Thermal characterization of a new effective building material based on clay and olive waste

The influence of thermophysical properties of wall materials on energy performance and comfort in traditional building was investigated. The clay is the most commonly used sustainable building material. The study looked at the effects of the addition of pomace olive on the thermophysical properties of clay bricks to improve the energy efficiency of this ecological material. An experimental measurement of thermal properties of clay mixed with pomace olive was carried out by using the transient and steady state hot-plate and flash methods. The experimental methods are applied to measure the thermal properties of the composite material. The estimation of these thermal characteristics is based on a one dimensional model and the experimental errors are found less than 3%. The composite samples were prepared with different granular classes and mass fractions of the pomace olive in the mixture. The results show that the density of the new material was not substantially influenced by the size of the pomace olive. However, the thermal conductivity and diffusivity decrease from 0.65 W.m-1.K-1 and 4.21×10-7 m2.s-1 to 0.29 W.m-1.K-1 and 2.47×10-7m2.s-1, respectively, according to the variation of the volume fraction of pomace olive from 0 (pure clay) to 71% showing that the olive pomace can be used as effective secondary raw materials in the making of clay bricks.

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Energy Performance of Earthen Walls In A Hot Climate of Morocco

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.l2988.1081219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 2395-2404 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Thermophysical Properties ◽

Time Lag ◽

Radiation Heat Transfer ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Transient Heat Conduction ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Second Step ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Hot Climate ◽

Apparent Thermal Conductivity

The building sector consumes more than 25% of energy consumption in Morocco. So, the reducing of the energy cost of building has become a necessity. In this context, the objectives of this work are to investigate the thermophysical properties and the energy performance of earthen walls made from three types of unfired clay bricks. This work is broken into two steps. In the first step the apparent thermal conductivity was obtained experimentally using the hot plate method. In the second step, the thermophysical properties obtained were used to calculate the decrement factor and the time lag of complete walls mad from these materials by solving the transient heat conduction equation with periodic loadings using the eigenfunction expansion and the integrating factor methods. The effect of the outer and inner combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient on these dynamic thermal characteristics was studied. The optimum thickness of the walls was also calculated. Finally, the effect of thermal insulation on energy performance of the walls was studied

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Pore Structure and Thermal Characteristics of Clay Bricks

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.104 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 982 ◽

pp. 104-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Monika Čáchová ◽

Dana Koňáková ◽

Eva Vejmelková ◽

Martin Keppert ◽

Kirill Polozhiy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Structural Material ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Clay Brick ◽

Pore System ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Vacuum Saturation ◽

The Difference ◽

System Characteristics

Clay brick was perhaps to be the first artificial structural material. First bricks were dried by sun; later people had started to burn bricks by fire and in that time further enhancements appeared. This article deals with two kinds of fired clay bricks; basic physical properties, pore system characteristics and thermal properties are studied. The values of basic physical properties by water vacuum saturation vary slightly; bulk density shows values around 1880 kg/m3 and in the case of open porosity it is around 27%. Regarding thermal properties the difference is higher, obtained results of thermal conductivities in dried state vary by about 33%.

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Nanocarbon/Poly(Lactic) Acid for 3D Printing: Effect of Fillers Content on Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12152369 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2369 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Giovanni Spinelli ◽

Patrizia Lamberti ◽

Vincenzo Tucci ◽

Rumiana Kotsilkova ◽

Evgeni Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Electromagnetic Interference ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Polymer Nanocomposite ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Thermal Dissipation ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Electromagnetic and thermal properties of a non-conventional polymer nanocomposite based on thermoplastic Polylactic acid (PLA, Ingeo™) filled, in different weight percentage, with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), as well as a mixture of both fillers (MWCNTs/GNPs), are analyzed. The combination of notable electrical, thermal, and electromagnetic (EM) properties of the carbon fillers, in concentrations above the percolation threshold, together with the good processability of the PLA matrix gives rise to innovative filaments for 3D printing. In particular, the shielding efficiency (SE) in the frequency range 26–37 GHz of samples increases from 0.20 dB of unfilled PLA up to 13.4 dB for composites containing MWCNTs and GNPs, corresponding to 4% and 95% of SE, respectively. The thermal conductivity of the PLA loaded with 12 wt % of GNPs is 263% higher than that of the unfilled polymer, whereas an improvement of about 99% and 190% is detected for the PLA matrix loaded with MWCNTs and both fillers, respectively. The EM and thermal characterization is combined with a morphological investigation allowing us to correlate the dispersion states of the fillers within the polymer matrix with the observed EM and thermal properties. The EM and thermal characteristics exhibited by the nanocomposites make them suitable for packaging applications of electronic devices with electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal dissipation features.

