Effect of feed processing and enzyme supplementation on diet digestibility and performance of male weaner pigs fed wheat-based diets in dry or liquid form

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. l'Anson ◽  
Mingan Choct ◽  
Peter H. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Weaner Pigs

One hundred and forty-four individually housed, entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.3 s.d. 0.1 kg) were individually housed and allocated to a 26-day feeding trial of 2 by 2 by 3 factorial design. The factors were (1) feed processing method (meal or steam pelleted), (2) feed form (dry or liquid), and (3) enzyme addition (basal diet, or basal diet plus 300 ppm xylanase or 100 ppm phytase). Five days post weaning, two pigs were removed from each treatment. The basal diet was formulated to be marginally adequate for pigs of this age, providing 13.8 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg DM and 0.79 g available lysine/MJ DE. The diet contained 0.81% Ca, 0.44% non-phytate-P and 0.31% phytate-P. Compared with pigs fed dry diets, pigs fed liquid diets consumed less feed (70 ± 14.2 g/day; P < 0.05) had a lower daily gain (49 ± 12.5 g/day; P < 0.05) and as a consequence had a lower 26-day weight (1.1 ± 0.4 kg; P < 0.05). However, pigs fed liquid diets had a better feed conversion efficiency (adjusted to the same DM content as dry feed) than pigs on dry diets (1.16 versus 1.20 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). Steam pelleting the diets had no effect on feed intake or daily gain, but did improve feed conversion ratio (1.14 versus 1.22 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). The poorer growth on liquid feeds appeared to result from the feeding method imposing a degree of restriction on feed intake. Xylanase or phytase supplementation did not significantly affect non-starch polysaccharide levels in the diets or growth performance. Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) daily intake, daily gain and 26-day weight, of pigs fed dry diets, but not those fed liquid diets. The results indicated that when diets were fed in liquid form, prior steam pelleting of the diets and enzyme supplementation did not provide additional benefit.

Effect of xylanase supplementation of wheat-based liquid diets, for weaner pigs, steeped for 1 or 24 h before feeding

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie A. l'Anson ◽  
Mingan Choct ◽  
Peter H. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Weaner Pigs ◽  
Entire Male

Seventy-two individually housed, entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.4 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a 26-day feeding trial. The pigs were allocated to one of six treatments in a 3 by 2 factorial design. The factors were (1) steeping duration of liquid feed [0 (dry control diet), 1 or 24 h], and (2) enzyme supplementation (0 or 300 ppm xylanase). The basal diet was wheat-based (65%) and was formulated to be marginally adequate for pigs of this age, containing 14.5 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg and 0.85 g available lysine/MJ DE. Feeding pigs liquid diets steeped for 1 h increased feed intake (61 g/day; s.e.d. 17; P < 0.05) and daily gain (70 g/day; s.e.d. 17; P < 0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio (1.16 versus 1.22; s.e.d. 0.03; P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed dry diets. Performance was not further improved by steeping for 24 h. The addition of xylanase to the diets had no positive effect on any of the performance measures and was associated with a significant (40 g/day; s.e.d. 14; P < 0.05) reduction in feed intake. These results provide no support for supplementing liquid diets for weaner pig diets with xylanase.

Interactions between weaning age, weaning weight, sex, and enzyme supplementation on growth performance of pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
D. K. Kerton ◽  
P. D. Cranwell ◽  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain

Digestive capacity of early-weaned pigs may be insufficient to fully digest many ingredients currently used in weaner diets. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether an exogenous enzyme preparation with broad carbohydrase activity could benefit pigs that developmentally might be immature at weaning, especially with regard to gastrointestinal development. Eighty Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the factors being: weaning age (14 or 24 days), weaning weight (heavy or light), sex (boar or gilt), and dietary Biofeed Plus CT (0 or 500 μg/g) which contained fungal xylanases, pentosanases and β-glucanases. Pigs were housed individually and given a wheat-based (550 g/kg) diet containing 15.0 MJ DE and 15.9 g lysine/kg on an ad libitum basis for 21 days. The diet also contained 50 g/kg of soybean meal and 50 g/kg of lupin (Lupinus�angustifolius) kernels. The liveweights of heavy (H) pigs weaned at 24 or 14 days and light pigs (L) weaned at 24 or 14 days were 7.9 and 5.3 and 5.2 and 3.9 kg, respectively. Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (157 v. 345 g/day) than those weaned at 24 days, although there was a suggestion of an interaction between age and weight at weaning (P = 0.081). Thus, H and L pigs weaned at 14 days grew at 148 and 166 g/day, whereas H and L pigs weaned at 24 days grew at 374 and 315 g/day, respectively. Although there was no main effect of enzymes on daily gain (248 v. 254 g/day, P = 0.80), feed intake (278 v. 284 g/day, P = 0.79), or feed conversion ratio (1.19 v. 1.25, P�=�0.35), there were interactions with weaning age on daily gain (P = 0.050) and feed intake (P = 0.060). Pigs weaned at 14 days grew slower (176 v. 138 g/day) and ate less (206 v. 174 g/day), whereas pigs weaned at 24 days grew faster (321 v. 369 g/day) and ate more (351 v. 394 g/day), when supplemented with enzymes. During the third week after weaning there were interactions between dietary enzymes and sex (P = 0.060) and dietary enzymes and age (P = 0.023) on daily gain. Thus, pigs weaned at 24 days and supplemented with Biofeed Plus CT grew more quickly during the third week (559 v. 460 g/day), whereas the converse was true for pigs weaned at 14 days (286 v. 334 g/day). Also, enzyme-supplemented boars grew better over this period (457 v. 371 g/day), whereas the converse was true for gilts (388 v. 423 g/day). In conclusion, these data clearly indicate that the greatest determinant of post-weaning performance under the present conditions was the age of the pigs at weaning. Dietary enzyme supplementation appeared most efficacious in boars weaned at an older age, although benefits did not become apparent until 2 weeks after weaning.

