Digestion of pasture plants by sheep. V. Studies with subterranean and berseem clovers

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum

Subterranean and berseem clovers, harvested at early and late stages of maturity, were dried and offered to sheep ad libitum, or at about 90 % of ad libitum intake. Feed consumption and the times spent in ruminating and eating were measured when the forages were offered ad libitum and several aspects of digestion were studied at the restricted level of feeding. The effects of maturity on (i) forage chemical composition, (ii) nutrient digestibility, (iii) parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach, (iv) ruminal volatile fatty acid production, (v) the molar proportions of individual amino acids in abomasal digesta and peripheral blood plasma, (vi) nitrogen balance, and (vii) the time and energy expenditure in ruminating and eating, were generally the same with these clovers as has been observed previously with grasses. Substantial amounts of nutrients were derived from forages harvested in the immature state, the consumption of which provided about 1200 g organic matter per day. It was calculated that under conditions of ad libitum feeding about 500 g of volatile fatty acids was produced in the rumen and 160-230 g of crude protein was digested in the intestines per day. High mean values for nitrogen balance were obtained with immature subterranean clover but the variation between sheep was large. The levels of amino acids in blood plasma were also exceptionally high with this diet. The data obtained on the digestion of immature clover forages were compared with those obtained previously with immature grass forages. The patterns of digestion were generally very similar for both types of forages and any differences observed could usually be ascribed to the higher feed intake with the clovers. The forages had similar capacities to furnish volatile fatty acids in the rumen and digested crude protein in the intestines. The calculated energy expenditure in eating and ruminating, however, was slightly lower for the clovers. The data were interpreted to indicate that if immature clovers are superior to immature grasses in promoting animal production, the superiority cannot be attributed to an inherent capacity of clovers to provide the animal with a more favourable balance of nutrients.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. III. The digestion of forage oats varying in maturity and in the content of protein and soluble carbohydrate

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen

A comparison has been made of the composition, intake, and digestion of forage oats grown with and without the application of nitrogen fertilizer and harvested at three stages of maturity. The chemical composition of the forages showed the usual changes with maturity. Fertilizer application had little effect on the levels of cell wall constituents but, as expected, decreased the levels of soluble carbohydrate and increased those of total nitrogen, alcohol-soluble nitrogen, and nitrate. The digestibility of organic matter, cell wall constituents, and nitrogen declined with advancing maturity, all three parameters being little affected by the fertilizer treatment. Feed consumption declined only with the most mature diet and was not affected by the fertilizer treatment even though the high nitrogen (HN) diets supplied 4–5 g nitrate nitrogen per day and relatively small amounts of soluble carbohydrate. There was a loss of dietary nitrogen from the stomach with the HN diets and a gain with the low nitrogen (LN). The amount of nitrogen in the digesta leaving the stomach per unit intake of nitrogen increased with maturity. The quantities of protein leaving the stomach were too great to be accounted for as microbial protein, and hence appreciable quantities of plant protein must have passed through the stomach. The digestibility of crude protein in the intestines was not affected either by maturity of the forages or by fertilizer treatment. There was little effect of advancing maturity or fertilizer application on: (a) the extent of digestion of organic matter and the structural carbohydrates in the stomach relative to that occurring in the intestines; (b) the proportion of digestible organic matter derived from rumen volatile fatty acids and amino acids; � the potential value of the metabolizable energy from volatile fatty acids and amino acids to provide net energy for fattening; (d) most parameters associated with the movement of digesta through the stomach. Advancing maturity of the diets was associated with increased expenditure of time in chewing activities.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. IV*. The digestion of Phalaris tuberosa at different stages of maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Dietary Origin

A study was made of the composition, intake, and digestion of dried Phalaris tuberosa forage that had been harvested at three stages of maturity. Advancing maturity was associated with: (i) decreased food intake; (ii) increased expenditure of time and energy in chewing activities; (iii) decline in the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum though not from the rumen; (iv) decline in digestibility in the whole tract of organic matter, nitrogen, and the structural carbohydrates; (v) decline in the digestion of fibre in the rumen relative to that occurring in the whole tract; (vi) decline in the quantities of volatile fatty acids and amino acids made available to the animal. By contrast only small differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the distribution of digestion of organic matter between stomach and intestines; (ii) the digestibility of nitrogen other than ammonia in the intestines; (iii) the proportions of digestible organic matter derived from volatile fatty acids and amino acids; (iv) the proportions of individual amino acids in the digesta passing to the intestine. It was calculated that microbial piotcin contributed 33, 38, and 47% of the protein passing from the stomach to the intestincs with the diets of advancing maturity. Most of the remaining protein was presumably of dietary origin. About 80% of the crude protein in the digesta was present in the form of amino acids, and the quantities of amino acids released in the intestines were calculated to be equivalent to 64–66 g/100 g crude protein intake. With advancing maturity of the diets the plasma levels of the essential ammo acids except lysine, histidine, and arginine declined; there was little effect of diet on the plasma levels 01 non-essential amino acids. However, relative to total essential amino acids, the ratios of valine and leucine decreased with advancing maturity of the diet while those of lysine, histidine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, and serine increased. * Part 111, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1969, 20, 347.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
M.R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M.C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Garlic contains secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, similar to other antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production. The treatments consisted of control with no additives, garlic powder, and garlic juice at 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48 hours incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12 hours and 24 hours incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48 hours. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared with control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. Volatile fatty acids increased in all treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, whereas the acetate to propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 ml could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate to propionate ratio, implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens was limited.

