Knochenstoffwechsel im Alter

OP-Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 206-212
Author(s):  
Tim Rolvien ◽  
Michael Amling

ZusammenfassungDas Skelettsystem wird unter optimalen Bedingungen lebenslang erneuert, um sich mechanischen Belastungen anpassen sowie Knochenbrüchen Widerstand leisten zu können. Mit dem Alter kann sich das Gleichgewicht zwischen Knochenauf- und -abbau auf die Seite des Abbaus verschieben sowie die Knochenqualität verschlechtern, was zu einem Anstieg des Frakturrisikos führt. Ursächlich hierfür sind u. a. die Abnahme der regenerativen Kapazität mesenchymaler Stammzellen und die dadurch verminderte Knochenformation durch Osteoblasten. Des Weiteren sinkt die Zahl der sich im Knochen befindenden Osteozyten und es kommt zu zellintrinsischen Prozessen wie einer Anhäufung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies sowie verminderter lysosomaler Verdauung (Autophagozytose). Der Mangel an Geschlechtshormononen, Wachstumsfaktoren sowie endogener Glukokortikoidüberschuss und fehlende körperliche Bewegung sind weitere Faktoren, die im Alter zu einem katabolen Knochenstoffwechsel und einer Abnahme der Knochenmasse führen können. Patienten nach erfolgter Fraktur und über 60 Jahren sollten daher vor allem bei Vorhandensein von typischen Risikofaktoren osteologisch untersucht werden. Zur osteologischen Basisdiagnostik gehört die Knochendichtemessung in DXA-Technologie (DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) und ein ausführliches osteologisches Labor inklusive Bestimmung von Vitamin D (25-Hydroxy-Vitamin-D3). Die Patienten, deren statistisches Frakturrisiko ein Level von 30% übersteigt, erhalten dann zusätzlich zur Basistherapie in Form von Bewegung und Vitamin-D-Substitution eine spezifische osteologische Therapie (wie z. B. Bisphosphonat, Denosumab, Teriparatid), was mit einer erheblichen Risikoreduktion für weitere Frakturen einhergeht. Zusammenfassend stellt das Lebensalter einen Hauptrisikofaktor für Knochenbrüche und Osteoporose dar, weshalb die entsprechenden Patienten richtig diagnostiziert und behandelt werden müssen. So können die meisten Frakturen verhindert werden.

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 1195-1195
Author(s):  
Carlo Foresta ◽  
Giacomo Strapazzon ◽  
Luca De Toni ◽  
Lisa Perilli ◽  
Antonella Di Mambro ◽  
...  

Abstract Working Hypothesis: Mutations in the CYP2R1 gene, highly expressed in the testis and encoding vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, result in a vitamin D deficiency and a defective calcium homeostasis leading to rickets. Objective: Our aim was to investigate CYP2R1 expression in pathological testis samples and relate this to vitamin D metabolism in testiculopathic patients. Design, Patients, Setting: Testis samples for in vitro study and 98 young men were transversally evaluated at Padova's Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation. Methods: CYP2R1 mRNA expression and protein production were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Hormonal and bone-marker levels, and bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, were determined in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and severe hypospermatogenesis. Results: We found a lower gene and protein expression of CYP2R1 in samples with hypospermatogenesis and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (P < 0.05) and a colocalization with INSL-3, a Leydig cell marker, at immunofluorescence. In all testiculopathic patients 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower and PTH levels higher compared to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, testiculopathic patients showed osteopenia and osteoporosis despite normal testosterone levels compared with controls both with increased bone-marker levels and altered dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (for all parameters, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data show an association between testiculopathy and alteration of the bone status, despite unvaried androgen and estrogen levels and no other evident cause of vitamin D reduction. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.


2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Bjelica ◽  
Viktorija Vucaj-Cirilovic ◽  
Snezana Tomasevic-Todorovic ◽  
Karmela Filipovic

Introduction. Postmenopausal women are at a great risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis. The two main factors causing osteoporosis are aging and loss of the gonadal function. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is primarily the consequence of estrogen deficiency, whereas senile osteoporosis is related to the natural aging process. Risk factors for the onset of osteoporosis. Risk factors include: age of 50 years and over. female gender. Caucasian race, genetic predisposition, short stature, under?nourishment, physical inactivity, amenorrhea, late menarche, early menopause, estrogen and androgen deficiency, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, calcium deficiency in the diet, use of some drugs. Osteoporosis complications. Osteoporosis is the main cause of bone fractures in older population. Biochemical indicators of bone metabolism. A great number of bone formation and resorption markers are listed. Diagnostics. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the hip and spine are a worldwide standard in diagnosing osteoporosis. Dual X-ray laser heel measurement is an alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quantitative computed tomography measures thin layers by cross-sectional scans. Quantitative ultrasonography is a good method, but the measurements are not as precise as by other imaging techniques. Drug treatment of osteoporosis. Modern treatment of osteoporosis includes application of bisphosphonates, selective estrogen-receptor modulators, calcium preparations, vitamin D, monoclonal antibodies, hormonal therapy, estrogens, and phytoestrogens. Prevention. Lifestyle changes and non-pharmacological measures are most important for healthy bones. Physical activity, nutrition rich in calcium and vitamin D, avoidance of smoking and alcohol consumption are of crucial importance for people of all ages. especially for the older ones.


