Silica metabolism of the Merino sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Particulate Silica ◽  
Total Excretion

Diets of wheat or oat grain with or without chaff, mixtures of all three, and a diet of chaff, oats, and bran with and without lucerne chaff were fed to sheep for the purpose of determining silica metabolism on diets approximating those in the field. These diets supplied from 0.08 to 16.6 g silica per day. Silica digestibilities and balances showed marked positive and negative values, which were considered to be due to variable retention in, or passage of particulate silica from, the rumen. The mean urinary silica excretion on wheat was 22 and 25 mg/day and oats 126 and 163 mg/day for two levels of feeding. Values for wheat plus chaff and oats plus chaff were respectively 190 and 224 mg/day and for mixed diets from 169 to 205 mg/day. No relationship between total urinary silica excretion and apparent absorption of silica was observed, but excretion seemed dependent on silica intake up to a level of about 8 g/day. Beyond this intake, urinary excretion plateaued at approximately 200 mg/day. Urine volumes on wheat grain diets were greater than on the corresponding oat grain diets, and these in turn were greater than on the mixed diets. The combined effects of urine volume and total excretion of silica resulted in urinary silica concentrations of 30 and 32 µg/ml on wheat grain diets, 255 and 336 µg/ml on oat grains, 266 µg/ml on wheat plus chaff, 419 µg/ml on oats plus chaff, and 421–728 µg/ml on mixed diets. A hyperbolic relationship between silica concentration and volume of urine, similar to one obtained in field studies, and also one between specific gravity and volume of urine were demonstrated. These findings are discussed in relation to the absorption and excretion of silica and the formation of siliceous urinary calculi.

Diurnal and daily changes in the excretion of urinary silica by Merino sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Calculus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Changes

Urine collected at 2-hr intervals over a 24-hr period from a group of five sheep fed on the same diet in five different ways showed considerable fluctuations in volume, pH, and silica concentration. pH values ranged from 7.8 to 4.8, and silica concentration from 830 to 110 µg/ml. The latter appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, which reached a maximum c. 12 hr after feeding. Urine collected at 24-hr intervals for 10 consecutive days from eight sheep showed marked variations in silica concentration and specific gravity. These variations appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, and silica concentration seemed to be influenced also by daily variations in total silica excretion. Considerable differences were found in the mean values for different sheep. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to siliceous urinary calculus formation.

Maintenance of Merino sheep fed varying protein roughages with or without supplements of chopped lucerne hay and wheat.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Franklin ◽  
P McInnes ◽  
PK Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean

Merino wethers of 30 months of age were hand-fed in pens on low-(chaffed wheaten straw), medium-(84 per cent chaffed wheaten straw; 16 per cent chopped lucerne hay), and high-protein roughage (chopped wheaten hay, or 67.5 per cent chaffed wheaten straw : 32.5 per cent chopped lucerne hay) alone, or supplemented with wheat grain at daily or twice-weekly intervals. The experimental period was 26 weeks and emphasis was placed on the number of survivors, changes in body weight, and mean daily roughage intake. Data were also collected on wool production. No sheep survived on the low-protein roughage (LPR-2.7 per cent crude protein (CP) ). Seven out of 16 sheep in the medium-protein roughage group (MPR-5.2 per cent CP) survived for 26 weeks ; six of these, however, died in the following four weeks. All sheep survived on the two high-protein roughage diets (HPR(1) and HPR(2)-7.6 per cent CP). The wheat supplement increased the number of survivors in the LPR and MPR groups. There was no difference between results from the daily and twice-weekly supplemented groups. Mean daily roughage intake of the unsupplemented sheep increased at each level of protein in the roughage. Mean intake of chaffed wheat straw when fed alone was 220 g per sheep per day. The intake of the same straw when fed with chopped lucerne hay increased by 120 g per sheep per day in the group fed MPR, and by 344 g in the group fed HPR(1). The wheat supplement did not increase intake within any roughage group. Roughage intake was significantly decreased on the HPR(2) diet when a wheat supplement was given. Sheep fed HPR(2) grew more clean wool than sheep in the other unsupplemented groups. Differences between mean clean wool weights of daily and twice-weekly supplemented groups within each roughage group were not significant, but differences between the mean pooled wool weights of each supplemented roughage group were significant.

Urinary excretion of silica by grazing sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle ◽  
JM Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concentration Of Urine

Two series of field collections were undertaken to determine the excretion of silica, chloride, and various cations in grazing sheep, and the specific gravity and surface tension of their urine, and to assess the significance of these items in siliceous urinary calculus formation. Collections were made on four occasions in each series at intervals of 3 months, when urine was collected for three consecutive 24-hr periods from groups of 10 ewes. The concentration of urine fluctuated seasonally in both series, and was related inversely to urine volume and directly to environmental temperature. During summer and autumn the urinary silica concentration was significantly greater in an area 'affected' with urolithiasis than in the coastal plain, which is unaffected; and of the observations made, urine concentration was the only one which might account for the difference in incidence of fatal urolithiasis. In the second series, the mean urinary silica excretion in the affected area in September, December, March, and June was respectively 164, 95.3, 76.2, and 100 mg/ day, and the faecal excretion was 6.0, 14.6, 20.5, and 19.3 g/day, which suggests a greater availability of silica in green than in dry feed. Urine nitrogen ranged from 15.5 g/day in the flush of spring growth to 6.6 g/day in autumn. A hyperbolic relationship was found between urine silica concentration and urine volume, the point of inflexion occurring at a urine volume of about 600 ml/day. The significance of this observation and the excretion of a concentrated urine are discussed in relation to silica and mucoprotein precipitation.

