Seasonal changes in soil salinity at Tintinara, South Australia

Measurements have been made of seasonal changes in soil salinity and soil water at Tintinara in the Coonalpyn Downs of South Australia. Five separate sites representing different soil profiles were selected for study. All soils contained saline water-tables and four of the five had varying depths of sand over finer-textured subsoils; the fifth soil was fine-textured throughout. The investigations were conducted over a 12-month period, salinity and water determinations being made every 8 weeks. Data on soil salinity are presented as: (1) Conductance of soil pastes, determined on replicates and statistically analysed. (2) Percentage of total soluble salts, derived from conductivities of 1:5 soil-water suspensions determined on composite sample. (3) Percentage of chlorides expressed as NaCl, determined on composite samples. All sets of data show that soluble salts moved upwards through the soil profile during spring and summer and down during the rainy season. Where the summer water-table was within 4 ft of the surface large amounts of saline material accumulated in the top inch of soil; in one case there was an increase of from 0.019 per cent. NaCl in winter to 3.2 per cent. in summer. Data are also presented showing that the salinity of the ground-waters increased to a maximum of 2-3.5 per cent. total salts in spring or summer. Seasonal soil water changes are recorded and discussed in relation to salinity changes. The climatic, soil, and ground-water factors influencing salt movements are discussed and the agronomic implications of seasonal salinity changes are stressed. Suggestions on the basis of the results obtained are made respecting the sampling of saline soils.

Download Full-text

Studies in the variation of soil reaction. III. Variations at the Waite Agricultural Institute

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9510083 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 83 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M Raupach

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Changes ◽

Ph Value ◽

South Australia ◽

Mean Value ◽

Spatial Variations ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Small Areas ◽

The Mean

Variations in reaction and total soluble salts of a red-brown earth from South Australia have been assessed. Seasonal changes are discernible for reaction but are largely masked by spatial variations even over small areas. The amplitude of the seasonal changes is of the order of 0.15 of a pH unit, the soil returning to the same pH value during the succeeding season. Spatial variations have been found for organic carbon, nitrogen, clay, and exchangeable cations over small areas. Data have been presented to show that while the mean soil reaction does not vary widely, there is a variation in the variance of the reaction values about the mean with season. The change of the reaction status of the soil with time over a small area does not consist of a uniform increase and decrease of 911 the reaction values in the area but rather of a reorganization of all hydrogen ion contributing factors to give difference in dispersion about the mean value.

Download Full-text

Soil Salinity Type Effects on the Relationship between the Electrical Conductivity and Salt Content for 1:5 Soil-To-Water Extract

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063395 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3395

Author(s):

Amin I. Ismayilov ◽

Amrakh I. Mamedov ◽

Haruyuki Fujimaki ◽

Atsushi Tsunekawa ◽

Guy J. Levy

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Clayey Soil ◽

Salt Content ◽

Water Extract ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

The Relationship ◽

Semi Arid

Soil salinity severely affects soil ecosystem quality and crop production in semi-arid and arid regions. A vast quantity of data on soil salinity has been collected by research organizations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly USSR) and many other countries over the last 70 years, but using them in the current international network (irrigation and reclamation strategy) is complicated. This is because in the CIS countries salinity was expressed by total soluble salts as a percentage on a dry-weight basis (total soluble salts, TSS, %) and eight salinity types (chemistry) determined by the ratios of the anions and cations (Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, and Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) in diluted soil water extract (soil/water = 1:5) without assessing electrical conductivity (EC). Measuring the EC (1:5) is more convenient, yet EC is not only affected by the concentration but also characteristics of the ions and the salinity chemistry. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between EC and TSS of soils in a diluted extract (1:5) for eight classic salinity types. We analyzed extracts (1:5) of 1100 samples of a clayey soil (0–20 cm) collected from cultivated semi-arid and arid regions for EC, TSS, soluble cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−). Results revealed that (i) the variation in the proportional relationships (R2 ≥ 0.91–0.98) between EC (0.12–5.6 dS m−1) and TSS (0.05–2.5%) could be related to salinity type, and (ii) the proportionality coefficient of the relationships (2.2 2–3.16) decreased in the following order of salinity type: SO4 < Cl(SO4)–HCO3 < Cl(HCO3)–SO4 < SO4 (HCO3)–Cl < Cl. The findings suggest that once the salinity type of the soil is established, EC (1:5) values can be safely used for the evaluation of the soil salinity degree in the irrigated land in the context of sustainable soil and crop management.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Irrigation Rate on the Water Relations of Young Citrus Trees in High-Density Planting

