scholarly journals New approaches to the development of construction technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Sergey Zolotukhin ◽  
Olga Kukina ◽  
Ekaterina Artemova ◽  
Andrey Eremin ◽  
Vladimir Volokitin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Scrap Metal ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Favorable Temperature

The paper presents data on the volume of materials consumed by builders and the carbon dioxide emissions that occur during this process. The reasons for the formation and volume of construction debris are considered. Recycling technologies currently used in the demolition of buildings are associated with crushing. The resulting concrete mix is used only for filling low-level earthworks due to the rapid carbonation of concrete surfaces. The scrap metal formed during crushing is used for remelting, polluting the atmosphere and requiring a large amount of energy. It is proved that due to the low economic and environmental efficiency, this method of recycling is a dead end. Studies have found that the constant increase in the strength of concrete and the absence of a decrease in the strength characteristics of reinforcing steels, stone materials, bricks, which are operated for a long time in favorable temperature and humidity conditions, allows them to be reused. General approaches have been developed that require changes in the existing technologies for the renovation of urban areas, the demolition of individual buildings and structures that currently exist. To reduce CO2 emissions and construction debris, it is enough to increase the volume of gentrification, reconstruction, major repairs, and re-profiling of the existing residential and industrial stock. When demolishing buildings, it is necessary to abandon the method of collapse of building structures with their further fragmentation. The method of piecemeal dismantling with repeated use of materials, products and structures (after determining their strength indicators by specialists), allows you to dramatically reduce the problems of construction debris and carbon dioxide emissions.

Global Effects of Atmospheric Emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Element Carbon ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Long Time

The element carbon Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing primarily as a result of people's use of fossil fuels for electricity. Coal and oil are fossil fuels that contain carbon that plants removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis over millions of years; and in just a few hundred years we've returned carbon to the atmosphere. The element carbon Carbon dioxide concentrations rise primarily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and Freon for electricity. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas produce carbon plants that were photosynthesized from the atmosphere over many years, since in just two centuries, carbon was returned to the atmosphere. Climate alter could be a noteworthy time variety in weather designs happening over periods ranging from decades to millions of a long time. The permanent change in climatic conditions, or in the time period of long-term natural conditions, indicates irregularity in climatic conditions. Discuss toxins are pollutants that have an adverse impact on the ecosystem through interferometry's with the climatic environment, plant physiology, creature organisms, complete biological systems and human property in the form of agricultural or human crops. We list the best climate to represent the fact that global climate change has been identified as one of the major environmental problems facing humanity in the 21st century. In this context, the list of "classic" poisons must be included alongside substances such as oxides of nitrogen or sulfide. Certain environment limiting agents – the most crucial of them being carbon dioxide – which otherwise do not damage life formations. On the other hand, climate research has linked some compounds that have long been known to discuss toxin (occasionally dark CO2) with the warming of the climate.

Greenhouse-gas emissions from Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs: the example of Brazil's Tucuruí Dam as compared to fossil fuel alternatives

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP M. FEARNSIDE
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Better Than

Hydroelectric dams in tropical forest areas emit carbon dioxide and methane. How these emissions and their impacts should be calculated, and how comparisons should be made with global warming contributions of alternative energy sources such as fossil fuels, can lead to sharp differences in conclusions on the relative advantages of these options. The example of Brazil's Tucuruí Dam is examined to clarify these differences. The present paper extends an earlier analysis to 100 years and explores the differences between these and comparable fossil fuel emissions.Factors considered here in calculating emissions for Tucuruí Dam include the initial stock and distribution of carbon, decay rates and pathways (leading to carbon dioxide and methane), and losses of power in transmission lines. Factors not considered include forest degradation on islands and reservoir shores, nitrous oxide sources in drawdown zones and transmission lines, additional methane emission pathways for release from standing trees, water passing through the turbines, etc. Construction-phase emissions are also not included; neither are emissions from deforestation by people displaced by and attracted to the project. A complete accounting of the alternative landscape is also lacking. Standardization of the level of reliability of the electricity supply is needed to compare hydroelectric and thermoelectric options.Types of emission calculations commonly used include the ultimate contribution to emissions, the annual balance of emissions in a given year, and emissions over a long time horizon (such as 100 years). The timing of emissions differs between hydroelectric and thermal generation, hydro producing a large pulse of carbon dioxide emissions in the first years after filling the reservoir while thermal produces a constant flux of gases in proportion to the power generated. The impacts of emissions are related to the atmospheric load (stocks) of the gases rather than to the emissions (flows), and therefore last over a long time. According to the calculations in the present paper, the average carbon dioxide molecule in the atmospheric load contributed by Tucuruí was present in the atmosphere 15 years earlier than the average molecule in the comparable load from fossil fuel generation. This means that, considering a 100-year time horizon, a tonne of CO2 emitted by Tucuruí has 15% more global warming impact than a tonne emitted by fossil fuel, assuming no discounting. If discounting is applied, then the relative impact of the hydroelectric option is increased.Time preference, either by discounting or by an alternative procedure, is a key factor affecting the attractiveness of hydroelectric power. At low annual discount rates (say 1–2%), the attractiveness of Tucuruí, although less than without discounting, is still 3–4 times better than fossil-fuel generation. If the discount rate reaches 15%, the situation is reversed, and fossil-fuel generation becomes more attractive from a global-warming perspective. Tucuruí, with a power density (installed capacity/reservoir area) of 1.63 W m-2 is better than both the 0.81 W m-2 average for Brazilian Amazonia's 5500 km2 of existing reservoirs and the 1 W m-2 estimated by Brazil's electrical authorities as the mean for all planned hydroelectric development in the region.

