bayleton Triple (0.2 g/m<sup>2</sup>) - separately and in conjunction with Ethrel. It was found that Ethrel reduced the plant's susceptibility to infection by <i>Cercosporella herpotrichoides</i> and by species of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>. The fungicides were more active and also reduced the susceptibility to infection by <i>Erysiphe graminis</i> and <i>Puccinia triticina</i>. The fungistatic effect of Ethrel and Sportak was synergistic only in the case of <i>Cercosporella herpotrichoides</i>. Other interactions between Ethrel and fungicides were not found. Ethrel and fungicides only slightly affected the mycoflora of the root but they completely eliminated the fungi of the genus <i>Mucor</i> from the rhizosphere and reduced the participation of isolates of the genus <i>Alternaria</i> and <i>Cladosporium</i> in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of wheat. The fungicides were more active than Ethrel. An interaction between Ethrel and fungicides in the reduction of fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium</i> in the rhizosphere was shown.


mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Xie ◽  
Qingna Shang ◽  
Chenmi Mo ◽  
Yannong Xiao ◽  
Gaofeng Wang ◽  
...  

Understanding the reproduction and pathogenesis mechanism of phytopathogens could provide new opinions to effectively control fungal diseases. Although it has been known that effectors and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogenic fungi play important roles in fungus-host interactions, the secretion system for the delivery of virulence factors to the host is still largely undescribed.


2022 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Игорь Сергеевич Богомолов ◽  
Наталья Леонидовна Клейменова ◽  
Максим Васильевич Копылов

Научный и практический интересы представляют процессы обеззараживания и инактивации антипитательных веществ в комбикормах. Известны разные технологии обеззараживания (например, нагрев, давление, растворы антимикробных препаратов и другие новые технологии) для повышения эффективности снижения риска заболеваний не только животных и птиц, но и людей. Процессы обеззараживания и инактивации антипитательных веществ может применяться к широкому набору пищевых продуктов и к сырью комбикормовой промышленности. Однако необходимо провести дальнейшие исследования, чтобы понять кинетику инактивации антипитательных веществ в комбикормах для достижения приемлемой технологии обеззараживания. Исследовано влияние гидротермической обработки на поверхностную и глубинную микрофлору зернового сырья. С увеличением времени обработки пшеница и ячмень, искусственно зараженные, а также зараженные естественным способом, были обеззаражены предлагаемым способом на 100 %. Получены химико-технологические характеристики кондиционированного зерна, результаты которых представлены для процессов пропаривания и охлаждения. Установлено, что с увеличением температуры влажность пропаренных и увлажненных зерен пшеницы возрастает с 15,2 до 21,7 %, для зерен ячменя - с 15,3 до 12,8 %. При этом исходная влажность пшеницы составила 10,8 %, а ячменя - 11,2 %. Определено, что при увеличении продолжительности пропаривания и увлажнения зерен пшеницы давление уменьшается с 0,15 до 0,19 МПа и уменьшается расход пара с 85 до 60 кг/т. Анализ физико-механических свойств для пшеницы и ячменя показал, что объемная масса исследуемых образцов возросла. Угол естественного откоса составил для пшеницы 45-48, для ячменя 43-50. Трехстадийную технологию гидротермической обработки комбикормов рекомендуется использовать в трехсекционном реакторе-кондиционере, в котором продукт равномерно кондиционируется с инактивацией антипитательных веществ, обеззараживается и частично желатинизируется. The processes of anti-nutrients disinfection and inactivation in compound feeds are of scientific and practical interest. Various disinfection technologies are known (for example, heating, pressure, solutions of antimicrobial preparations and other new technologies) to increase the effectiveness of diseases risk reducing not only for animals and birds, but for humans as well. The processes of anti-nutrients desinfection and inactivation can be applied to a wide variety of food products and feedstock raw materials. However, further research is necessary to understand the kinetics of anti-nutrients inactivation in compound feeds to achieve an acceptable disinfection technology. The influence of hydrothermal treatment on the surface and deep microflora of grain raw materials was investigated in the work. With an increase in the processing time, both artificially infected and naturally infected wheat and barley were 100 % disinfected with the method proposed. Chemical- and technological characteristics of conditioned grain were received. Their results are presented for the steaming and cooling processes. It was found out that with an increase in temperature, the humidity of steamed and moistened wheat grains increases from 15.2 to 21.7 %, and of barley grains from 15.3 to 12.8 %. At the same time, the initial moisture content of wheat was 10.8 %, and of barley - 11.2 %. It was determined that with an increase in the duration of steaming and moistening of wheat grains, the pressure decreases from 0.15 to 0.19 MPa, and the steam consumption decreases from 85 to 60 kg/t. Analysis of wheat and barley physical- and mechanical properties revealed that the bulk density of the samples studied increased. The repose angle was 45-48 for wheat and 43-50 for barley. It is recommended to use a three-stage technology of compound feed hydrothermal treatment in a three-section reactor-conditioner. The product is uniformly conditioned with anti-nutrients inactivation, disinfected and partially gelatinized in it.


