Networked InField Compression for CSG field development

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Guy Hodgson ◽  
Vernon Edwards
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Flexible Infrastructure ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Installation Time

Driven by the LNG feed gas volume demand, recent large CSG field development in Queensland has been developed around large centralised compressor stations, designed and constructed on conventional gas project guidelines. Experience in the United States and Canada during more than four decades, however, has shown the best CSG reservoir performances and lifecycle costs are achieved with low capital cost, flexible infrastructure, and infield compression close to well heads. The Networked InField Compression System offers CSG producers significant advantages compared with centralised systems. The model comprises a grid network of well heads; low, intermediate, and high pressure pipelines; integral infield compressors, and booster compression stations. The model differs from traditional models in a number of ways. The majority of wellhead infrastructure and compression is relocated back in the field, reducing costs and inspection requirements. Low horsepower integral infield compressors are gas driven, pipeline losses are reduced and use 30–40 % less BHP than screw compressors, and skid-mounted for simple and cost-effective relocation. Coiled high pressure, low diameter flexible piping is used, which requires a narrow right of way, few connections, and can be ploughed in multiple lines from up to 5–8 km per day, depending on soil conditions.In addition to 30-40 % improvements in capital expenditure and installation time, the Networked InField Compression model offers 20–30 % lower operating costs and 10–20 % more gas from increased flow levels and/or extended well life. Further, environmental impact is decreased by 20–40%, as land use, CO2 emissions; crew sizes and peak water flow are significantly reduced compared with centralised systems.

Conceptual Field Development Plan for X Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadijah Ibrahim ◽  
Petrus Nzerem ◽  
Ayuba Salihu ◽  
Ikechukwu Okafor ◽  
Oluwaseun Alonge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Recovery Factor ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Production Forecast ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Water Cut

Abstract The development plan of the new oil field discovered in a remote offshore environment, Niger Delta, Nigeria was evaluated. As the oil in place is uncertain, a probabilistic approach was used to estimate the STOOIP using the low, mid, and high cases. The STOOIP for these cases were 95 MMSTB, 145 MMSTB and 300 MMSTB which are the potential amount of oil in the reservoir. Rock and fluid properties were determined using PVT sample and then matched to the Standing correlations with an RMS of 4.93%. The performance of the different well models were analyzed, and sensitivities were run to provide detailed information to reduce the uncertainties of the parameters. Furthermore, production forecast was done for the field for the different STOOIP using the predicted number of producer and injector wells. The timing of the wells was accurately allocated to provide information for the drillers to work on the wells. From the production forecast, the different STOOIP cases had a water cut ranging from 68-73% at the end of the 15-year field life. The recoverable oil estimate was accounted for 33.25 MMSTB for 95 MMSTB (low), 55.1 MMSTB for 145 MMSTB (mid) and 135 MMSTB for 300 MMSTB (high) at 35%, 38% and 45% recovery factor. Based on the proposed development plan, the base model is recommended for further implementation as the recovery factor is 38% with an estimate of 55.1 MMSTB. The platform will have 6 producers and 2 injectors. The quantity of oil produced is estimated at 15000 stbo/day which will require a separator that has the capacity of hold a liquid rate of about 20000 stb/day. The developmental wells are subsequently increased to achieve a water cut of 90-95% with more recoverable oil within the 15-year field life. This developmental plan is also cost effective as drilling more wells means more capital expenditure.

Miami Downtown People Mover Operations: Initial Segment Versus Full System

2000 ◽  
Vol 1704 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Murthy V. A. Bondada ◽  
David R. Fialkoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Full System ◽  
Segment Versus

The Miami, Detroit, and Jacksonville downtown people movers (DPM) were implemented in the United States in 1986, 1987, and 1989, respectively. Because capital at that time was insufficient to build full systems, the most feasible initial segments were built. These segments were the first part of larger DPM networks planned for the downtown areas. In 1994, the Miami system was expanded, and the Jacksonville system is now being expanded. These extensions to the Miami and Jacksonville DPMs will complete the systems as originally planned. Compared with the initial segments, the full systems are expected to improve downtown circulation for both the users of the initial segments, and new riders of the expanded systems. The larger systems also are more cost-effective in construction and operation than the smaller systems (initial segments). The Miami DPM, known locally as the Metromover, is the first DPM in the United States. Its initial segment operated for 8 years (1986–1994), and the full system has operated since 1994. The operations of the initial and full systems are compared to assess the increased downtown circulation and cost-effectiveness with respect to capital and operating costs.

scholarly journals Logging Industry in the United States: Employment and Profitability

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1720
Author(s):  
Mingtao He ◽  
Mathew Smidt ◽  
Wenying Li ◽  
Yaoqi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Aging Workforce ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Logging Industry ◽  
Product Output ◽  
Quarterly Workforce Indicators ◽  
The U.S