The influence of particle size and processing method for wheat-based diets, offered in dry or liquid form, on growth performance and diet digestibility in male weaner pigs

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie l'Anson ◽  
Mingan Choct ◽  
Peter H. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Large White ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Weaner Pigs

In total, 136 entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.4 ± 0.3 kg) were individually housed and allocated to a 26-day feeding trial of 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. The factors were (1) feed processing method (meal or steam-pelleted); (2) feed form (dry or liquid), and (3) wheat particle size (average 760 or 664 μm). Five days post weaning two pigs were removed from each treatment. Particle size had no effect on pig performance. Pigs fed steam-pelleted diets had higher daily gain (446 versus 388 g/day; s.e.d. 14.7), better food conversion ratio (1.20 versus 1.44; s.e.d. 0.05) and were heavier at the end of the 26-day feeding period (17.9 versus 16.8 kg; s.e.d. 0.31) than pigs fed meal diets (P < 0.05). Pigs given liquid diets had higher daily gain (453 versus 381 g/day; s.e.d. 14.7) and 26 days’ weight (18.1 versus 16.7 kg; s.e.d. 0.31), but poorer food conversion ratio (1.42 versus 1.22; s.e.d. 0.05) than pigs fed dry diets (P < 0.05). This poorer feed conversion efficiency of liquid fed pigs was largely attributable to increased feed wastage. Liquid-fed pigs consumed more feed in the 5 days post weaning (197 versus 157 g/day; s.e.d. 8.7; P < 0.05). The apparent DE content of the diet was increased (0.5 ± 0.1 MJ/kg DM; P < 0.05) by either steam-pelleting or finer grinding, but was not affected by liquid feeding.

scholarly journals Time taken for growing pigs to acclimate to change in ambient temperature.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
J.M.F. Verhagen ◽  
R. Geers ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Gain

In 4 almost identical trials, 159 Large White X Dutch Landrace gilts and castrated [male][male], weighing about 20 kg, were housed in groups of 10 and maintained at 15 degrees or 25 degrees C for 12 days; all pigs had previously been maintained at 20 degrees . For pigs maintained at 15 degrees and 25 degrees , daily intake of metabolizable energy averaged 1368+or-62.7 and 1462+or-109.4 kJ.kg-0.75 resp., and daily gain 596+or-28.9 and 622+or-76.8 g; differences between groups were significant. Groups did not differ significantly in heat production or feed conversion efficiency. For pigs housed at 15 degrees , feed intake increased from 1060+or-37.0 g per day at days 2-3 to 1375+or-26.5 g per day at days 11-12. Corresponding values for pigs housed at 25 degrees were 1125+or-29.0 and 1328+or-99.0 g per day. For both groups, heat production was significantly higher in the light than in the dark. Heat production in the light stopped increasing after 8 and 5 days resp. for pigs housed at 15 degrees and 25 degrees ; in the dark it stopped increasing after 6 days for pigs housed at 15 degrees . (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Impact of wet feeding wheat-based diets with or without enzyme on broiler chick performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