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1759

Author(s):

Said A. Hamido ◽

Kelly T. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Planting Density ◽

Stem Water Potential ◽

Irrigation Rate ◽

Biological Stress ◽

Stem Water ◽

Water Contents ◽

Soil Water Contents

The availability and proper irrigation scheduling of water are some of the most significant limitations on citrus production in Florida. The proper volume of citrus water demand is vital in evaluating sustainable irrigation approaches. The current study aims to determine the amount of irrigation required to grow citrus trees at higher planting densities without detrimental impacts on trees’ water relation parameters. The study was conducted between November 2017 and September 2020 on young sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees budded on the ‘US-897’ (Cleopatra mandarin x Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) citrus rootstock transplanted in sandy soil at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) demonstration grove, near Immokalee, Florida. The experiment contained six planting densities, including 447, 598, and 745 trees per ha replicated four times, and 512, 717, and 897 trees per ha replicated six times. Each density treatment was irrigated at 62% or 100% during the first 15 months between 2017 and 2019 or one of the four irrigation rates (26.5, 40.5, 53, or 81%) based on the calculated crop water supplied (ETc) during the last 17 months of 2019–2020. Tree water relations, including soil moisture, stem water potential, and water supplied, were collected periodically. In addition, soil salinity was determined. During the first year (2018), a higher irrigation rate (100% ETc) represented higher soil water contents; however, the soil water content for the lower irrigation rate (62% ETc) did not represent biological stress. One emitter per tree regardless of planting density supported stem water potential (Ψstem) values between −0.80 and −0.79 MPa for lower and full irrigation rates, respectively. However, when treatments were adjusted from April 2019 through September 2020, the results substantially changed. The higher irrigation rate (81% ETc) represented higher soil water contents during the remainder of the study, the lower irrigation rate (26.5% ETc) represents biological stress as a result of stem water potential (Ψstem) values between −1.05 and −0.91 MPa for lower and higher irrigation rates, respectively. Besides this, increasing the irrigation rate from 26.5% to 81%ETc decreased the soil salinity by 33%. Although increasing the planting density from 717 to 897 trees per hectare reduced the water supplied on average by 37% when one irrigation emitter was used to irrigate two trees instead of one, applying an 81% ETc irrigation rate in citrus is more efficient and could be managed in commercial groves.

