scholarly journals Linkages creation and economic diversification: The case of Muslim countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Amer Al-Roubaie
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
Productive System ◽  
High Degree

Economic diversification increases the ability of the economy to produce goods and services. In developing countries, including oil producers, high degree of dependence on limited number of commodities for exports could make the economy vulnerable to changes in global markets. Recent decline in oil prices has been responsible for budget deficits, inflation, unemployment, currency devaluation and financial instability. Economic diversification balances development by reducing the risk of high degree of trade concentration. This paper highlights the importance of economic diversification for promoting development in Muslim countries. Restructuring the productive system through knowledge creation, innovation and industrialization allows the economy to generate linkages and stimulates sectoral productivity. The paper examines the causes and consequences of high dependency on trade. Muslim countries must initiate policies to increase cooperation, invest in human capital, attract FDI and increase integration in the digital economy.

scholarly journals Services Trade Policies and Economic Integration: New Evidence for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Bernard Hoekman ◽  
Ben Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Regulatory Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract This paper applies machine learning to recreate to a high degree of accuracy the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) to provide quantitative evidence on the restrictiveness of services policies in 2016 for a sample of developing countries, using regulatory data collected by the World Bank and WTO. Resulting estimates are used to extend the OECD STRI approach to 23 additional countries, producing what we term a Services Policy Index (SPI). Converting the SPI to ad valorem equivalent terms shows that services policies are typically much more restrictive than tariffs on imports of goods, in particular in professional services and telecommunications. The SPI has strong explanatory power for bilateral trade in services at the sectoral level, as well as for aggregate goods and services trade.

Political responses to interdependence: what's “left” for the left?

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Garrett ◽  
Peter Lange
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Industrial Democracies ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The Right

Heightened economic interdependence in recent years is commonly argued to have generated great pressures for convergence in economic policies across the advanced industrial democracies. Interdependence has clearly had a great impact on the types of economic policies that governments can pursue: they have been unable to pursue independent fiscal and monetary policies since the mid-1970s. Furthermore, all governments have been forced to attempt to promote the competitiveness of national goods and services in world markets and to increase the speed and efficiency with which national producers adjust to changes in global markets. There are, however, different policies consistent with these goals. Statistical analyses of economic policies since the mid-1970s show that governments of the left and the right continue to be able to enact distinctive supply-side policies that promote competitiveness and flexible adjustment and simultaneously further their partisan objectives.

State of the Union: An Assessment of Union Strategies

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Union Power ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
State Of The Union ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Organizational Problems

Accelerating global economic change reflected in the high degree of capital mobility and integrated global markets has intensified investment competition between states. The union movement reacted through a commitment to strategic unionism and award restructuring. However, the impact of the latter has been limited by the occupationally divided structure of Australian unions. The paper analyses attempts to change this structure through union amalgamations and considers the impact inter-union power struggles, shaped by factional alignments, have had on the process. The paper assesses the organizational problems of conglomerate unionism and evaluates possible counters to likely tendencies.

scholarly journals Shortageflation 3.0. Gospodarka wojenna – państwowy socjalizm – kryzys pandemiczny

Ekonomista ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ KOŁODKO
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
New Production ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Real Socialism ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Production Capacities

The crisis caused by the pandemic has induced governments and central banks to undertake non-orthodox actions aimed at the protection of people’s living standards and the maintenance of production and service activities of enterprises. The policy of the aggressive rise in money supply has resulted in a considerable increase in budget deficits and foreign debts. In this context, it is important to seek an answer to the question how this can accelerate inflationary processes and to formulate proper suggestions addressed to economic policy. In fact, inflation now is higher than the official price indices because it is partly dampened. The rise in the general price level does not reflect fully the actual intensity of inflation. We have to do with a price and resource inflation, called shortageflation. Methodologically, it is interesting to compare this contemporary phenomenon (3.0) with inflation suppression in a war economy (1.0) and in the economies of real socialism (2.0). Such comparisons show some similarities of these processes but also significant differences due to the specific reactions of households and enterprises. The author discusses five channels of liquidating the excessive money resources and indicates the ways most advisable from the point of view of the sustainable development in the post-pandemic future. Especially important is to stimulate the transformation of a part of the inflationary money surplus into the market demand for goods and services which increases the utilization of the existing production potential and leads to investments which create new production capacities as well as the conversion of compulsory savings into voluntary savings.