Two studies were conducted to determine the effect of wheat source on voluntary feed intake when diets were offered in a wet or dry form. The first experiment was designed to establish if a mould inhibitor was necessary. The second experiment allowed more extensive screening of wheat types to determine if there is a genetic component in wheat that explains the differences observed in exp. 1. Experiment 1 was based on two wheat cultivars [Hard Red Spring (HRS) and Durum]. Each wheat was ground, one portion was used as is, the other pelleted and re-ground. The four wheat sources were included at 80% of a standard bioassay diet (with enzyme) and each diet was fed with or without propionic acid. The eight diets were fed ad libitum as is or with 1.2 g water per gram of feed. The wet diets were prepared daily and all diets were fed to four groups of six male broilers from 1 to 17 d of age. The second experiment utilized three cultivars each of HRS and Durum wheat fed in similar bioassay diets with no pre-pelleting or added mould inhibitor; each diet was fed with or without enzyme. Each of the 12 diets in the second experiment was fed with and without 1.2 g water per gram of feed to six groups of eight male broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. For both experiments, the daily intake of feed, on an air-dried basis, was detennined for each diet and used to calculate feed conversion for the respective feeding periods. Experiment 1 showed no effect of supplementing the wheat-based diets with propionic acid. This same experiment also clearly showed that feed intake was increased with wet feeding and there were significantly greater effects when HRS as compared to Durum wheat was fed. Experiment 2 clearly established that there are distinct differences in voluntary feed intake with wet feeding utilizing HRS as compared to Durum wheat. This experiment indicated that wet feeding mimics enzyme supplementation with regard to lowering digesta viscosity, but it is clearly unique from enzyme supplementation with its large effect on feed intake and growth. These studies support our hypothesis that variability in hydration rate of cereal-based diets may limit intake. Key words: Wheat, wet feeding, enzymes, feed intake, broilers

Age, weight or total feed intake as bases for the performance testing of growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lister ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
M. S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTIn an experiment which showed that the results of a genotype comparison are influenced by the design of the test, 16 castrated male and 16 female pigs of each of Large White (LW) and Gloucester Old Spot (GOS) breeds were allocated equally among four treat- ments: WW—rationed by weight and slaughtered by weight; A A—rationed by age and slaughtered by age; AW—rationed by age and slaughtered by weight; and WF—rationed by weight and slaughtered after a common total feed intake. The experiment was designed so that performance of LW would be similar on all treatments, and the degree to which the GOS differed from the LW on each of these treatments was then evaluated. All pigs started on the experiment at 12 weeks of age, at which time mean weight of the LW was 14% greater than the mean for the GOS. The only between- breed difference that was statistically significant (P<0·05) on all treatments was weight of lean. Average daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly different between breeds only on the WW treatment. Weight of fat was significantly different on WW and AW but not on AA or WF.

Effect of liquid to feed ratio, steeping time, and enzyme supplementation on the performance of weaner pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choct ◽  
E. A. D. Selby ◽  
D. J. Cadogan ◽  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liquid Feeding ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Subsequent Activation ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of liquid to feed ratio, steeping time, and enzyme supplementation on performance of weaner pigs. In Expt 1, 40 male weaner pigs (weaned at 27 days of age) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments, including a dry control and 3 liquid diets of differing liquid: feed ratios (2 : 1, 3 : 1, and 4 : 1). Pigs were fed individually. Bodyweight was measured weekly and feed intake measured daily. The results confirmed the advantage of liquid feeding but indicated that liquid: feed ratio had very little effect on performance of weaner pigs. Whereas the digestible energy (DE) content of the 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 diets was similar to the control diet, the DE content of the 4 : 1 diet was significantly lower, possibly due to the removal of the insoluble marker (long chain hydrocarbon) by the amount of water in the diet.In Expt 2, the effect of a xylanase and steeping time on pig performance was assessed in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 steeping times, 1 h v. 15 h; enzyme addition, + v. –). Sixty male weaner pigs (weaned at 27 days of age) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments and fed individually for 3 weeks. Bodyweight was measured weekly and feed intake measured daily. The experiment revealed that both steeping and enzyme addition increased feed intake (P�<�0.01) and growth rate (P < 0.05), suggesting that both techniques influence the non-starch polysaccharide composition of the wheat-based diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to be improved more by steeping than by enzyme addition (P = 0.06). The results would suggest that steeping improves FCR by allowing increased hydration of feed and subsequent activation of the endogenous enzymes present naturally in grains.The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the water: solid feed ratio would affect nutrient availability to weaner pigs fed liquid diets.

scholarly journals Live Yeast or Live Yeast Combined with Zinc Oxide Enhanced Growth Performance, Antioxidative Capacity, Immunoglobulins and Gut Health in Nursery Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1626
Author(s):  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Tengfei He ◽  
Sung Woo Kim ◽  
Qinghui Shang ◽  
Tadele Kiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Live Yeast

