THE SEABED AND OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION-A REVIEW OF UNITED NATIONS DISCUSSIONS

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
J. B. R. Livermore
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Floor ◽  
World Population ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
The World ◽  
National Jurisdiction

For countless centuries the activities of man were bounded, in the main, by the limits of the dry land on which he lived. Some of the more intrepid ventured out upon the seas and oceans — to fish, to explore, to trade, or to fight. In the twentieth century man has conquered the air and circled the globe in space.Now the world looks to another new frontier — the field of exploration of the seabed beneath the oceans. In recent decades there has been an awakening to the existence of natural resources in the seabed and ocean floor.Tliis prospect of discoiering, and more importantly producing, minerals from the deep ocean floor, appears to offer the potential of expanding the resource base of modern civilisation at a time when a growing world population, coupled with rising standards of living, are throwing increased demands on the world's known stock of natural resources.For three years the United Nations, following an initiative by the island state of Malta, has been discussing the reservation, exclusively for peaceful purposes, of the seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and the use of the resources of this area, in the interests of mankind as a whole.During these discussions diverse points of view have emerged: some would restrict the jurisdiction of a coastal state severely; others argue for extensive coastal state jurisdiction. Some want elaborate and comprehensive international machinery to control all activities on the seabed in accordance with a regime agreed internationally; others support more modest arrangements arguing that elaborate machinery would swallow up the financial benefits and leave little or nothing for the world community; still others contend that the regime and machinery should, initially at least, be resource oriented.The Australian delegation has put the view that any international arrangements for the deep seabed must be effective, credible and impartial. Such arrangements must not only command the support of the nations of the world regardless of geographical location or political system, they must also instil confidence in the minds of operators that rights granted can, and will, be upheld.Moves are developing for a further comprehensive law of the sea conference — perhaps within two or three years - which will tackle several outstanding matters including, importantly, that of a suitable regime and administrative machinery for the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction. Inevitably this will involve consideration of the imprecision of the limits of the continental shelf as presently defined by the Geneva Convention of 1958. Other subjects requiring attention are the breadth of the territorial sea, rights of passage through straits and fisheries matters.Australia, an island continent with a long coastline and an extensive continental shelf, has a vital interest in the course of these deliberations.

Illegal Southern Ocean Fishing And Prompt Release: Balancing Coastal And Flag State Rights And Interests

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Rothwell ◽  
Tim Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
State Rights ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Seas

A feature of the new law of the sea introduced by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention),1 was the capacity for coastal states to assert vast maritime claims over waters adjacent to their coastlines. A continental shelf could be claimed out to a minimum of 200 nautical miles,2 while the newly recognized Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) also extended out to 200 nautical miles.3 The continental shelf had previously been recognized under the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf4 and so the extension of coastal state sovereign rights over the seabed and subsoil was consistent with already existing law of the sea principles. However the EEZ, which gave to coastal states sovereign rights over the living and non-living resources of the sea-bed and adjacent waters,5 was a new initiative of the LOS Convention and represents one of the most significant contemporary expansions of state sovereignty. By contrast with the extended continental shelf, which did not affect any significant pre-existing activities on the sea-bed, the new EEZ had a major impact upon fishing activities. As coastal states around the world eagerly proclaimed EEZs, waters previously considered high seas areas available for fishing6 were now within the reach of state fisheries’ jurisdiction and control. The result has been that under contemporary international law those waters available for the exercise of the high seas ‘freedom’ of fishing,7 have gradually been reduced. This new regime, in combination with parallel initiatives to regulate some aspects of high seas fishing activities, has meant that ‘legal’ fishing on the high seas is now subject to extensive regulation.

Article 76 of the LOSC on the Definition of the Continental Shelf: Questions concerning its Interpretation from a Legal Perspective

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Oude Elferink
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is a complex process, which requires a coastal state to dedicate significant resources. To understand the reasons for the inclusion of this complex provision in the LOSC, this article first looks at the origins of Article 76. Subsequently, a number of provisions of Article 76 are considered to illustrate the questions which exist in connection with its application and interpretation. It is concluded that Article 76 fulfills the mandate that had been given to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in respect of the definition of the limits of national jurisdiction, notwithstanding the complexity of the issue and the interests involved. Before the Third Conference started there was no certainty about the extent of the continental shelf. Article 76 provides a procedure to arrive at precisely defined outer limits. Once Article 76 will have been implemented by all the present states parties to the Convention, most of the outer limits of the continental shelf vis-à-vis the Area will be defined in precise terms.

scholarly journals Nutrition, Diet and Healthy Aging

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Emiliana Giacomello ◽  
Luana Toniolo
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
World Population ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Different Sources

The current increase in life expectancy is confirmed by data from different sources (i.e.,The World Population Prospects 2019 issued by the United Nations; https://population.un.org/wpp/ (accessed on 20 December 2021)), which predict that, in the near future, individ-uals who are over 65 and over 80 will be the fastest-growing portion of the population [...]

Engineering a large sustainable world fishery

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN S. F. JONES ◽  
HELEN E. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
World Population ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

Mankind is faced with three interconnected problems, those of rising population, the provision of adequate food and the increasing level of waste carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The ocean plays an important role at present by annually providing c. 90 Mt of high protein food and absorbing about 1000 Mt of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. By the year 2100 it is predicted by the United Nations (1992) that the world population will have more than doubled its 1990 level of 5.2 thousand million people and will approach 11.5 thousand million. Most of this population increase will occur in the developing countries.

