scholarly journals RIB production and related experiments at EXOTIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Marco Mazzocco
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Isotope Separation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Weakly Bound ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
On Line ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
The Big Bang

Radioactive nuclei have a very deep relevance in many astrophysical scenarios, from the Big Bang nucleo-synthesis to supernova explosions. Several Nuclear Physics laboratories around the world have been constructing large-scale facilities for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). The main production techniques, i.e. In-Flight and Isotope Separation On Line, which will be reviewed in this contribution. In particular, we will concentrate on the production of light weakly-bound RIBs at the facility EXOTIC, located at INFN-LNL (Italy) and we will describe the most recent experiments.

The Planet in a Pebble

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zalasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

This is the story of a single pebble. It is just a normal pebble, as you might pick up on holiday - on a beach in Wales, say. Its history, though, carries us into abyssal depths of time, and across the farthest reaches of space. This is a narrative of the Earth's long and dramatic history, as gleaned from a single pebble. It begins as the pebble-particles form amid unimaginable violence in distal realms of the Universe, in the Big Bang and in supernova explosions and continues amid the construction of the Solar System. Jan Zalasiewicz shows the almost incredible complexity present in such a small and apparently mundane object. Many events in the Earth's ancient past can be deciphered from a pebble: volcanic eruptions; the lives and deaths of extinct animals and plants; the alien nature of long-vanished oceans; and transformations deep underground, including the creations of fool's gold and of oil. Zalasiewicz demonstrates how geologists reach deep into the Earth's past by forensic analysis of even the tiniest amounts of mineral matter. Many stories are crammed into each and every pebble around us. It may be small, and ordinary, this pebble - but it is also an eloquent part of our Earth's extraordinary, never-ending story.

scholarly journals Relativistic Cosmology with an Introduction to Inflation

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zahid Mughal ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Juan Luis García Guirao
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Relativistic Cosmology ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In this review article, the study of the development of relativistic cosmology and the introduction of inflation in it as an exponentially expanding early phase of the universe is carried out. We study the properties of the standard cosmological model developed in the framework of relativistic cosmology and the geometric structure of spacetime connected coherently with it. The geometric properties of space and spacetime ingrained into the standard model of cosmology are investigated in addition. The big bang model of the beginning of the universe is based on the standard model which succumbed to failure in explaining the flatness and the large-scale homogeneity of the universe as demonstrated by observational evidence. These cosmological problems were resolved by introducing a brief acceleratedly expanding phase in the very early universe known as inflation. The cosmic inflation by setting the initial conditions of the standard big bang model resolves these problems of the theory. We discuss how the inflationary paradigm solves these problems by proposing the fast expansion period in the early universe. Further inflation and dark energy in fR modified gravity are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Core Collapse Supernova Models and Nucleosynthesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S296) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Ken'ichi Nomoto
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Elemental Abundance ◽  
Core Collapse ◽  
Solar Abundance ◽  
First Stars ◽  
Abundance Pattern ◽  
Core Collapse Supernova ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
The Big Bang

AbstractAfter the Big Bang, production of heavy elements in the early Universe takes place in the first stars and their supernova explosions. The nature of the first supernovae, however, has not been well understood. The signature of nucleosynthesis yields of the first supernovae can be seen in the elemental abundance patterns observed in extremely metal-poor stars. Interestingly, those abundance patterns show some peculiarities relative to the solar abundance pattern, which should provide important clues to understanding the nature of early generations of supernovae. We review the recent results of the nucleosynthesis yields of massive stars. We examine how those yields are affected by some hydrodynamical effects during the supernova explosions, namely, explosion energies from those of hypernovae to faint supernovae, mixing and fallback of processed materials, asphericity, etc. Those parameters in the supernova nucleosynthesis models are constrained from observational data of supernovae and metal-poor stars.

scholarly journals Primordial Magnetic Field Effects on the CMB and Large-Scale Structure

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dai G. Yamazaki ◽  
Kiyotomo Ichiki ◽  
Toshitaka Kajino ◽  
Grant J. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Magnetic Field Effects ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Primordial Magnetic Field ◽  
The Big Bang

Magnetic fields are everywhere in nature, and they play an important role in every astronomical environment which involves the formation of plasma and currents. It is natural therefore to suppose that magnetic fields could be present in the turbulent high-temperature environment of the big bang. Such a primordial magnetic field (PMF) would be expected to manifest itself in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropies, and also in the formation of large-scale structure. In this paper, we summarize the theoretical framework which we have developed to calculate the PMF power spectrum to high precision. Using this formulation, we summarize calculations of the effects of a PMF which take accurate quantitative account of the time evolution of the cutoff scale. We review the constructed numerical program, which is without approximation, and an improvement over the approach used in a number of previous works for studying the effect of the PMF on the cosmological perturbations. We demonstrate how the PMF is an important cosmological physical process on small scales. We also summarize the current constraints on the PMF amplitudeBλand the power spectral indexnBwhich have been deduced from the available CMB observational data by using our computational framework.

scholarly journals Early Evaluation of Copper Radioisotope Production at ISOLPHARM

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borgna ◽  
Michele Ballan ◽  
Chiara Favaretto ◽  
Marco Verona ◽  
Marianna Tosato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Isotope Separation ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Mass Separation ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Early Evaluation ◽  
On Line ◽  
Isol Facility