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A Comparative Study on Opto-Thermal Properties of Natural Clay Bricks Incorporating Dredged Sediments

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14154575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4575

Author(s):

Mattia Manni ◽

Fabiana Frota de Albuquerque Landi ◽

Tommaso Giannoni ◽

Alessandro Petrozzi ◽

Andrea Nicolini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Dredged Sediment ◽

Natural Clay ◽

Dredged Sediments ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Alternative Materials ◽

Potential Exploitation

The brick industry is currently facing a shortage of natural resources. Despite this, the demand for construction bricks is progressively increasing. Alternative materials, such as dredged sediments and solid organic waste, have been recently proposed as options to replace natural clay in brick manufacturing. Potential exploitation of dredged sediments in clay bricks is evaluated in this study. The chemical composition of the mixtures and the opto-thermal properties of brick samples, which differed for the dredged sediment content (from 10% to 50% of the clay weight), were investigated. Chemical analyses detected lower concentrations of heavy metals in bricks incorporating dredged sediments (DS). Negligible variations in thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat were observed by increasing the amount of DS in the mixture. In particular, the thermal conductivity values ranged between 0.45 ± 0.03 W m−1 K−1 (DS-50) and 0.50 ± 0.03 W m−1 K−1 (DS-30). Conversely, the color shift value and spectral reflectance in the infrared field were found directly proportional to the concentration of DS. Using dredged sediments as building material demonstrated to be a solution to the problem of their disposal and the scarcity of raw materials, reducing the global warming score by up to 2.8%.

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TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2019/6/47-50 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

I. A. Ilina ◽

I. A. Machneva ◽

E. S. Bakun

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Quality ◽

Temperature Conductivity ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Gel Forming Ability

The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OPTIMIZED RECEPTURAL OF LOW-LACTOSE SYNBIOTIC YOGHOURT ICE CREAM

Animal Science and Food Technology ◽

10.31548/animal2020.02.083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 73-82

Author(s):

А. Trubnikova ◽

О. Chabanova ◽

S. Bondar ◽

Т. Sharakhmatova ◽

Т. Nedobijchuk

Keyword(s):

Concentration Factor ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Ice Cream ◽

Test Sample ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Free Protein ◽

Mass Fractions ◽

New Type ◽

Main Components

Optimization of the formulation of synbiotic yogurt ice cream low-lactose using lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk and yogurt with low lactose content is the goal of expanding the range of low-lactose dairy products and improving the functional and health properties of ice cream. Low-lactose ice cream formulation optimization was performed using a gradient numerical method, namely conjugated gradients (Conjugate Gradient). The optimization algorithm is implemented in Mathcad. An array of data with a set of indicators for the choice of a rational ratio of lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk and yogurt base and inulin content for ice cream mixtures is presented. The influence of the ratio of the main components of the mixtures on the foaming ability, which determines the quality of the finished product, has been studied. An important indicator is taken into account - the concentration factor of buttermilk, which is additionally purified from lactose by diafiltration. The graphic material presented in the work clearly demonstrates that the rational ratio of yogurt base and lactose-free protein concentrate of buttermilk, obtained by ultrafiltration with diafiltration purification at a concentration factor of FC = 5 is 40.6: 59.4. The content of additional components included in the recipe of a new type of ice cream is optimized in the work, the mass fractions of which were: inulin - 3.69 %; lactulose – 1 %; ginger - 0.3 %; citric acid - 0.15 %; stabilization system - 0.2 %. The chemical composition and quality indicators of the mixture for ice cream low-lactose synbiotic yogurt, consisting of raw materials in the optimal ratio, were determined. The lactose content in the test sample of the ice cream mixture was 0.99%, the antioxidant activity was 3.1 times higher than in the mixture for traditional yogurt ice cream. The most likely number of lactic acid microorganisms, CFU / cm3 is (2.8 ± 0.9) · 108, the number of bifidobacteria, CFU / cm3 is (2.5 ± 0.2) · 109. The results of the research will be implemented in dairy companies in the production of ice cream.

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Mechanical and thermal characterization of grafted PP-NCC nanocomposites

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0892705719878226 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 089270571987822

Author(s):

Saud Aldajah ◽

Mohammad Y Al-Haik ◽

Waseem Siddique ◽

Mohammad M Kabir ◽

Yousef Haik

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Interfacial Adhesion ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Screw Extruder ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Three Point Bending ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Thermal Stability Of

This study reveals the enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP- g-MA) with the addition of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). A nanocomposite was manufactured by blending various percentages of PP, MA, and NCC nanoparticles by means of a twin-screw extruder. The influence of varying the percentages of NCC on the mechanical and thermal behavior of the nanocomposite was studied by performing three-point bending, nanoindentation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests. The novelty of this study stems on the NCC nanoparticles and their ability to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of PP. Three-point bending and nanoindentation tests revealed improvement in the mechanical properties in terms of strength, modulus, and hardness of the PP- g-MA nanocomposites as the addition of NCC increased. SEM showed homogeneity between the mixtures which proved the presence of interfacial adhesion between the PP- g-MA incorporated with NCC nanoparticles that was confirmed by the FTIR results. DSC and TGA measurements showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was not compromised due to the addition of the coupling agent and reinforced nanoparticles.