Download Full-text

Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 796

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Mattar ◽

Said S. Soliman ◽

Rashid S. Al-Obeed

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Date Palm ◽

Saline Water ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Water Types ◽

Palm Trees

A field experiment was conducted on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera ‘Succary’) cultivated on sandy loam soil from 2017 to 2018. This study investigated the effects of providing water of three different qualities, namely freshwater (FR) and two saline water sources: reclaimed wastewater (RW) and well-water (WE) applied through three irrigation levels representing 50% (I50), 100% (I100), and 150% (I150) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), on the soil water and salt distribution patterns, yield, water productivity (WP), and fruit quality of the ′Succary′ date palm. The electrical conductivity (ECw) of FR, RW, and WE were 0.18, 2.06, and 3.94 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that WE applied by the I150 treatment had the highest soil water content, followed by RW used in the I100 irrigation level and FR with I50, whereas the soil salt content was high for WE applied in the I50 level and low for FR applied by the I150 treatment. Deficit irrigation (I50) of date palms with either RW or WE reduced date yields on average 86 kg per tree, whereas the yield increased under over-irrigation (I150) with FR to 123.25 kg per tree. High WP values were observed in the I50 treatments with FR, RW, or WE (on average 1.82, 1.68, and 1.67 kg m−3, respectively), whereas the I150 treatment with each of the three water types showed the lowest WP values. Fruit weight and size were the lowest in the full irrigation (I100) with WE, whereas the I150 treatment with RW showed the highest values. There were no significant differences in either total soluble solids (TSS) or acidity values when the irrigation level decreased from 100% to 50% ETc. Compared with both I50 and I100 treatments, reduced values of both TSS and acidity were observed in the I150 treatment when ECw decreased from 3.94 to 0.18 dS m−1,. Fruit moisture content decreased with the application of saline irrigation water (i.e., RW or WE). Total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents in fruits were found to be decreased in the combination of RW and I150, whereas the 50% ETc irrigation level caused an increment in both parameters. These results suggest that the application of deficit irrigation to date palm trees grown in arid regions, either with FR or without it, can sufficiently maximize WP and improve the quality of fruits but negatively affects yield, especially when saline water is applied. The use of saline water for irrigation may negatively affect plants because of salt accumulation in the soil in the long run.

Download Full-text

A simple numerical model to estimate water availability in saline soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr17081 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 264 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi ◽

Mahnaz Khataar

Keyword(s):

Numerical Model ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Weighting Function ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Evapotranspiration Rate

We developed a numerical model to predict soil salinity from knowledge of evapotranspiration rate, crop salt tolerance, irrigation water salinity, and soil hydraulic properties. Using the model, we introduced a new weighting function to express the limitation imposed by salinity on plant available water estimated by the integral water capacity concept. Lower and critical limits of soil water uptake by plants were also defined. We further analysed the sensitivity of model results to underlying parameters using characteristics given for corn, cowpea, and barley in the literature and two clay and sandy loam soils obtained from databases. Results showed that, between two irrigation events, soil salinity increased nonlinearly with decreasing soil water content especially when evapotranspiration and soil drainage rate were high. The salinity weighting function depended greatly on the plant sensitivity to salinity and irrigation water salinity. This research confirmed that both critical and lower limits (in terms of water content) of soil water uptake by plants increased with evapotranspiration rate and irrigation water salinity. Since the presented approach is based on a physical concept and well-known plant parameters, soil hydraulic characteristics, irrigation water salinity, and meteorological conditions, it may be useful in spatio-temporal modelling of soil water quality and quantity and prediction of crop yield.

Download Full-text

THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss85-033 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 293-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

J. J. MILLER ◽

D. F. ACTON ◽

R. J. ST. ARNAUD

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Flow ◽

Water Table ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Lateral Flow ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Slope Position ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Depth To Water Table ◽

Water Tables

The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil

Download Full-text

Change on detection of vegetation cover and soil salinity using GIS technique in Diyala Governorate, Iraq

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska ◽

10.22630/pniks.2021.30.1.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 148-158

Author(s):

Haneen Adeeb ◽

Yaseen Al-Timimi

Keyword(s):

Soil Salinity ◽

Vegetation Cover ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Salinity Changes ◽

Gis Technique ◽

Salinity Index ◽

Remote Sensing Techniques ◽

Strong Inverse Correlation

Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of land degradation, that threatening the environmental, economic and social system. The aim of this study to detect the changes in soil salinity and vegetation cover for Diyala Governorate over the period from 2005 to 2020, through the use of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and salinity index (SI) were used, which were applied to four of the Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI satellite imagery. The results showed an increase in soil salinity from 7.27% in the period 2005–2010 to 27.03% in 2015–2020, as well as an increase in vegetation from 10% to 24% in the same period. Also the strong inverse correlation between the NDVI and the SI showed that vegetation is significantly affected and directly influenced by soil salinity changes

Download Full-text