scholarly journals Silver linings and wishful thinking? More than human geographies of the coronavirus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-313
Author(s):  
Camilla Royle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
The Media ◽  
Ecological Marxism ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Silver Lining

The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated worldwide lockdown measures have several implications for geographical understandings of society–nature relations and of animal life. For some, the temporary lowering of carbon dioxide emissions during the lockdown has been cause for hope for a silver lining to the pandemic. Some commentators have even adopted the misanthropic diagnosis that humanity is the virus, a stance that invokes racialised assumptions about which parts of the global population should be reduced in order for ‘nature’ to survive. Animal geography has a tradition of addressing the ways in which supposedly improper relationships with non-human animals can serve to racialise specific groups of people. This has been useful in criticising the media fascination with wet markets and Chinese eating habits. However, when pointing to spectacular examples of the ways in which wild animals have responded to lockdown conditions, some geographical commentators have too readily accepted the notion that humans have ‘abandoned’ urban areas. They have been less attentive to the fact that the lockdown was experienced in very different ways by different social groups. This opinion piece concludes by setting out what an approach rooted in ecological Marxism might offer these debates and how it points to the more systemic changes needed to forge a more socially just relationship with the rest of nature.

scholarly journals Health Cost Estimation of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Assessing the Pollution Reduction Potential of Zero-Emission Vehicles in Toronto, Canada

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4956
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Shamsi ◽  
Mohammad Munshed ◽  
Manh-Kien Tran ◽  
Youngwoo Lee ◽  
Sean Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Health Cost ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Fossil fuel vehicles, emitting air toxics into the atmosphere, impose a heavy burden on the economy through additional health care expenses and ecological degradation. Air pollution is responsible for millions of deaths and chronic and acute health problems every year, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The fossil-fuel-based transportation system releases tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere putting human health at risk, especially in urban areas. This analysis aims to determine the economic burden of environmental and health impacts caused by Highway 401 traffic. Due to the high volume of vehicles driving on the Toronto Highway 401 corridor, there is an annual release of 3771 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). These emissions are mainly emitted onsite through the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel. The integration of electric and hydrogen vehicles shows maximum reductions of 405–476 g CO2e per vehicle-kilometer. Besides these carbon dioxide emissions, there is also a large amount of hazardous air pollutants. To examine the impact of air pollution on human health, the mass and concentrations of criteria pollutants of PM2.5 and NOx emitted by passenger vehicles and commercial trucks on Highway 401 were determined using the MOVES2014b software. Then, an air dispersion model (AERMOD) was used to find the concentration of different pollutants at the receptor’s location. The increased risk of health issues was calculated using hazard ratios from literature. Finally, the health cost of air pollution from Highway 401 traffic was estimated to be CAD 416 million per year using the value of statistical life, which is significantly higher than the climate change costs of CAD 55 million per year due to air pollution.

scholarly journals Analysis The Intensity of CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Hassan ◽  
Jasim H. Kadhum
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analysis Center ◽  
Per Capita

Carbon dioxide intensity (CI) refers to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion that mainly used for electricity, heat, transport, and other life requirements. The objective of this paper is better to understand CI as an indicator of Global Warming, and compared its behavior with two other variables (total CO2 emissions, and CO2 emissions per capita). The main data sources an available and activity data from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Three annual variables used in this study; CI, total CO2 emissions, and CO2 per capita for fossil fuel emissions during long time series from (1971 to 2018).The results of CI shown that the highest value found out at the beginning of the study in 1971 was (7.188 kg/kg oil equivalent), and then decreased till reach to lower value was (1.707 kg/kg oil equivalent) in 1997, after that slowly increased in the last decade near to (3.63 kg/kg oil equivalent). The total CO2 emissions were strongly related to oil prediction. The highest value for total CO2 emissions was (188.1 Mt) in 2018, with Iraqi oil production more than (4.78 million barrel/day). The total CO2 emissions increased by (65. 176%) during the study period.  The total CO2 emissions were inversely proportional to CI.  The level of CO2 emission per capita rate fluctuated around average (3.49 metric tons per capita); the maximum rate was (4.99 metric tons per capita) in 2013.         

scholarly journals Examining the Impacts of Economic, Social, and Environmental Factors on the Relationship between Urbanization and CO2 Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7430
Author(s):  
Yang Ding ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Lanjuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, industrial transformation, technological change, public services, demographical change, urban and natural environmental changes, and carbon emissions using a dataset of 182 prefecture-level cities in China between 2001 and 2010. Specifically, this paper differs from previous studies in two aspects. First, the extant literature has focused on how economic processes accompanying rapid urbanization affect carbon emissions in urban areas but gives little attention to the other dimensions of urbanization, including social and environmental changes, which may have important effects on carbon emissions. We assessed the effects of 17 key processes accompanying urbanization in a full range of economic, social, and environmental dimensions on carbon dioxide emissions in urban areas. The results showed that social processes accompanied with rapid urbanization had distinct effects on carbon emissions, compared to economic and environmental processes. Specifically, improvement in public services, indicated by education and cultural developments, reduces the increase in carbon emissions during urbanization, while economic growth and urban construction reinforces the growth in carbon emissions. Second, we examined the impact of various urbanization processes on carbon dioxide emissions using a unique dataset of 182 prefecture-level cities that covers a wide span of regions in China. The results of our analyses on the city level have important implications for the formulation of comprehensive policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emission in urban areas, focusing on different urbanization processes in economic, social, and environmental phases.

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