Feed utilization, energy expenditure and nitrogen metabolism in working female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
E Teleni ◽  
R Pieterson ◽  
G De'ath
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Four 36-months-old female buffaloes, with a mean liveweight of 345 kg, were used in a study designed to estimate the effect of work (3 h/day) on feed utilization, energy expenditure and nitrogen metabolism. The animals were studied under ambient temperatures and relative humidities ranging from 25.3 to 32.5'C and 45 to 82% respectively, and were fed rice straw (0.8% nitrogen) ad libitum, supplemented with cottonseed meal at 500 g head-1 day-1 to result in a dietary nitrogen content of 1.15%. Work did not affect the digestibility of the feed but tended to reduce (P=0.054) ad libitum intake of its organic matter. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were increased during work from 37.7 to a peak of 40.8�C and from 40 to a peak of 130 counts/min respectively. The ratio of working : resting metabolic rate, as calculated from CO2 entry rates, was approximately 2.6. Estimates of energy expenditures from CO2 entry rates showed increases in the working animal by 2.3 to 2.7 times the resting values. Nitrogen balance was reduced in the working animal owing to increased catabolism of amino acids and the resultant increased excretion of urea via the urine. Urea entry rate was increased in the working animal, but the proportion of this that was estimated to be transferred to the digestive tract was not different from that in the non-working animal, although the amount transferred was greater in the working animal. It is suggested that increased muscular activity in the working animal would tend to reduce ad libitum intake of organic matter of a roughage such as rice straw, but could increase digestibility of organic matter possibly through reduction in the rate of passage of digesta and/or through increased amount of urea transferred to the rumen containing lower than an optimal level of ammonia. The increased catabolism of amino acids associated with increased muscular activity is likely to result in a reduced nitrogen balance due to the likely increased urea excretion via the urine. It is also suggested that CO2 entry rate could offer a reasonable estimate of energy expenditure in the resting and the working animal.

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACID SALTS ON GROWTH AND RUMEN VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS OF SHEEP FED PELLETED OR CHOPPED HIGH-ROUGHAGE RATIONS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The One ◽  
Standard Ration

Four experiments were conducted with sheep to compare the addition of sodium citrate and sodium propionate to pelleted and unpelleted rations and to determine the response to sodium citrate supplementation of different quality-hays. There were no significant differences in rate of gain or feed consumption of a ⅔ roughage −⅓ concentrate ration due to supplementation with sodium citrate or sodium propionate. Pelleting either the mixed ration or all-roughage rations increased feed consumption and rate of gain in all experiments. Pelleting the mixed ration decreased digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen in the one experiment in which this was determined. Pregnant and lactating ewes lost less body weight when fed a limited amount of long hay plus pelleted hay ad libitum than similar ewes fed a standard ration of long hay ad libitum plus 0.5 lb of concentrates per day. It was necessary to feed lambs 0.5 lb of rolled barley per day with long hay ad libitum to obtain gains equal to those of similar lambs fed pelleted hay ad libitum. The addition of sodium citrate significantly increased the rate of gain of lambs fed ad libitum a slightly moldy, weathered legume hay in the pelleted form together with 0.25 lb of long hay per head per day.The addition of sodium citrate to a mixed ration or to all-roughage rations did not usually alter the proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. The addition of sodium propionate decreased the proportion of acetic acid while increasing that of propionic acid. In both experiments where this was determined, pelleting an all-roughage ration resulted in a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid and an increase in the longer chain volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid.

Sampling of digestive contents by ileal cannulation in the rabbit

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gidenne ◽  
T. Bouyssou ◽  
Y. Ruckebusch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Conscious Animals ◽  
Digestive Contents ◽  
Repeated Samples

ABSTRACTA technique is described for the collection of digestive contents with a glass T-shaped ileal cannula, in rabbits fed ad libitum. Repeated samples of ileal contents were easily obtained by gravity from conscious animals lying in a hammock for 1 h, twice a week, over a period of 2 months. Analysis of the ileal contents showed no diurnal variations in concentrations of crude protein, neutral-detergent fibre, ammonia, and total short-chain volatile fatty acids. The fresh weight output was maximal at 09.00 h and minimal at 03.00 h. The transit time of phenol sulphone phthalein between mouth and ileum was 75 (s.d. 14) min and did not vary according to the time of day when measured (08.00 to 12.00 h, 14.00 to 18.00 h, 20.00 to 24.00 h).