Author(s):  
Enrique Monte ◽  
Rosa Hermosa ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz

Abstract Precise naming of a species is very important for phytopathogenic fungi because names may carry key information for the management of the fungal diseases. Naming fungal species based on morphological traits or biological properties is outdated and unreliable. This chapter provides the classification of some plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillum based on morphological, pathogenicity, molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Debate on species identification is no longer a question of being in favour of 'splitters' rather than of 'lumpers', but defining phytopathogenic species is particularly complicated and requires further consideration of subspecific categorizations.


1923 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald A. Smith

In our Proceedings xvi, 174, is an illustration of a bronze weight found at Grove Ferry, near Fordwich, Kent, and exhibited by Col. Copeland, who subsequently presented it to the British Museum. There is a description by bur present President, with references to other weights from Kentish graves of the sixth century, which were later studied by Mr. Fred. Seebohm; but it has recently been re-weighed, and its value found to be 576 troy (or barley) grains, not 575 grains. The difference is trifling, but enough to emphasize the fact that it is exactly one-tenth of the troy pound. On each face are 22 impressions of the same stamp, arranged in different ways, and therefore in this case probably ornamental. The decimal division of the pound is found in Republican Rome, but there the pound was 5760 and the ounce 576 wheat grains, four of which are equivalent to three barley or troy grains. However, I can find no evidence that the above hint has ever been taken in order to explain the weight-system of our pagan forefathers in England. For this purpose let it be supposed that the troy pound, which is not named before the fifteenth century, was divided in two ways. In the tables G stands for grammes of 154 grains, and an asterisk distinguishes weights that exactly agree with the standard.


Biljni lekar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
Tanja Vasić ◽  
Darko Jevremović ◽  
Sonja Filipović ◽  
Jordan Marković ◽  
Sanja Živković ◽  
...  

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an economically very important fruit species cultivated in many countries. The world's largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts is Turkey. In Serbia, compared to other types of fruit, hazelnuts are grown on significantly smaller areas. In the last decade, hazelnut has become more interesting for the producers and there is a growing trend of increase of areas under this crop. Hazelnut is the host of numerous pathogens and pests that can cause significant economic damage in orchards. To date, there has been no comprehensive research on the causes of hazelnut diseases in Serbia, and the goal of our work was to determine the causes of some fungal diseases. In the period from 2017 to 2020, samples of hazelnut leaves and branches with symptoms of necrotic spotting were collected from a large number of plantations in Serbia. A large number of isolates were isolated from the collected samples for further determination. Based on the morphological and pathogenic properties of the isolates, the presence of phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Pestalotiopsis was determined.


