Effects of common dietary fatty acids on milk yield and concentrations of fat and fatty acids in dairy cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. R. Dorea ◽  
L. E. Armentano
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Total Milk

The objective of the present article was to summarise the effects of five common dietary fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3) on the major milk fat groups (<C16, C16 and C18). Forty published papers were reviewed to evaluate the effect of adding free fat or oil supplements rich in C16 and C18 fatty acids on the response of milk fat secretion and composition. From those 40 studies, 21 were used to investigate the effect of total dietary concentration of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 on milk secretion or concentrations of milk <C16, C16 and C18 fatty acid groups. The results indicated that C16 supplementation increased total milk fatty acids, mainly by increasing milk C16 yield, without affecting milk <C16 and C18 yield. Supplements rich in unsaturated fatty acid decreased total milk fatty acid by inhibiting secretion of milk fatty acids shorter than C18, with linoleic acid being the most inhibitory. Mixtures of feed fatty acid (C16:0 + C18:0 and C16:0 + C18:1) did not significantly affect total milk fatty acid yield. According to regression of milk C16 yield on dietary fatty acid, endogenous C16 contributes ~80% of total milk C16, but this proportion varies with the level and type of dietary fatty acid fed. Milk mid-infrared analysis can be used to routinely measure the presence of milk <C16 fatty acid, the concentration of which provides a good indicator of inhibition of milk fatty acid secretion. In contrast, measurement of total milk fat content is less effective as a diagnostic tool due to the masking effect of the exogenous supply of C16 and C18 dietary fatty acids.

Targets for milk fat research: nutrient, nuisance or nutraceutical?

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. DEWHURST
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Research Areas

Demand for milk has waxed and waned over the last 100 years in response to changing perceptions of its health effects. Milk consumption was promoted for health benefits in the first half of the twentieth century, whilst milk fat has increasingly been regarded as something to avoid over the last 30 years. Emerging research is showing that milk fat provides a number of important components, almost uniquely, within a balanced human diet. Understanding of the role of animal diets in controlling milk fat content and milk fatty acid profiles has grown over this period. The multiple correlated changes associated with milk fat depression have led to a number of mechanistic theories which have not been resolved completely. The detailed mechanisms at the molecular level remain to be elucidated. Interestingly, the two research areas of milk fat content and milk fatty acid profiles have merged as it became clear that some of the intermediates of rumen biohydrogenation are involved in regulating milk fat content. The multivariate nature of milk fatty acid profiles means that future studies must make use of multivariate statistical techniques. These approaches will also be of great value in assessing the consequences of fatty acids for human health, where studies of the effects of single nutrients can be misleading. Issues about the sustainability of the marine harvests mean that attention needs to focus on alternative sources to meet the growing demand for n-3 fatty acids, notably from forages. Whilst attention has focused on milk fatty acids for their effects on human health, future work should also address effects on health and reproductive function of cows offered diets designed to alter milk fatty acid profiles.

scholarly journals Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3122
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Ji-Yung Kim ◽  
Kyung-Il Sung ◽  
Hong-Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Lactating Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

scholarly journals The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the secretion of milk fat in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
A. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Successive Addition ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

1. Artificial emulsions of nine synthetic triglycerides ranging from tripropionin to triolein were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating cows for periods of 2 days. The effects of these infusions on the composition of blood lipids and on the secretion of the component fatty acids in milk were examined.2. Tricaproin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin and triolein, in contrast to tripropionin and tributyrin, increased the yields in milk of the acid contained in the triglyceride. The increased yield of acid was positively correlated with chain length of the infused triglyceride, and with triglycerides above tricaprin the transfer of fatty acid to milk was sufficiently large to give consistently increased yields of total milk fat.3. The infusions increased the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid and in some experiments also of triglyceride. Concentrations of these lipids returned to normal by 2 days after the infusion. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma triglycerides were not affected by the infusion of triglycerides up to tripelargonin but with triglycerides longer than this the plasma triglycerides were altered in composition towards that of the infused triglyceride.4. Short- and intermediate-chain fatty acids of the infused triglycerides were elongated by the successive addition of two carbon units to give increased yields in milk of acids ranging up to C15 and C16 when they contained acids with an even and odd number of carbon atoms respectively. Possible interference with the conversion of stearic into oleic acid in the mammary gland owing to the infused emulsions is also discussed.

scholarly journals Dietary Fatty Acid Saturation Modulates Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Vascular Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Nuno ◽  
Kathryn G. Lamping
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acid ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Fatty Acid Saturation