This study analyzed logging industry employment and profitability in recent decades in the U.S. based on Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI), Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and Timber Product Output (TPO) Reports. The logging industry in the U.S. has experienced reduced employment with an aging workforce over the past two decades. The changes might be related to increased productivity from mechanization, combined with reduced demand for logging, but estimates of capital and labor productivity for logging are not available. To overcome the data limitation, a simple and cost-effective economic model, Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) Model, was applied to estimate the profitability of the entire industry at a state level. It was found that the reduced demand and increased operating costs led to poor profitability and a wave of closures of logging firms but also accelerated the adjustment in the logging industry. Serious challenges facing the forestry sector include the lack of an effective monitoring tool for the logging industry, structural shortage of logging labor, and rising operating costs.

Detection of enteroviruses in marine waters by direct RT-PCR and cell culture

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Reynolds ◽  
C. P. Gerba ◽  
I. L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Storm Water Runoff ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Reaction Amplification

Sewage outfalls and storm water runoff introduces pathogenic human enteric viruses into marine coastal waters, which may pose a potential public health risk. Although members of the enterovirus group have been suggested as possible indicators of sewage pollution in marine waters, the lack of rapid, sensitive and cost effective methods have prevented routine monitoring in the United States. This study compared traditional cell culture and direct RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) amplification for detection of an enterovirus. Poliovirus could be recovered from 100 L of artificial seawater with an average efficiency of 77%, using adsorption and elution from electronegative filters. Viruses were eluted from the filters with 1.5% beef extract for viruses (BEV) adjusted to pH 9.5 and reconcentrated by organic flocculation to a volume of 30 mL. Substances which interfered with detection by RT-PCR were removed by treatment of the concentrates with sephadex and chelex resins. Direct RT-PCR could detect 2.5 and 0.025 PFU (plaque forming units) for single (25 cycles) and double PCR (2 × 25 cycles) in 10 μL of pure culture poliovirus samples, respectively. These methods are currently being applied to assess the occurrence of enteroviruses at marine bathing beaches influenced by sewage discharges.

BioWorma as an Aid for Controlling Ruminant Nematode Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
James E Miller ◽  
Joan M Burke ◽  
Thomas H Terrill
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Abstract Nematode-trapping fungi are biological control agents used against the larval stages of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock feces. These fungi are normal soil inhabitants where they feed on a variety of non-parasitic soil nematodes. Of the various fungi tested, Duddingtonia flagrans spores (BioWorma, International Animal Health Products, Australia) have been shown to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. After defecation, the spores germinate and grow in the feces to form sticky, sophisticated traps/loops which are able to trap the developing larval stages in the fecal environment. This form of control has been successfully applied under field conditions and is an environmentally safe biological approach for forage-based feeding systems. BioWorma has recently been approved for use in the United States. The primary delivery system is mixing BioWorma into supplement feedstuffs daily where each animal has the opportunity to consume an adequate amount of the mixture. To achieve optimum control of larvae during the transmission season (May–October), BioWorma needs to be fed for a period of no shorter than 60 days, starting at the beginning of the grazing season (especially young after weaning). Feeding BioWorma to dams during late pregnancy and lactation will also help to reduce pasture contamination, especially for growing young that will graze the same pasture. Another delivery system is mixing BioWorma into loose mineral supplement where animals will consume it free choice. The mineral needs to be kept covered and dry. The spores cannot be incorporated into pellets as the heat of the pelleting process will kill the spores. One drawback in using BioWorma is the relatively high cost. Research is being conducted to evaluate other delivery schemes that could be more cost effective. This product is the only control method that targets nematodes on pasture, where a majority of the total population reside.

scholarly journals Single-Run Separation and Quantification of 14 Cannabinoids Using Capillary Electrophoresis

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Emil A. Zaripov ◽  
Tiah Lee ◽  
Yuchu Dou ◽  
Cory S. Harris ◽  
Artem Egorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Good Separation ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Quantification of major cannabinoids in cannabis products is normally performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods. We propose a cost-effective alternative method that successfully separates and quantifies 14 cannabinoids in a single run using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with a UV detector in 18 min. The separation is carried out in 60% acetonitrile in the presence of 6.5 mM sodium hydroxide and 25 µM β-cyclodextrin, resulting in good separation of cannabinoids. Our CE method demonstrated the limit of detection between 1.2–1.8 µg/mL, with the linear range reaching up to 50 µg/mL. We validated the method performance by testing a plant extract and quantifying cannabinoid content. This method is the first to separate 14 cannabinoids in one run using a CE system with UV detection.