Biljni lekar ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-668
Author(s):  
Slavica Vuković ◽  
Dragana Šunjka ◽  
Antonije Žunić ◽  
Dragana Bošković

The production, value and quality of root vegetables are endangered by numerous phytopathogenic fungi and pests. Numerous causal agents cause economically significant diseases of root vegetables like carrot leaf blight and black rot of carrots (Alternaria dauci and Alternaria radicina), powdery mildew of carrot and sugar beet (Erysiphe heraclei and Erysiphe betae), Cercospora leaf spot of carrot (Cercospora carotae), black blight (Septoria apiicola), leaf bright parsley (Septo-ria petroselini), downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae and P. farinosa f.sp. spinaciae), rust (Puccinia spp.) etc. Nine fungicides based on nine different active substances have been registered in the Republic of Serbia for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in root vegetable crops. The most important pests of root vegetables are wireworms (Elateridae), carrot flies (Psila rosae), celery flies (Acidia heraclei), onion flies (Delia antiqua), aphids (Aphididae), common spider mite (Tetranychus urticass), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and others. The overall number of insecticides, registered in our country, for the control of root vegetable pests is eight, based on seven different active substances. The aim of this paper is to present registered plant protection products for the control of the most economically import-ant pathogens and pests of root vegetables, in the Republic of Serbia, classified according to the mode of action.


2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1933-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. de Voogt ◽  
B. van Hattum

Multimedia transport, partitioning, and degradation pathways are key processes in the probability of a substance to interact with target organisms. Biotic factors such as toxicokinetics, biotransformation capacity, and behavioral and life-cycle aspects of the organisms are determinants for final concentrations at target organs. The role of metabolites in endocrine disruption can be quite different from those of the parent compounds, and often this requires separate toxicokinetic evaluation. The exposure assessment of endocrine active substances (EASs) suffers from a huge lack of reliable data, of both values that are used as input parameters in exposure models, and field data that are needed for validation purposes. In general, for the more classic EASs, such as PCBs, p,p'-DDE, chlorinated dioxins, some pesticides, and organotins, reliable data are sufficiently available, but careful evaluation of the quality of databases is necessary. Several data quality evaluation systems have been proposed. For the "newer" compounds, only few data have been gathered so far. The latter compounds include alkylphenols, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, phytoestrogens, and in particular natural and synthetic hormones, which in view of their high estrogenic potency could be the most important compounds in terms of risk. The suitability of current exposure assessment models for EASs at this moment seems to be restricted to the persistent compounds such as PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. Especially for the compounds subject to biodegradation and biotransformation, the lack of experimental data to derive model-input parameters and perform validation studies at this moment is one of the main obstacles for the further application of generic exposure models to other EASs. Most of the current models do not allow life stage-specific predictions. Although the mechanisms of endocrine disruption involve different types of action, the principle of additivity, based on the equivalent toxicity approach (using estrogen equivalent potencies relative to 17β-estradiol) seems promising for the design of integrated exposure and effect models for EASs. Research programs aimed at the endocrine disruption issue must focus on promoting experimental studies for generation of reliable, high-quality parameter data on the one hand, and surveys or monitoring campaigns for collection of representative field data on the other. The non-specificity of possible effects caused through endocrine mechanisms implies that in order to reveal dose-response relationships all potentially active agents, or at least as many as feasible, need be included in the risk assessments. Current regulatory monitoring programs should further be evaluated and harmonized with validation requirements of models used in exposure assessment.


2013 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Zagorka Stanojev ◽  
Ferenc Bagi ◽  
Marija Bodroza-Solarov ◽  
Vera Stojsin ◽  
Jovana Vuckovic ◽  
...  

This research focused on the assessment of the infection level of sampled wheat grains with phytopathogenic fungi. The samples were taken from the localities Rimski Sancevi and Sombor. The research investigated the impact of localities to intensity of fungal infection by fungi from genus Fusarium and Alternaria. Isolates from genus Fusarium and Alternaria were determined to species level. Pathogenicity of Fusarium and Alternaria isolates from different localities to wheat seedlings was also established.


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