Sphingolipids, modified by dietary fatty acids, are integral components of plasma membrane and caveolae that are also vasoactive compounds. We hypothesized that dietary fatty acid saturation affects vasoconstriction to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) through caveolar regulation of rho kinase. Wild type (WT) and caveolin-1-deficient (cav-1 KO) mice which lack vascular caveolae were fed a low-fat diet (LF), 60% high-saturated fat diet (lard, HF), or 60% fat diet with equal amounts of lard and n-3 polyunsaturated menhaden oil (MO). Weight gain of WT on HF and MO diets was similar while markedly blunted in cav-1 KO. Neither high-fat diet affected the expression of cav-1, rho, or rho kinase in arteries from WT. In cav-1 KO, MO increased the vascular expression of rho but had no effect on rho kinase. HF had no effect on rho or rho kinase expression in cav-1 KO. S1P produced a concentration-dependent constriction of gracilis arteries from WT on LF that was reduced with HF and restored to normal with MO. Constriction to S1P was reduced in cav-1 KO and no longer affected by a high-saturated fat diet. Inhibition of rho kinase which reduced constriction to PE independent of diet in arteries from WT and cav-1 KO only reduced constriction to S1P in arteries from WT fed MO. The data suggest that dietary fatty acids modify vascular responses to S1P by a caveolar-dependent mechanism which is enhanced by dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fats.

Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows' milk

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J Shingfield ◽  
Pirjo Salo-Väänänen ◽  
Eero Pahkala ◽  
Vesa Toivonen ◽  
Seija Jaakkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Conservation Method

Based on potential health benefits, there is a need to develop effective strategies for enhancing milk fat concentrations of cis-9 18[ratio ]1, 18[ratio ]3 n-3 and conjugated linoleic (CLA) content in milk without compromising the sensory or storage characteristics of processed milk or dairy products. Sixteen Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-d experimental periods and a 4×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of forage conservation method, concentrate level and supplements of propylene glycol (PG), and their interactions on milk fatty acid composition and vitamin content. Experimental treatments consisted of four conserved forages offered ad libitum, supplemented with two levels of a standard concentrate (7 or 10 kg/d) and PG (0 and 210 g/d) fed as three equal meals. Primary growths of timothy and meadow fescue sward were conserved by ensiling with none (NA), an inoculant enzyme preparation (IE) or a formic acid based (FORM) additive or as hay 1 week later. Conservation of grass by drying rather than ensiling resulted in lower forage 18[ratio ]2n-6, 18[ratio ]3n-3, total fatty acid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. In spite of lower intakes, milk fat 18[ratio ]2n-6 and 18[ratio ]3n-3 content was higher (P<0·05) for hay than for silage diets (12·1, 9·6, 9·6 and 9·3 and 5·00, 3·51, 4·27 and 2·93 g/kg total fatty acids, for hay, NA, IE and FORM silages, respectively). Forage conservation method had no clear effects on milk trans 18[ratio ]1 or CLA content. Compared with silage, hay diets resulted in milk containing lower (P<0·001) riboflavin, α-tocopherol and β-carotene concentrations, but had no effect on ascorbic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine or retinol content. Feeding more concentrates had no effect on milk fatty acid composition or milk vitamin content, other than lowering (P<0·001) 16[ratio ]0 concentrations from 348 to 338 g/kg fatty acids. Supplements of PG led to small (P<0·05) increases in milk 13[ratio ]0 anteiso and 15[ratio ]0 content from 1·06 and 11·3 to 1·22 and 12·6 g/kg fatty acids and reduced (P<0·05) the concentrations of ascorbic acid (16·1 v. 15·1 g/kg milk).

Influence of canola oil on the fatty acid profile in goats’ milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Okine ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. Mir ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Four Levels

Four Alpine does were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding canola oil at four levels: 0, 2, 4 and 6% on milk fatty acid profile. The sum of C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 (hypercholesterolemic fatty acids) decreased linearly and C18:0 + C18:1: C16:0 (indicator of cholesterolemic tendency of fat source) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased canola oil intake. Key words: Goat, milk, fatty acids, canola oil

scholarly journals A novel polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor encoding gene (OXTR) affects milk fatty acid composition in Italian Mediterranean river buffalo

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Cosenza ◽  
Nicolò P P Macciotta ◽  
Anna Nudda ◽  
Angelo Coletta ◽  
Luigi Ramunno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
River Buffalo ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Mediterranean River

The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin and the complex oxytocin–oxytocin receptor plays an important role in the uterus during calving. A characterisation of the river buffalo OXTR gene, amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis is presented. The DNA regions of the OXTR gene spanning exons 1, 2 and 3 of ten Mediterranean river buffalo DNA samples were analysed and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. We focused on the g.129C > T SNP detected in exon 3 and responsible for the amino acid replacement CGCArg > TGCCys in position 353. The relative frequency of T allele was of 0·257. An association study between this detected polymorphism and milk fatty acids composition in Italian Mediterranean river buffalo was carried out. The fatty acid composition traits, fatty acid classes and fat percentage of 306 individual milk samples were determined. Associations between OXTR g.129C > T genotype and milk fatty acids composition were tested using a mixed linear model. The OXTR CC genotype was found significantly associated with higher contents of odd branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) (P < 0·0006), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA n 3 and n 6) (P < 0·0032 and P < 0·0006, respectively), stearic acid (C18) (P < 0·02) and lower level of palmitic acid (C16) (P < 0·02). The results of this study suggest that the OXTR CC animals might be useful in selection toward the improvement of milk fatty acid composition.

