The effect of feeding on evaporative heat loss and body temperature in Zebu and Jersey heifers

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 580 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Allen ◽  
YS Pan ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Some physiological responses to moderate (70–80°F dry bulb and 60–70° wet bulb) ante-room and high (103° dry bulb and 83° wet bulb) hot room temperatures by two Jersey and two Zebu heifers under alternate conditions of normal feed intake and fasting are reported. At moderate temperatures both breeds exhibited a diurnal rhythm in feed and water consumption and in skin temperature, sweating rate, rectal temperature, and respiration rate. In the case of skin temperature, sweating rate, and respiration rate this diurnal rhythm disappeared in the hot room. In the hot room, water consumption increased for all animals. Feed intake was depressed in Jerseys but not in Zebus. In the ante-room, animals tended to have higher sweating rates and rectal temperatures when fed than when not fed. Fed animals did not have uniformly greater skin temperatures in the hot room, but sweating rates, rectal temperatures, and respiration rates were greater. Jerseys had greater sweating rates and lower rectal temperatures than Zebus at ante-room temperatures, but Zebus had greater sweating rates and lower rectal temperatures in the hot room. When fed, Jerseys failed to control their temperatures in the hot room, despite large increases in sweating and respiration rates and a reduction in appetite; whereas Zebus maintained their appetites, and slightly reduced rectal temperatures, by means of their greatly increased sweating rate and a slight increase in respiration rate. Differences between Jerseys and Zebus in sweat gland volume were of the order previously reported for these breeds, and differences in population density were in accordance with differences in body size. The Jersey having the smallest sweat glands also had the lowest number per unit area, and sweated less than its Jersey mate.

Responses of Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu X Jersey crossbred heifers to rising temperature, with particular reference to sweating

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Allen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu x Jersey crossbred heifers were subjected to a rising temperature regime over the range 65 to 105°F. Sweating rates, respiration rates, skin temperatures, and rectal temperatures were measured. All breeds showed similar responses in skin temperature and rectal temperature to increase in air temperature. The increase in skin temperature was approximately linear with rise in air temperature. Rectal temperature did not commence to rise until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 98° was reached. Breed differences in sweating and respiratory rates with increase in air and skin temperature were observed. The Jersey heifers showed an early and almost linear increase in sweating rate with rise in air and skin temperature, whereas the sweating rate of the Zebu heifers did not increase until air temperature had risen to at least 85°F and skin temperature to 95°. Two crossbreds began to increase their sweating rates at temperatures intermediate between those recorded for Zebus arid Jerseys. The remaining two behaved similarly to Jerseys. All three breeds showed similar maximum sweating rates in response to this rising temperature regime. The respiratory rate of' the Jerseys was higher than that of the Zebus at all temperatures, and particularly at high temperatures. Crossbreds respired at rates comparable to the Jerseys until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 97°F were exceeded, when their respiration rates became intermediate between the other two breeds. The significance of these differences is discussed.

Neural control and mechanisms of eccrine sweating during heat stress and exercise

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1692-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Shibasaki ◽  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Sweat Secretion ◽  
Prolonged Heat ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Glands ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

In humans, evaporative heat loss from eccrine sweat glands is critical for thermoregulation during exercise and/or exposure to hot environmental conditions, particularly when environmental temperature is greater than skin temperature. Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the significance of sweating has been recognized, whereas our understanding of the mechanisms and controllers of sweating has largely developed during the past century. This review initially focuses on the basic mechanisms of eccrine sweat secretion during heat stress and/or exercise along with a review of the primary controllers of thermoregulatory sweating (i.e., internal and skin temperatures). This is followed by a review of key nonthermal factors associated with prolonged heat stress and exercise that have been proposed to modulate the sweating response. Finally, mechanisms pertaining to the effects of heat acclimation and microgravity exposure are presented.

Effect of rate of change in skin temperature on local sweating rate

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Libert ◽  
V. Candas ◽  
J. J. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Local Skin ◽  
Local Skin Temperature ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Rate Threshold

To evaluate the relative contributions of positive and negative variations of mean skin temperature (+/- dTsk/dt) on thermoregulatory responses, male resting nude subjects were exposed to rapid or slow alterations in air and wall temperatures (28--45 degrees C; Pa = 20.0 mbar). Rates of heating-cooling cycles were equal to dTa/dt = +/- 3.40, 1.13, 0.57, 0.38, or 0.19 degrees C/min. Continuous measurements were made of rectal, oral, ear, and mean skin temperatures and of arm sweating (dew-point hygrometer method). During all exposures the local skin temperature was kept constant (Tsl = 39 degrees C). The results showed that peripheral inputs are a major factor in thermoregulatory processes. Cutaneous receptors produce a positive and a negative rate component within the central thermal integrator. A higher rate threshold was observed for the positive rate component than for the negative one.