scholarly journals Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Total Excretion ◽  
Good Agreement

1. The excretions of magnesium, calcium, potassium and faecal dry matter (DM) by sheep grazing the same pasture have been determined at intervals throughout two grazing seasons. Two groups of four wethers, 2 and 7 years old, were used. Collections of faeces were total and of urine only partial; creatinine was used as an indicator of urine volume.2.The overall mean outputs of DM in the faeces of the young and old sheep were 509 and 387 g/day respectively.3. The values for the percentage digestibility of herbage DM ranges from 81.1 in spring to 63.2 in winter. The overall means for the estimated intake of DM by the young and old sheep were 1859 and 1405 g/day respectively and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001).4. The mean values for overall excretion of Mg by the young and old sheep were respectively 0.452 and 0.292 g/day in the urine and 2.70 and 2.21 g/day in the faeces. For all sheep there was a highly significant rectilinear relationship between the amount in urine and in faeces, but there were significant differences between the regression coefficients for the individual sheep.5. The values for the excretion of Ca in urine and faeces were significantly higher for the young than for the old sheep; the respective means were 0.385 and 0.306 g/day for urinary Ca and 13.02 and 10.8 g/day for faecal Ca.6.The mean values for the excretion of K by the young and old sheep were respectively 28.2 and 29.1 g/day in the urine and 7.1 and 3.9 g/day in the faeces, the latter differences being highly significant.7.High values for the total excretion of Mg, Ca and K occurred in June and low values in winter.8. Intakes of Mg, Ca and K by the sheep have been calculated from the information on intake of DM and chemical composition of the cut herbage and compared with total excretion in urine and faeces. Good agreement between the two sets of values was obtained for Mg, but not for either Ca or K. The possible causes of these findings have been discussed and it was concluded that the sheep selected herbage with concentrations of Ca and K different from those in the samples of cut herbage.

Urinary calculi formation in sheep on high wheat grain diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Godwin ◽  
VJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
The Third ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

The effects of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents of diets containing different proportions of wheat grain to roughage on the excretion of minerals involved in urinary calculi formation by sheep, were examined in three separate studies: the first, with six sheep, determined the effects of increasing the percentage of wheat grain in the diet on the digestibilities of Ca, P and Mg, the excretion of these three elements in urine and on the propensity of the diets to form calculi; the second involved two sheep and studied the effects of supplementing a 90% grain diet with CaCO3 and roughage on faecal and urinary excretion of Ca, P and Mg; the third was carried out using four sheep fed on a 75 % grain diet and examined the effects of supplementation with extra P, Ca and roughage on Ca, P and Mg excretion. Urinary P concentration was directly correlated with the formation of calculi. Plasma inorganic phosphorus (P,) increased when grain in the diet was 75 % or greater and this led to increased urinary P excretion. The addition of CaCO3 reduced urinary P without large changes in plasma P1 and increased the faecal output of P. Extra roughage added to high grain diets reduced the digestibility of both Ca and P and the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of P. The significance of these findings for the prevention of urinary calculi in sheep is discussed.

scholarly journals A Novel Technique of Ultra-Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Introduction and an Initial Experience for Treatment of Upper Urinary Calculi Less Than 2 cm

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Desai ◽  
Guohua Zeng ◽  
Zhijian Zhao ◽  
Wen Zhong ◽  
Wenzhong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Laser Lithotripsy ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Average Operative Time ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metal Sheath

Objectives. To describe our novel modified technique of ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP) using of a novel 6 Fr mininephroscope through an 11–13 Fr metal sheath to perform holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy.Methods. The medical records of 36 patients with moderate-sized (<20 mm) kidney stones treated with UMP from April to July 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were assessed at the 1st day and 1st month postoperatively by KUB and US to assess stone-free status.Results. The mean stone size was 14.9 ± 4.1 mm (rang: 6–20). The average operative time was 59.8 ± 15.9 (30–90) min. The stone-free rate at postoperative 1st day and 1st month was 88.9% and 97.2%. The mean hospital stay was 3.0 ± 0.9 (2–5) days. Complications were noted in 6 (16.7%) cases according to the Clavien classification, including sepsis in 2 (5.6%) cases (grade II), urinary extravasations in 1 (2.8%) case (grade IIIa), and fever in 3 (8.3%) cases (grade II). No patients needed blood transfusion.Conclusions. UMP is technically feasible, safe, and efficacious for moderate-sized renal stones with an advantage of high stone-free rates and low complication rates. However, due to the limits of its current unexplored indications, UMP is therefore a supplement to, not a substitute for, the standard mini-PCNL technology.