The effect of duration of feeding oilseeds to dairy cows on the persistency of response in milk fatty acid composition

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
D. I. Givens ◽  
C. Rymer ◽  
A.R. Moss ◽  
R. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Diet

There is much interest in the manipulation of the fatty acid composition of milk fat so as to improve its health characteristics in the human diet. In an earlier study there was an indication that the concentration of fatty acids in milk may change with time when feeding whole oilseeds rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In particular a tendency for an increase in CLA and C18:1 and a reduction in C18:2 and C18:3 concentrations with time were seen. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the changes in the fatty acid composition of milk from high yielding dairy cows fed diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or PUFA over an extended period.

Effect of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
C. K. Reynolds ◽  
B. Lupoli ◽  
V. Toivonen ◽  
M. P. Yurawecz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Type

AbstractBased on the potential benefits ofcis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for human health there is a need to develop effective strategies for enhancing milk fat CLA concentrations. In this experiment, the effect of forage type and level of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition was examined in cows given a mixture of fish oil and sunflower oil. Four late lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 21-day experimental periods. Treatments consisted of grass (G) or maize (M) silage supplemented with low (L) or high (H) levels of concentrates (65 : 35 and 35 : 65; forage : concentrate ratio, on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively) offered as a total mixed ration at a restricted level of intake (20 kg DM per day). Lipid supplements (30 g/kg DM) containing fish oil and sunflower oil (2 : 3 w/w) were offered during the last 14 days of each experimental period. Treatments had no effect on total DM intake, milk yield, milk constituent output or milk fat content, but milk protein concentrations were lower (P< 0.05) for G than M diets (mean 43.0 and 47.3 g/kg, respectively). Compared with grass silage, milk fat contained higher (P< 0.05) amounts of C12:0, C14:0, trans C18:1and long chain ≥ C20 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower (P< 0.05) levels of C18:0and trans C18:2when maize silage was offered. Increases in the proportion of concentrate in the diet elevated (P< 0.05) C18:2(n-6) and long chain ≥ C20 (n-3) PUFA content, but reduced (P< 0.05) the amount of C18:3(n-3). Concentrations oftrans-11 C18:1in milk were independent of forage type, but tended (P< 0.10) to be lower for high concentrate diets (mean 7.2 and 4.0 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H respectively). Concentrations oftrans-10 C18:1were higher (P< 0.05) in milk from maize compared with grass silage (mean 10.3 and 4.1 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively) and increased in response to high levels of concentrates in the diet (mean 4.1 and 10.3 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H, respectively). Forage type had no effect (P> 0.05) on total milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (2.7 and 2.8 g/100 g fatty acids, for M and G, respectively) orcis-9,trans-11 CLA content (2.2 and 2.4 g/100 g fatty acids). Feeding high concentrate diets tended (P< 0.10) to decrease total CLA (3.3 and 2.2 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H, respectively) andcis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.9 and 1.7 g/100 g fatty acids) concentrations and increase milktrans-9,cis-11 CLA andtrans-10,cis-12 CLA content. In conclusion, the basal diet is an important determinant of milk fatty acid composition when a supplement of fish oil and sunflower oil is given.

325 The Diagnosis of Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) in Dairy Cows on Commercial Farms Using the Milk Fatty Acid Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
Jan C Plaizier ◽  
Sharon Y Mowete ◽  
Debora Santchi ◽  
Ken Kwiatkowski ◽  
Nympha De Neve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis

Abstract The accuracy of the milk fatty acid profile as a diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) has been determined when SARA was experimentally induced. This had not yet been done not on commercial dairy farms, where SARA can occur naturally. The objective of this study was to determine this accuracy in individual cows on commercial dairy farms. A total of 336 cows from 24 commercial dairy farms in Quebec were included. Farms were blocked based on geographical location and management, with each block having one high risk SARA farm and one low risk SARA farm. Farm Risk of SARA was determined based on the milk fat content and the proportions of de novo fatty acids and long chain unsaturated fatty acids in the bulk tank. On each farm, 7 early/mid-lactation (&lt; 150 days in milk DIM) and 7 mid/late lactation (&lt; 150 DIM) cows were randomly selected. The fatty acid profile of pooled milk samples from these cows were determined by gas chromatography. Farm risk of SARA did not affect the milk fat proportion of fatty acids, with the exception of trans 10 cis 12 C18:2, which was higher in At Risk Farms. Later lactation cows had a higher milk fat content and higher milk fat proportions of de novo, C16 fatty, and odd and branch chain fatty acids. The prevalence of SARA was likely higher in earlier lactation cows than in later lactation cows, but non-SARA related animal and dietary factors also affect the milk fatty acid profile. Hence, the milk fatty acid profile alone may not be accurate enough to diagnose SARA on farm. This profile can, however, contribute to this diagnosis, the identification of causes of milk fat depression, and the development of strategies to optimize the milk fatty acid profile.

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