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Thermal Characterization of Recycled Materials for Building Insulation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3564

Author(s):

Arnas Majumder ◽

Laura Canale ◽

Costantino Carlo Mastino ◽

Antonio Pacitto ◽

Andrea Frattolillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Recycled Materials ◽

Building Insulation ◽

Operational Phase

The building sector is known to have a significant environmental impact, considering that it is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions of around 36% and is also responsible for about 40% of global energy consumption. Of this, about 50% takes place during the building operational phase, while around 10–20% is consumed in materials manufacturing, transport and building construction, maintenance, and demolition. Increasing the necessity of reducing the environmental impact of buildings has led to enhancing not only the thermal performances of building materials, but also the environmental sustainability of their production chains and waste prevention. As a consequence, novel thermo-insulating building materials or products have been developed by using both locally produced natural and waste/recycled materials that are able to provide good thermal performances while also having a lower environmental impact. In this context, the aim of this work is to provide a detailed analysis for the thermal characterization of recycled materials for building insulation. To this end, the thermal behavior of different materials representing industrial residual or wastes collected or recycled using Sardinian zero-km locally available raw materials was investigated, namely: (1) plasters with recycled materials; (2) plasters with natural fibers; and (3) building insulation materials with natural fibers. Results indicate that the investigated materials were able to improve not only the energy performances but also the environmental comfort in both new and in existing buildings. In particular, plasters and mortars with recycled materials and with natural fibers showed, respectively, values of thermal conductivity (at 20 °C) lower than 0.475 and 0.272 W/(m⋅K), while that of building materials with natural fibers was always lower than 0.162 W/(m⋅K) with lower values for compounds with recycled materials (0.107 W/(m⋅K)). Further developments are underway to analyze the mechanical properties of these materials.

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Testing a Gypsum Composite Based on Raw Gypsum with a Direct Admixture of Paraffin and Polymer to Improve Thermal Properties

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14123241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3241

Author(s):

Krzysztof Powała ◽

Andrzej Obraniak ◽

Dariusz Heim

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Heat Capacity ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Phase Change ◽

Large Scale ◽

Building Materials ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Polymer Content ◽

Volumetric Heat Capacity

The implemented new legal regulations regarding thermal comfort, the energy performance of residential buildings, and proecological requirements require the design of new building materials, the use of which will improve the thermal efficiency of newly built and renovated buildings. Therefore, many companies producing building materials strive to improve the properties of their products by reducing the weight of the materials, increasing their mechanical properties, and improving their insulating properties. Currently, there are solutions in phase-change materials (PCM) production technology, such as microencapsulation, but its application on a large scale is extremely costly. This paper presents a solution to the abovementioned problem through the creation and testing of a composite, i.e., a new mixture of gypsum, paraffin, and polymer, which can be used in the production of plasterboard. The presented solution uses a material (PCM) which improves the thermal properties of the composite by taking advantage of the phase-change phenomenon. The study analyzes the influence of polymer content in the total mass of a composite in relation to its thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, and diffusivity. Based on the results contained in this article, the best solution appears to be a mixture with 0.1% polymer content. It is definitely visible in the tests which use drying, hardening time, and paraffin absorption. It differs slightly from the best result in the thermal conductivity test, while it is comparable in terms of volumetric heat capacity and differs slightly from the best result in the thermal diffusivity test.

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Experimental Data and Simulations of Performance and Thermal Comfort in a Typical Mediterranean House

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14113311 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3311

Author(s):

Víctor Pérez-Andreu ◽

Carolina Aparicio-Fernández ◽

José-Luis Vivancos ◽

Javier Cárcel-Carrasco

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Thermal Comfort ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Natural Ventilation ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Building Stock ◽

Energy Demands ◽

Dwelling House ◽

Account Standard

The number of buildings renovated following the introduction of European energy-efficiency policy represents a small number of buildings in Spain. So, the main Spanish building stock needs an urgent energy renovation. Using passive strategies is essential, and thermal characterization and predictive tests of the energy-efficiency improvements achieving acceptable levels of comfort for their users are urgently necessary. This study analyzes the energy performance and thermal comfort of the users in a typical Mediterranean dwelling house. A transient simulation has been used to acquire the scope of Spanish standards for its energy rehabilitation, taking into account standard comfort conditions. The work is based on thermal monitoring of the building and a numerical validated model developed in TRNSYS. Energy demands for different models have been calculated considering different passive constructive measures combined with real wind site conditions and the behavior of users related to natural ventilation. This methodology has given us the necessary information to decide the best solution in relation to energy demand and facility of implementation. The thermal comfort for different models is not directly related to energy demand and has allowed checking when and where the measures need to be done.

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