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary LY or LY combined with ZnO supplementation on performance and gut health in nursery pigs. 192 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (weaned on d 32 of the age with 9.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were allocated into four treatments with eight replicate pens, six piglets per pen. The treatments included a basal diet as control (CTR), an antibiotic plus ZnO diet (CTC-ZnO, basal diet + 75 mg/kg of chlortetracycline + ZnO (2000 mg/kg from d 1 to 14, 160 mg/kg from d 15 to 28)), a LY diet (LY, basal diet + 2 g/kg LY), and a LY plus ZnO diet (LY-ZnO, basal diet + 1 g/kg LY + ZnO). The results showed that pigs fed LY or LY-ZnO had increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, serum IgA, IgG, superoxide dismutase, fecal butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, as well as decreased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate compared with CTR. In conclusion, pigs fed diets with LY or LY combined with ZnO had similar improvement to the use of antibiotics and ZnO in performance, antioxidant status, immunoglobulins, and gut health in nursery pigs.

Effects of wet feeding and enzyme supplementation on nutritional value of wheat screenings for broiler chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1906
Author(s):  
Ghorbanali Sadeghi ◽  
Ahmad Karimi ◽  
Soosan Mohammadi ◽  
Asaad Vaziry ◽  
Mahmood Habibian
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

The effects of wet feeding and a multi-enzyme preparation on the nutritional value of wheat screenings (WS) for broiler chicks were investigated. In total, 540 1-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet up to 29 days of age. At that time, the birds were randomly assigned to nine diets in a completely randomised design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, including three levels of WS (0%, 25% and 50%, WS0, WS25 and WS50 respectively) and three processing methods (no processing, enzyme supplementation and wet feeding). The enzyme mixture contained endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (200 FXU/g), endo-1, 4-β-glucanase (50 FBG/g), endo-1, 8-β-glucanase (21 FBG/g), hemicellulase (3000 VHCU/g), α-galactosidase (3 GALU/g) and protease (260 U/g) and was supplemented at a level of 6 g/kg of diet. The inclusion of water in wet diets was in the extent of 1.2 kg/kg of diet. During the period from 29 to 49 days of age, feed intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet, whereas chicks fed the WS25 diet had a higher (P < 0.05) bodyweight gain than did those on WS0 diet. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet throughout the study. The feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) by enzyme supplementation to WS50 diet, while bodyweight gain was increased (P < 0.05) by wet feeding. Enzyme supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) FCR, whereas wet feeding resulted in lower (P < 0.05) FCR over the entire study. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in the diet. The viscosity of the ileal digesta was higher (P < 0.05) in chicks receiving the WS50 diet than that in chicks receiving the other diets. The jejunal villus height was increased (P < 0.05) and the jejunal crypt depth was decreased (P < 0.05) by the inclusion of WS in diet. The jejunal crypt depth was greater (P < 0.05) in chicks receiving the wet diets than in chicks receiving the enzyme-supplemented diets (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study indicated that broiler growth performance was improved by the inclusion of WS in the diet and also by wet feeding. These effects were largely compatible with the changes that occurred in the small intestine morphology, but not with those observed for ileal digesta viscosity.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbal Liver Stimulants on the Performance of Hy-line Commercial Layer

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Damodar Neupane ◽  
Mukesh Karki ◽  
C. R. Upreti ◽  
Tribhuveneshor Dhaubhadel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Observation Period

An investigation was undertaken on 180 day-old Hy-line layer chicks to assess the effect of herbal products on feed consumption, egg production and profitability. The experimental chicks were randomly divided in three groups with three replicates in each and were housed in identical management and environmental conditions. Dietary treatments were prepared by addition of herbal liver stimulants such as Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (D2) and Superliv @500g/ton (D3) in the basal diet (D1). Feed intake, egg production and mortality were recorded throughout the observation period of 50 weeks. Feed per unit of egg production, hen day percentage, additional income of supplemented diet over the basal diet were calculated. Average daily intake (g) of the diets per bird were observed as 59.19±1.05 g, 58.31±0.337 g and 57.67±0.163 g up to 20 weeks and 108.94±0.06 g, 109.01±0.05 g and 108.26±0.41 g during the laying period fed with D3, D1 and D2 diets respectively. Similarly, higher hen day egg % (76.9%) was recorded in the birds fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3), followed by Livoliv supplemented diet (D2) (73.4%) and Basal diet (D1) (72.1%) with feed intake per unit egg production of 179.3 g, 178.1 g and 193.0 g, respectively. Total egg production was found higher with D3 (161.49 egg), followed by D2 (154.15 egg) and basal diet (151.45 egg) with layer house cumulative mortality only in D3 (3.75%). Additional profits of Rs. 35.18 and Rs. 12.86 in terms of egg selling over feed cost per layer were calculated for the bird fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3) and Liveloliv supplemented diet (D2) than that of the basal diet. Key words: layer; herbal products; liver stimulant; feed efficiency; profit DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3162 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 37-40

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