Efficacy of Hounsfield Unit of CT in Prediction of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Stones

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Salah Mahmoud Ahmed Shehata ◽  
Mohamed Rafik El-Halaby ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Saafan
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Struvite Stones

Abstract Objectives to make a reliable correlation between the chemical composition of the urinary calculi and its Hounsfield unit on CT scan, upon which we can depend on it for prediction of the type of the urinary calculi. The prediction of the chemical structure of the stone would help us to reach a more efficient therapeutic and prophylactic plan. Methods A retrospective study was performed by interpretation of the preoperative CT scans for patients who were presented by urinary stones. Identification of the chemical structure of the calculi was implemented using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). The laboratory report revealed multiple types of stones either of pure or mixed composition. Afterwards, a comparison was done between Hounsfield units of the stones and the chemical structure. Results The chemical structure of the urinary stones revealed four pure types of stones (Uric acid, Calcium Oxalate, Struvite and Cystine) and two types of mixed stones (mixed calcium oxalate+ Uric, and mixed calcium oxalate+ calcium phosphate). Uric acid stone had a mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) density of428 ± 81, which was quite less than the other stones, followed by struvite stones with density ranging about 714 ± 38. Mixed calcium oxalate stones could be differentiated from other types of stones like uric acid, pure calcium oxalate and struvite stones by the Hounsfield unit of Computed Tomography (the mean Hounsfield Unit was 886 ± 139 and 1427 ± 152 for mixed calcium oxalate + uric stone and mixed calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate stones respectively). Moreover, pure calcium oxalate stones were easily differentiated from all other stones using the mean Hounsfield density as it was 1158 ± 83. It was challenging only when it was compared to cystine stones, as they were quiet similar to HU value (997 ± 14). The variation of Hounsfield values among the previously mentioned stones, was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion The study proved that the Hounsfield Unit of CT scanning is a convenient measure to predict the chemical structure of urinary calculi.

Response of Concord Grapes (Vitis labrusca) to 2,4-D in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Comes ◽  
Louis Y. Marquis ◽  
Allen D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Vitis Labrusca ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

In field studies 0.1 ppmw ae or less 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied by sprinklers in 5.1 cm of water over 8 h did not affect the number or dry weight of leaves or length of canes of 1-yr-old Concord grape plants (Vitis labruscaL.). A second application at 0.01 ppmw or higher to the same plants 1 yr later reduced growth of leaves, canes, and trunk. Combined effects of root pruning (required to position plants for treatment the second year) and 2,4-D probably account for this apparent anomaly. When 2,4-D was applied annually at 1.0 ppmw or less to established plants for three consecutive years, growth, yield, and fruit quality were not affected. No residues of 2,4-D were detected in the fruit at harvest (detection limit 0.05 ppmw). Grapes treated with 1.0 ppmw 2,4-D developed moderate injury symptoms.

The influence of various factors on some methods of estimating fibre and follicle population density in the skin of Merino sheep. I. Methods of delineating area of natural skin

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
HB Carter ◽  
HN Turner ◽  
MH Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Biopsy Punch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Influence Measurement

Many factors may influence measurement of skin area for estimation of fibre or follicle population density. This paper analyses the influence of method of delineation (hairpin calliper, Hardy clipper, or Carter biopsy punch), type of sheep (wrinkled or plain), body region, and sheep individuality on the mean density estimated and on the error of estimation. With either a biopsy punch or a 1 in.2 hairpin calliper in the midside region, sampling errors of the order of 8–11 per cent. were found for density estimates in a series of field observations on Merino and Corriedale ewes, with between-sheep coefficients of variation ranging from 13 to 18 per cent.

Maintenance rations for Merino sheep. IV. The performance of adult Merino ewes fed daily and weekly at three levels of energy intake

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Briggs ◽  
MC Franklin ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean

Dry adult Merino ewes were fed at daily or weekly intervals on oat grain at levels which provided 4.0, 3.0, or 2.0 lb starch equivalent (S.E.) per sheep per week. The experimental periods were 223, 223, and 181 days respectively. Differences between the mean body weights of the ewes a t the three levels of feeding were highly significant (P < 0.001). Body weight varied only slightly and no losses occurred in ewes fed weekly at the rate of 4.0 lb S.E. per head. Ewes fed daily a t this level had a significantly greater mean body weight (P < 0.001) a t the conclusion of the 223-day experimental period. The addition of a sodium chloride supplement did not improve the body weight or wool production of ewes fed weekly a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. The mean body weight of ewes fed at the levels of 3.0 or 2.0 lb S.E. per head declined over the first 12 and 18 respectively and thereafter remained relatively constant. There were no significant differences at these levels of feeding between groups fed daily and weekly in respect of body weight, wool production, or survival rates. Ewes fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E. grew significantly more wool than those given 3.0 lb S.E. (P < 0.001). Losses were negligible in all groups except those fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. In these groups there were few deaths in the first 16 weeks, but in the subsequent 10 weeks losses totalled 17.1 per cent. Ewes fed a t the level of 2.0 lb S.E. consumed their rations at a significantly slower rate (P < 0.01) than did those fed a t the level of 4.0 lb S.E.

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