The Permanent Limits of the Continental Shelf

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-103
Author(s):  
Kate Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Coastal Change ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Common Heritage Of Mankind ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

This chapter traces the development of the regime of the continental shelf. It challenges the claim that UNCLOS Article 76(9) exceptionally secures the limits of the continental shelf against subsequent coastal change. The permanence of the outer limits of the continental shelf was intended to preserve an area of the seabed beyond national jurisdiction as the common heritage of mankind. The law also provides that the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M), which are not defined by distance from the coast, are ‘final and binding’. Neither Article 76(9) nor any other element of the regime of the continental shelf can be said to imply the ambulatory character of baselines and the zonal limits measured from them. Indeed, the requirement to permanently establish the limits of the continental shelf implies that the coastal State is ordinarily permitted rather than required to revise established maritime limits.

Distribution of external parasites indicates boundaries to dispersal of sillaginid fishes in the Indo-West Pacific

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig J. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Floor ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Planktonic Larvae ◽  
Sillago Sihama ◽  
High Parasite

The distribution of sillaginid-specific ectoparasites permits the distinction of two provinces with high parasite diversity: one on the continental shelf of Australia, and one on the shelf of Asia. The Australian province has 15 endemics (five monogeneans, one leech and nine copepods), and the Asian province has 14 endemics (two monogeneans and 12 copepods). These provinces are separated by a region with coastlines that descend very steeply to the ocean floor and by deep ocean waters that largely inhibit sillaginid movements. Some sillaginids must have dispersed across eastern Indonesia, however, leading to the occurrence of four parasites in both provinces. Three Australian parasites also appear to be presently encroaching onto the southern periphery of the Asian shelf. At least one less-recent invasion of Australian waters by Asian sillaginids would account for the occurrence of six pairs of copepod congeners that have one member in each province. The most widespread sillaginid, Sillago sihama, seems to have dispersed to African shores from the Arabian Sea as planktonic larvae only (no Asian parasites were present in samples of 29 hosts) and relatively recently (only one locally endemic parasite appears to have been acquired).

Places Open and Shut

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harm De Blij
Keyword(s):  
Relative Location ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Potent Factor ◽  
Health And Sickness

The power of place manifests itself in continua of opportunity and risk, advantage and privation. On the global map it is revealed in patterns of health and sickness, wealth and poverty. On the ground it is demarcated by barriers and barricades, patrols and controls. Reflecting on the impress of place on the fortunes and misfortunes of the planet’s nearly seven billion human inhabitants, it is worth noting that, for all their vaunted mobility, only about 200 million live outside the country of their birth, or less than 3 percent of the total. Some academics (as well as politicians) refer to the present as the “age of migration.” The figures indicate otherwise. The overwhelming majority of us die under the governmental, linguistic, religious, medical, environmental, and other circumstances into which we were born. The constraints on transnational and intercultural migration remain powerful and, in some respects, are increasing rather than softening, roughening rather than flattening the global playing field. Place, most emphatically place of birth but also the constricted space in which the majority of lives are lived, remains the most potent factor shaping the destinies of billions. As a result, those destinies are closely tied to the fortunes and misfortunes of the state that imparts “nationality” on citizens born within its borders. One of these involves relative location. There are numerous reasons why approximately 70 percent of the poorest-of-the-poor are citizens of African states, but one of these reasons may not be immediately obvious—until one takes a close look at the continent’s regional geography. Africa has more landlocked countries than any other continent or geographic realm in the world, and almost as many (14) as the rest of the world put together (and still another one may join this group if voters in a future referendum in Southern Sudan opt for independence). Unless a landlocked country has a combination of good management and a relatively rich resource base, as Botswana does but Zimbabwe does not, it is far more susceptible to any regional malaise than a coastal state. As economic geographers have long pointed out, a coastal state trades with the world; a landlocked state trades with, or through, its neighbors.

Agrarian Reform and Rural Development

Worldview ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Sudhir Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
World Population ◽  
World Conference ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is convening a World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD) at FAO headquarters in Rome from July 12 to 20, 1979. This will provide a unique opportunity— perhaps the last, best chance—to come to grips with a problem that has long been crying out for an aggressive, well-planned attack.The trends are disastrous. The hour is already late. With each passing day some 200,000 more people are added to the world population, mostly to the poor nations to swell the ranks of their destitute.

scholarly journals Integrated Care and Geriatrics: a call to renovation from the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
P. Astrone ◽  
M. Cesari
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
World Population ◽  
Nations People ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Related

In recent decades, we have witnessed the progressive aging of the world population. According to the latest global demographic estimates by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations, people aged 65 years or older represented 9% of the entire population in 2019 (1). It is well-established that the risk of severe health-related events increases with age. Thus it is not surprising that the COVID-19 pandemic has shown once more how the older adults and the frailest subjects are particularly exposed to adverse outcomes (2). The often neglected problems of geriatrics are today evident (at least, for those who want to see them), and indicate the need to reshape our healthcare systems according to characteristics of the older population.

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