Effects of apomorphine on thermoregulatory responses of rats to different ambient temperatures

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Lin ◽  
Y. F. Chern ◽  
Zyx Wang ◽  
H. S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Induced Hypothermia ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Either systemic or central administration of apomorphine produced dose-related decreases in rectal temperature at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8 and 22 °C in rats. At Ta = 8 °C, the hypothermia was brought about by a decrease in metabolic rate (M). At Ta = 22 °C, the hypothermia was due to an increase in mean skin temperature, an increase in respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) and a decrease in M. This increased mean skin temperature was due to increased tail and foot skin temperatures. However, at Ta = 29 °C, apomorphine produced increased rectal temperatures due to increased M and decreased Eres. Moreover, the apomorphine-induced hypothermia or hyperthermia was antagonized by either haloperidol or 6-hydroxydopamine, but not by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The data indicate that apomorphine acts on dopamine neurons within brain, with both pre- and post-synaptic sites of action, to influence body temperature.

Heat-tolerance studies of fat-tailed sheep in the subtropics

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. A. Sharafeldin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Forty adult (15 months old) fat-tailed Egyptian rams and ewes of the Rahmani and Ossimi breeds were available at the Animal Breeding Research Farm, Giza, Egypt (30° N.). Body temperature and respiration rates were measured twice weekly throughout the year 1953–4. On days of observations, four readings were taken at 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. Skin temperature was measured once weekly at noon for nine body regions, using a precision bridge thermometer. The effects of docking and pregnancy were also studied.1. There were seasonal variations in body temperature and respiration rate. The maximum values were during summer and the minimum during winter. The seasonal rate of change was greater in respiration rate than in body temperature.2. Body temperature was 39·1 and 39·0° C. for the Ossimi rams and ewes respectively, while it was 38·9° C. for both Rahmani sexes. Respiration rate per minute was 42·0, 39·3, for Ossimi rams and ewes and 38·2 and 35·9 for Rahmani rams and ewes respectively. Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in the Ossimi than in the Rahmani breed, and in the males than in the females. Breed differences may be related to anatomical differences such as body conformation, size of skull and tail, thickness of skin and subcutaneous fat and differences in coat characteristics. Sex differences may be associated with the live weight of the animals as well as differences in the hormonal system.3. Pregnancy had no effect on body temperature and respiration rate in either breed.4. Different experimental groups reacted similarly with respect to diurnal variations in body temperature and respiration rate; the lowest values being at 10 a.m. and the highest at 4 p.m. Maximum body temperature and respiration rate preceded maximum environmental temperature by 2–4 hr. The diurnal rate of change in respiration rate was higher than that in body temperature. The diurnal changes in body temperature and respiration rate of animals were mainly due to the changes in the environmental temperature throughout the day.5. (a) Skin temperature varied from 33·7 to 39·7° C., according to season and body region. Seasonal variations in skin temperature of different body regions showed the same trend.(b) Highest skin temperatures were recorded for middle and upper fat tail, back thoracic and middle scrotum regions, while the lowest were recorded in lower and upper scrotum, lower tail and neck ventral regions. The breast region had an intermediate skin temperature. The different skin temperatures were due to anatomical differences such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat, density of covering wool or to differences in the amount of blood supply.6. Docked rams had a lower skin temperature and respiration rate than controls, denoting better heat regulation. This may be due to metabolic differences or anatomical changes in the body such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat.