Effects of coat length and faecal hair removal on measured nutrient digestibility in cats

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
Hee S Kim ◽  
Jin S Hong ◽  
Chang W Park ◽  
Kyung H Cho ◽  
Yoo Y Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Hair Removal ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Ad Libitum

Objectives This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of coat length and faecal hair removal on measured nutrient digestibility in longhair and shorthair cats. Methods A total of 14 adult domestic cats, with a mean ± SD body weight of 4.5 ± 1.21 kg and a mean ± SD age of 3.3 ± 1.38 years, were used for a nutrient digestibility trial. The nutrient digestibility of cats was measured by hair-included faeces and hair-removed faeces. Food was provided twice daily (09:00 h and 16:00 h) and water was provided ad libitum. Cats were adapted to a steel cage and diet for 16 days before a 10 day collection period. During the collection period, food offered, food refused and faecal output were measured daily and used for digestibility analysis. Results The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of longhair cats was underestimated by 8% ( P = 0.02), 9% ( P = 0.04) and 14% ( P = 0.04), respectively. In shorthair cats, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude ash increased by 4% ( P = 0.01), 5% ( P = 0.02) and 15% ( P <0.01), respectively, with hair-removed faeces. The nutrient digestibility between longhair and shorthair cats showed no difference when hair-included faeces were used. However, when using hair-removed faeces, the digestibility of NDF and amino acids in longhair cats were about 4–8% higher than in shorthair cats ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance This study showed that the nutrient digestibility values were affected by whether the hair in faeces was removed or not. Removing hair from faeces is a more precise method with which to evaluate the apparent nutrient digestibility of domestic cats.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic acid Blend on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Faeces of Young Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
L. Bujňák ◽  
P. Naď ◽  
T. Mihok
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Young Pigs

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a feeding diet containing a dry organic acid blend (lactic acid—ammonium formate—ammonium propionate—citrate—sorbate) in young pigs on their: performance, the apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in their faeces. A total of 12 crossbred pigs (Slovakian White × Landrace) with an initial live weight of 12.78 ± 1.86 kg were divided into two dietary treatments. The experimental period lasted 28 days. Pigs were fed a control diet (control group) or a diet supplemented with a dry organic acid (OA) blend, 0.6 g per 100 g feed (experimental group). Compared with the control group, the average daily gain (ADG) was improved (P < 0.05) by OA blend over the period of the investigation (0—28 days). For the apparent total tract digestibility determination, ash which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid was used as a marker. The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and total ash was improved (P < 0.05) by the OA blend in the experiment. Compared with the control group, the concentration of the total volatile fatty acid in the faeces increased (P < 0.05) in pigs supplemented with the OA blend. The concentration of butyric acid in the faeces tended to be higher (P < 0.01) in pigs supplemented with the OA blend compared with the control group. In conclusion, the addition of 0.6 g per 100 g feed had a positive effect on: growth performance, total tract digestibility of crude protein and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the faeces of young pigs.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE USING SHEEP

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Daily Gain

Manure from a commercial feedlot was dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant. The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14.8% crude protein, 14% ash, 0.83% calcium, 0.69% phosphorus, 30.5% crude fiber, and 2.6% fat. About 45% of the DM in the manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of three pelleted rations: 50% hay 50% barley (HB); 50% manure 50% barley (MB); and 100% manure (M) was fed ad libitum to eight individually penned yearling wethers in a 38-day feeding trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs on ration M were fed 200 g/day alfalfa hay until intake of pellets exceeded 600 g/day, and 200 g/day barley during the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial, five wethers per treatment, was conducted after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM intake during the feeding trial was 2,054, 1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean daily gain was 272, 148 and −57 g for rations HB, MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM intake during the final 10 days of the feeding trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7% for DM digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 for nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid of lambs on ration M were similar to those normally observed for high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic in rumen fluid of lambs on ration HB was greater (P < 0.05) and percent valeric lower (P < 0.05) than on ration MB. It was concluded that sheep will consume rations containing large amounts of dehydrated manure, but low digestibility of manure severely limits its value as a ration ingredient.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas production.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M. C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Abstract Garlic has secondary metabolites that possess antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation similar to known antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas production. The treatments were control no additives, garlic powder and garlic juice of 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48h incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12h and 24h incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48h. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared to control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. The volatile fatty acids increased in all the treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, while the acetate:propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 mL could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate:propionate ratio implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens is limited.

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