scholarly journals Znamiona państwa wyznaniowego. Uwagi na kanwie dorobku współczesnego konstytucjonalizmu

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Borecki
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The State ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Religious Associations ◽  
High Degree

An analysis of contemporary constitutions indicates that the number of denominational states is slowly decreasing. However, we also encounter opposite tendencies. The model of a denominational, or a religious state is primarily characteristic for Muslim countries of the Near and Middle East and for a number of Southeast Asian countries. In the last decades, the number of Christian states and secular ideological states has declined signifi cantly. There is a stable group of states with Buddhism as a privileged religion. The religious constitutional norms of states of confession are generally characterised by a high degree of generality. Detailed provisions are seldom and denominational clauses are primarily included among the principles of the supreme constitution. Underlying the religious character of the state lies the rejection of the neutrality of the worldview. It is not possible, on the basis of the constitution alone, to reconstruct a detailed, universal model of a religious state. In the light of fundamental laws, the most common characteristics of religious states are: the negation of the neutrality of the state in worldviews, the acceptance of a particular religion as the offi cial religion, the rejection of the equality of religious associations, the requirement of a head of state to follow the state religion or belief, and the state support for a given confession. The constitutions of most religious states formally provide for religious freedom. In the fundamental laws of some Muslim states, the guarantees for this freedom are, however, silent. The Western political culture fails the characteristics of an organisational unity of the state or the religious apparatus. The socio-political reality of contemporary religious states indicates that this model of statehood cannot be a priori regarded as contrary to the principles of democracy and human rights.

scholarly journals Innovative infrastructure of the university: small innovative enterprise

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
D. I. Zakirova
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Innovation Infrastructure ◽  
Innovative Enterprise ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The University ◽  
Competitive Products ◽  
High Degree

Currently, most Kazakhstani universities have identified a new direction of development for themselves and are being transformed into universities of an innovative and entrepreneurial type. This implies the creation of an innovative infrastructure and the formation of an innovative development strategy. The article discusses one of the elements of the innovation infrastructure of universities - a small innovative enterprise. The significant role of innovation in the modern economy is undeniable. The creation of competitive products with a high degree of science intensity is impossible without the use of innovations. This fact applies to the sphere of education as well as to any branch of the economy.The creation and development of small innovative enterprises can act as one of the tools for developing modern universities in Kazakhstan since it creates conditions for the active involvement of students in innovative activities and forms entrepreneurial potential. As a result of the creation and development of small innovative enterprises in universities, the material and technical base, educational and pedagogical elements are improved. Through the development of small innovative enterprises, universities strengthen their competitive positions and can also enter new markets. By acquiring patent rights, universities can ensure a competitive position in the creation of knowledge-intensive goods and services. To strengthen the innovative potential of the university, it is possible to manage intellectual property and develop know-how. Thus, the creation and development of small innovative enterprises in Kazakhstani universities is a mechanism for providing innovative infrastructure and realizing entrepreneurial potential.

scholarly journals Consumption And Demand For Goods

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-373
Author(s):  
Maria Văduva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Market Making ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Free Development ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Internal Evolution

Abstract The free development of the economic activity imposes to establish a relation of subordination of the means by the purposes. The consumption appears both as triggering and simulating element of production, and as control element of this, being the one generating the quantitative and qualitative determinations, and also the sense and intensity of the rhythms where they develop and cyclically resume. The consumption, which is the level where people reach their material purposes generated by the economic interests, must be the fundamental element in conceiving and developing the economic activity. The link between consumption and market is made through the demand for goods containing a large and complex bid of actions from the consumption field that is going to be performed in the market, making of this a barometer of economic and social development. When following the internal evolution of consumption, it presents a high degree of interest to surprise the consumption habits and to project its future structures in order to define the evolutionary coordinates of the commercial activity, being the motor force of the production, signifying wear and destruction, involving the change of goods and services consumed with new created goods and services.