2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
S.T. Muratova ◽  

The development of the skeletal system occur during childhood. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the skeleton's maturation and maintenance of the structure and mass of bones. Juvenile hyperthyroidism affects bone metabolism. This study aimed to identify abnormalities in bone mineral density and the level of calciotropic hormones in juvenile hyperthyroidism to further improve the diagnosis of complications of juvenile hyperthyroidism. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by 21 health controls and 71 children and adolescents with juvenile hyperthyroidism. Anthropometric indicators were calculated using the WHO Anthro Plus personal computer software. Thyroid status and thyroid antibodies, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase were determined using a closed-type immunochemistry analyzer Cobas e 411 Hitachi company Hoffman Le Roche (Switzerland) and its reagents. Bone mineral density was evaluated by dual-energy absorptiometry on a Stratos X-ray densitometer from Diagnostic Medical Systems, France. Results. In juvenile hypertrichosis, in comparison with the control, significantly low values of vitamin D and calcium in the blood serum were noted, the mean values of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were substantially higher. There was no significant difference in the levels of parathyroid hormone and phosphorus in the blood serum in the compared groups. In 45.1% of patients, a decrease in bone mass was diagnosed compared to the age norm. A reliable direct correlation of vitamin D and calcium with bone density was revealed in all X-ray densitometry parameters and a reliable inverse correlation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density. Osteocalcin had a stronger inverse correlation with all dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry parameters and became a better biomarker than alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions. There is a decrease in bone mineral density in children with juvenile hyperthyroidism. Changes in the level of calciotropic hormones indicate a deranged bone metabolism. Serum osteocalcin can be used as a biomarker of bone metabolism in children with juvenile hyperthyroidism. It is recommended to assess the bones' condition during the initial examination of children with juvenile hyperthyroidism. The study was carried out following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the parents of the children was obtained for the research. The author declares no conflicts of interest. Key words: juvenile hyperthyroidism, children, adolescents, bone mineral density; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, osteocalcin, vitamin D.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. e236631
Author(s):  
Sarah Kerut ◽  
Karthik Reddy Kovvuru ◽  
Licy Yanes-Cardozo ◽  
Vishnu Vardhan Garla

A 45-year-old man was referred to endocrine for the evaluation of hypercalcaemia. The calcium was elevated, vitamin D was low with a normal parathyroid hormone. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan revealed osteoporosis at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. A 24-hour urine collection revealed low urinary calcium, which was believed to be secondary to vitamin D deficiency. A diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made. The patient underwent a four-gland parathyroid exploration surgery in which three of his parathyroid glands were removed. The pathology was consistent with benign parathyroid tissue. Post surgery, the patient had persistently elevated calcium levels. He was then started on bisphosphonate and cinacalcet for osteoporosis and hypercalcaemia, respectively. Genetic analysis of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) showed a p.arg15cys mutation in the AP2S1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of FHH type 3.


Nutrition ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1204-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyasu Kouda ◽  
Harunobu Nakamura ◽  
Yuki Fujita ◽  
Kumiko Ohara ◽  
Masayuki Iki

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. E646-E652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Foresta ◽  
Giacomo Strapazzon ◽  
Luca De Toni ◽  
Lisa Perilli ◽  
Antonella Di Mambro ◽  
...  

Abstract Working Hypothesis: Mutations in the CYP2R1 gene, highly expressed in the testis and encoding vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, result in a vitamin D deficiency and a defective calcium homeostasis leading to rickets. Objective: Our aim was to investigate CYP2R1 expression in pathological testis samples and relate this to vitamin D metabolism in testiculopathic patients. Design, Patients, Setting: Testis samples for in vitro study and 98 young men were transversally evaluated at Padova's Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation. Methods: CYP2R1 mRNA expression and protein production were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Hormonal and bone-marker levels, and bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, were determined in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and severe hypospermatogenesis. Results: We found a lower gene and protein expression of CYP2R1 in samples with hypospermatogenesis and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (P < 0.05) and a colocalization with INSL-3, a Leydig cell marker, at immunofluorescence. In all testiculopathic patients 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower and PTH levels higher compared to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, testiculopathic patients showed osteopenia and osteoporosis despite normal testosterone levels compared with controls both with increased bone-marker levels and altered dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (for all parameters, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data show an association between testiculopathy and alteration of the bone status, despite unvaried androgen and estrogen levels and no other evident cause of vitamin D reduction. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Talles Bazeia Lima ◽  
Lívia Alves Amaral Santos ◽  
Hélio Rubens de Carvalho Nunes ◽  
Giovanni Faria Silva ◽  
Carlos Antonio Caramori ◽  
...  

AbstractDespite the high prevalence of osteoporosis in liver cirrhosis, the indication of bisphosphonates for patients with esophageal varices has been avoided due to risk of digestive mucosal damage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of risedronate treatment for patients with osteoporosis, liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices with low risk of bleeding. A total of 120 patients were allocated into two groups according to their bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In the intervention group, 57 subjects with osteoporosis received oral risedronate at 35 mg weekly plus daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In the control group, 63 subjects with osteopenia received only calcium and vitamin D. The groups received the treatment for one year and underwent surveillance endoscopies at six and 12 months, as well as a control dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry after a 12-month follow-up. The study received Institutional Review Board approval. The groups had not only comparable Model for End-stage Liver Disease score and esophageal varices degree, but also similar incidence of digestive adverse effects. A significant improvement was achieved in the intervention group in the lumbar spine T score (p < 0.001). The results suggest that risedronate may be safely used in liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices with low bleeding risk under endoscopic surveillance, thus allowing bone mass recovery.


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