Optimising Foundation Skirt Geometries for Reliable Foundation Capacity and Installation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Bransby ◽  
D. O’Driscoll ◽  
H. Zhu ◽  
M. F. Randolph ◽  
T. Drummen
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Self ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Foundation Type ◽  
Fabrication Costs ◽  
Installation Time

Increasing numbers of subsea structures related to wells and pipelines are being placed on the seabed as part of typical subsea or tie-back developments. Given the proliferation of these structures and the marginal cost of offshore developments, controlling installation and fabrication costs for subsea structures can be key to project viability. Skirted mudmats are often the most cost-effective foundation type, and particular additional design focuses on optimising their cost by minimising foundation weight and installation time. Subsea foundations must be designed to withstand all applied loads during their design life (e.g. during set-down, tie-in, hydrotest, operation etc.) with suitable reliability. Using skirts, peripheral or internal, to improve the sliding resistance is an efficient solution provided the self-weight of the subsea structure on set-down is sufficiently large to ensure installation of the skirts (even for the strongest likely seabed conditions), but can lead to significant cost increases if additional ballast is required to ensure this. The paper examines how foundation skirt geometries can be optimised in order to provide sufficient foundation in-place capacity whilst minimising the amount of self-weight required for their installation. Parametric studies are presented that show how the sliding capacity of individual skirts is affected by the weight of the structure, and also the spacing and position within the foundation plan.

Optimization Applied to Buzios Flexible Riser Systems and Subsea Layout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Gasparetto ◽  
Thierry Hernalsteens ◽  
Joao Francisco Fleck Heck Britto ◽  
Joab Flavio Araujo Leao ◽  
Thiago Duarte Fonseca Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Flexible Riser ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Field Development

Abstract Buzios is a super-giant ultra-deep-water pre-salt oil and gas field located in the Santos Basin off Brazil's Southeastern coast. There are four production systems already installed in the field. Designed to use flexible pipes to tie back the production and injection wells to the FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading), these systems have taken advantage from several lessons learned in the previous projects installed by Petrobras in Santos Basin pre-salt areas since 2010. This knowledge, combined with advances in flexible pipe technology, use of long-term contracts and early engagement with suppliers, made it possible to optimize the field development, minimizing the risks and reducing the capital expenditure (CAPEX) initially planned. This paper presents the first four Buzios subsea system developments, highlighting some of the technological achievements applied in the field, as the first wide application of 8" Internal Diameter (ID) flexible production pipes for ultra-deep water, leading to faster ramp-ups and higher production flowrates. It describes how the supply chain strategy provided flexibility to cover the remaining project uncertainties, and reports the optimizations carried out in flexible riser systems and subsea layouts. The flexible risers, usually installed in lazy wave configurations at such water depths, were optimized reducing the total buoyancy necessary. For water injection and service lines, the buoyancy modules were completely removed, and thus the lines were installed in a free-hanging configuration. Riser configuration optimizations promoted a drop of around 25% on total riser CAPEX and allowed the riser anchor position to be placed closer to the floating production unit, promoting opportunities for reducing the subsea tieback lengths. Standardization of pipe specifications and the riser configurations allowed the projects to exchange the lines, increasing flexibility and avoiding riser interference in a scenario with multiple suppliers. Furthermore, Buzios was the first ultra-deep-water project to install a flexible line, riser, and flowline, with fully Controlled Annulus Solution (CAS). This system, developed by TechnipFMC, allows pipe integrity management from the topside, which reduces subsea inspections. As an outcome of the technological improvements and the optimizations applied to the Buzios subsea system, a vast reduction in subsea CAPEX it was achieved, with a swift production ramp-up.

Response to Dr Stone

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-851
Author(s):  
Howard A. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Nurse Practitioners ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Maintenance Organizations ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Quality Cost ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Quality Health

Dr Elsa Stone, in her usual organized and lucid fashion, has presented the case for inclusion of pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) in private pediatric practices. She bases her conclusions on her nearly 10 years of positive experience with a PNP in her own practice in Connecticut. Dr Stone describes the PNP population and demography, describes the training curriculum of PNPs, and discusses the scope of work of these individuals. She concludes that "there is substantial evidence that PNPs provide quality health care and that collaborative teams of pediatricians and PNPs can provide high-quality, cost-effective care to a broader spectrum of children than can be served by either profession alone." The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has insisted for several years that there is a shortage of pediatricians to meet the expanding needs of the children of the United States. Furthermore, pediatricians—because of system changes—will be expected increasingly to provide a variety of time-intensive services. Dr Stone believes that many of these services can be well provided by PNPs. Within the AAP, there have been some concerns about the role of PNPs. Of particular worry seems to be the possibility that PNPs might decide to practice independently, leading to a lower quality of care for their patients. Less often stated, but clearly an issue, is that PNPs are viewed by some pediatricians as potential competitors. Dr Stone's demographic analysis of what PNPs are currently doing is relevant to these concerns. One third of PNPs work in private pediatric practices or health maintenance organizations.

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