scholarly journals Government revenue-expenditure nexus: Evidence from several transitional economies

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (178-179) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debi Konukcu-Önal ◽  
Nil Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transitional Economies ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Relationship

Budget deficits and the debate on the sources of deficit finance have been on the agenda of public economics ever since the 1980s. However recently in the post-communist countries fiscal imbalances appear to be an important problem due to prolonged periods of growing poverty resulting from the transition process. Poverty alleviation policies considerably affect the revenue and expenditure decisions of governments, which are subject to hard budget constraints in an open transitional economy and do not have room for departing from sound fiscal policies. The public finance literature provides a vast number of studies analyzing the relationship between public revenues and expenditures. These studies are mostly characterized by efforts to reveal the attitude of the fiscal authority towards maintaining the budget balance. In this respect, budgetary dynamics in which past government revenues have predictive power on the current level of government expenditures are accepted as evidence of the so-called tax-and-spend hypothesis. On the other hand, the revenue-expenditure nexus running from expenditures to revenues is known in the literature as the spend-and-tax hypothesis. The objective of this study is to analyze empirically the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in four of the transitional economies, i.e. Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation. The empirical findings of this study, which are based on Granger causality tests, indicate evidence supporting the tax-and-spend hypothesis in Belarus and the Russian Federation and fiscal synchronization in Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic. The empirical support for the tax-and-spend hypothesis in these economies implies that increasing government revenues may not end up with lower budget deficits due to their stimulating effect on the demand for public goods and services.

scholarly journals Capacity building for hydrological change – using a blended learning approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 366 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
H. Nacken
Keyword(s):  
Blended Learning ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Country Ownership ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Hydrological Extremes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
High Degree

Abstract. Extreme hydrological events have always been a challenge to societies. There is growing evidence that hydrological extremes have already become more severe in some regions. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterized as one of the world’s most water-scarce and driest regions, with a high dependency on climate-sensitive agriculture. There is an urgent need for capacity building programmes that prepare water professionals and communities to deal with the expected hydrological changes and extremes. The most successful capacity building programmes are the country driven ones which involve a wide range of national stakeholders, have a high degree of in-country ownership and have an applicability character. The method of choice to set up such capacity building programmes will be through blended learning.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE FEATURES OF FORMING THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Horobets ◽  
Anatoliy Goncharuk
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
Absolute Efficiency ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
High Degree

The authors conducted a sectoral measuring the performance of SMEs sample of the Odessa region for 2013-2019. The study found that all absolute and relative performance indicators increased. However, given the inflation rate for the period under review, the real level of absolute value-added decreased. The growth of absolute efficiency, i.e. the share of value-added in the price of goods and services SMEs was low (by 4.1%), but against the background of the crisis in the economy, this fact is positive and indicates an improvement in the ability of SMEs to create value-added. It was also found that during the studied period in the sectoral structure of performance of SMEs there were significant changes, which were manifested, in particular, in the change of leaders from transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities in 2013 to financial and insurance activities in 2019. Increase in performance for the entire sample in 2019 was due to two industries - financial and insurance activities and the processing industry. In addition, during the study period there was a reduction in the spread of performance scopes, i.e. equalization of performance within each industry. The authors found a certain paradox, which is that the increase in the labor productivity at SMEs leads to a reduction in the value-added of products (services) they produce. This paradox is called by the authors as "opposite effect", which is a phenomenon of atypical influence of individual components on the business performance. Moreover, it was reinforced by the atypical link between salaries and labor productivity, which appeared in 2019, and shows that wage growth not only does not stimulate an increase in labor productivity, but, on the contrary, leads to its reduction with a high degree of probability. Hence, the industries in which SMEs paid employees the highest salaries in 2019 had the lowest level of labor productivity and, conversely, the industries with the lowest salaries had the highest labor productivity among other industries studied. Thus, the features of the forming the performance of SMEs are the identified general trends in its dynamics, structural changes and a certain paradox, which is the atypical impact of labor and salary on performance and productivity in this sector of Ukraine's economy.

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