The ISOLPHARM (ISOL technique for radioPHARMaceuticals) project is dedicated to the development of high purity radiopharmaceuticals exploiting the radionuclides producible with the future Selective Production of Exotic Species (SPES) Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) facility at the Legnaro National Laboratories of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN-LNL). At SPES, a proton beam (up to 70 MeV) extracted from a cyclotron will directly impinge a primary target, where the produced isotopes are released thanks to the high working temperatures (2000 °C), ionized, extracted and accelerated, and finally, after mass separation, only the desired nuclei are collected on a secondary target, free from isotopic contaminants that decrease their specific activity. A case study for such project is the evaluation of the feasibility of the ISOL production of 64Cu and 67Cu using a zirconium germanide target, currently under development. The producible activities of 64Cu and 67Cu were calculated by means of the Monte Carlo code FLUKA, whereas dedicated off-line tests with stable beams were performed at LNL to evaluate the capability to ionize and recover isotopically pure copper.

scholarly journals COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FOR THE COSMIC DEFECT THEORY

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 1039-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
NINFA RADICELLA ◽  
MAURO SERENO ◽  
ANGELO TARTAGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hubble Constant ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Nuclear Species ◽  
Type Ia ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Age Of The Universe ◽  
Ia Supernovae ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The cosmic defect theory has been confronted with four observational constraints: primordial nuclear species abundances emerging from the big bang nucleosynthesis; large scale structure formation in the Universe; cosmic microwave background acoustic scale; luminosity distances of type Ia supernovae. The test has been based on a statistical analysis of the a posteriori probabilities for three parameters of the theory. The result has been quite satisfactory and such that the performance of the theory is not distinguishable from that of the ΛCDM theory. The use of the optimal values of the parameters for the calculation of the Hubble constant and the age of the Universe confirms the compatibility of the cosmic defect approach with observations.

scholarly journals Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations

Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Ahmed Barhoum ◽  
María Luisa García-Betancourt ◽  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Eman A. Hussien ◽  
Sara A. Mekkawy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Biochemical Engineering ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Nanomaterials Synthesis ◽  
The Big Bang

Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.

Astrophysics and Nucleosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Cosmological Debate ◽  
State Models ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Having now examined attempts to explain the nature of the elements and the periodic system in a theoretical manner, it is necessary to backtrack a little in order to pick up a number of important issues not yet addressed. As in the preceding chapters, several contributions from fields outside of chemistry are encountered, and the treatment proceeds historically. So far in this book, the elements have been treated as if they have always existed, fully formed. Nothing has yet been said about how the elements have evolved or about the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements. These questions form the contents of this chapter. It also emerges that different isotopes show different stabilities, a feature that can be explained to a considerable extent by appeal to theories from nuclear physics. The study of nucleosynthesis, and especially the development of this field, is intimately connected to the development of the field of cosmology as a branch of physical science. In a number of instances, different cosmological theories have been judged according to the degree to which they could explain the observed universal abundances of the various elements. Perhaps the most controversial cosmological debate has been over the rival theories of the big bang and the steady-state models of the universe. The proponents of these theories frequently appealed to relative abundance data, and indeed, the eventual capitulation of the steady-state theorists, or at least some of them, was crucially dependent upon the observed ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe. Chapters 2, 3, and 6 discussed Prout’s hypothesis, according to which all the elements are essentially made out of hydrogen. Although the hypothesis was initially rejected on the basis of accurate atomic weight determinations, it underwent a revival in the twentieth century. As mentioned in chapter 6, the discoveries of Anton van den Broek, Henry Moseley, and others showed that there is a sense in which all elements are indeed composites of hydrogen.

Big Bang Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Y. Heimburger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The Big Bang theory is a scientific model of the universe that posits a state of dense, centralized matter before the current, observable expansion of the universe in one giant explosion. While ‘the Big Bang’ was a phrase first used somewhat facetiously by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1949, it rested on earlier theories and observations by George Lamaitre, Albert Einstein, and Edwin Hubble. The implications of Big Bang theory have been far-reaching. For some, the Big Bang’s suggestion of a ‘beginning of time’ lent itself to familiar religious teleology. For others, it provided a rigid, mechanistic model of the physical world, which in turn affected ideas in the social sciences and humanities. This is not to say that Big Bang theory was a ‘grand unifying theory’—even in the 1920s, the rather precise predictions of Einstein’s theories of relativity conflicted with the conclusions of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and quantum mechanics. Still, the idea that the physical world exists due to the violent expansion (and subsequent contraction) of matter suggests a rather small place for humanity in the larger scheme of things. There is little room or need for free will in such a system—at least when it comes to matters of large-scale significance. Today, the Big Bang often stands as a euphemism for debates over God and human determinism in the universe, and lends itself to philosophic traditions such as nihilism and existentialism.

scholarly journals Large Scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation ◽  
Cosmological Data ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

It is now generally accepted that the microwave background radiation, discovered in 1965 (Penzias and Wilson, 1965; Dicke et al., 1965), is cosmological in origin. Measurements of the spectrum of the radiation, discussed earlier in this volume by Blair, are consistent with the idea that the radiation is in fact a relic of a hot, dense, initial state of the Universe – the Big Bang. If the radiation is cosmological, measurements of both its spectrum and its angular distribution are capable of providing important – and remarkably precise – cosmological data.

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