SUMMER WATER CONSUMPTION, BODY TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATION RATE IN LAMBS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM HOHENBOKEN ◽  
THEODORE P. KISTNER
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Maximum Minimum

The effects of time on feed and of ambient temperature on water intake, and the effects of preconditioning and shearing treatments and of ambient temperature on body temperature and respiration rate of feedlot lambs were examined. Daily ambient temperature maximum, minimum and range averaged 27.5, 10.8 and 16.7 C, respectively, for 56 days between July and September. For the first 24 days that the lambs were on feed, water intake was not affected by ambient temperature. Intake did increase linearly with day (b = 160 ml), concurrently with increasing feed intake. During the remaining 32 days, water intake per lamb increased 139 ml per 1 C rise in average daily ambient temperature. Afternoon body temperature, morning to afternoon body temperature change, and respiration rate all increased with increasing ambient temperature. Preconditioning 1 wk before weaning (pneumonia, ovine ecthyma and enterotoxemia vaccinations and drenching for tapeworms, intestinal roundworms and coccidia) vs. conditioning the lambs with the same treatments at the time of weaning and shipment did not affect body temperature or respiration rate. Lambs sheared with a clipper attachment which left a 1-cm fleece stubble averaged 0.3 C lower in afternoon body temperature than either close-shorn or unshorn lambs.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS HORMONES ON THE KIDNEY RESPIRATION RATES IN THE CUTTHROAT TROUT (SALMO CLARKI CLARKI)

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (III) ◽  
pp. 428-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Salmo Clarki

ABSTRACT Relatively large doses of vasopressin administered intraperitoneally to the trout significantly enhanced the kidney respiration rate. In contrast to vasopressin a single dose of oxytocin depressed the kidney Qo2 value. This depression continued throughout the observed 24 hour period after injection. Cortisol enhanced the kidney Qo2 values significantly and to a greater extent than vasopressin. These results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive mechanism in euryhaline species of teleosts.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMANS TERNAK BABI FASE STARTER

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Alfred Tamawiwy ◽  
M. Najoan ◽  
J S Mandey ◽  
F. N Sompie
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

ABSTRACT   EFFECT OF UTILIZATION OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) IN THE DIET ON PIG PERFORMANCE. Utilization of fats and oils in pig diets is of great importance due to their high energy value. VCO is obtained by cold press processing of the kernel from the coconut fruit. Utilization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the diets on pig performance.  The present study was designed to elaborate the effect of utilization of VCO in the diets on energy and protein digestibility of growing pigs. The experiment was conducted using 20 castrated male pigs aged 1.5 - 2.0 months weighing 12,0±2,0 kg. The data were analyzed according to the linear model procedure for ANOVA appropriate for Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0 = 100% control diet + 0% VCO; R1 = 99.5% control diet + 1.0% VCO; R2 = 98.0% control diet + 2.0% VCO; R3 = 97.0% control diet + 3.0% VCO; and R4 = 96.0% control diet + 4.0% VCO. Parameters measured were: daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption. The results showed that the utilization of VCO up to 4% in the diets had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption of pigs. It can be concluded that the addition of VCO up to 4.0% in the diets has no significant meaning on pig performance.   Key words: Virgin coconut oil (VCO), Performance, Growing pigs  

Validation of On-line Respiration Meter and its Applications by Computer Simulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1355-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-W. Kim ◽  
H. Spanjers ◽  
A. Klapwijk
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Made In

An on-line respiration meter is presented to monitor three types of respiration rates of activated sludge and to calculate effluent and influent short term biochemical oxygen demand (BODst) in the continuous activated sludge process. This work is to verify if the calculated BODst is reliable and the assumptions made in the course of developing the proposed procedure were acceptable. A mathematical model and a dynamic simulation program are written for an activated sludge model plant along with the respiration meter based on mass balances of BODst and DO. The simulation results show that the three types of respiration rate reach steady state within 15 minutes under reasonable operating conditions. As long as the respiration rate reaches steady state the proposed procedure calculates the respiration rate that is equal to the simulated. Under constant and dynamic BODst loading, the proposed procedure is capable of calculating the effluent and influent BODst with reasonable accuracy.

Decrease in soil microbial activity and biomasses owing to nitrogen amendments

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Söderström ◽  
E. Bååth ◽  
B. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Nitrate Addition ◽  
Transitory Effect ◽  
Forest Podzols

Microbial biomass and soil respiration rate decreased after application of 150 kg NH4NO3–N∙ha−1 to different coniferous forest podzols. The decrease was already found 3 months after fertilization and was still evident after 3–5 years. Changes in pH, organic matter, or water content in the soils could not explain the decreases. In laboratory experiments, several unfertilized forest soils were treated with 2 mg of NH4NO3–N or of urea–nitrogen∙g wet soil−1. The ammonium nitrate addition resulted in severe depressions of the respiration rates during and up to 175 days of incubation and the decrease was evident after about 1 week. The urea treatment initially increased the respiration rate of the soils, but this appeared to be a transitory effect.

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