Sampling of digestive contents by ileal cannulation in the rabbit

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gidenne ◽  
T. Bouyssou ◽  
Y. Ruckebusch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Conscious Animals ◽  
Digestive Contents ◽  
Repeated Samples

ABSTRACTA technique is described for the collection of digestive contents with a glass T-shaped ileal cannula, in rabbits fed ad libitum. Repeated samples of ileal contents were easily obtained by gravity from conscious animals lying in a hammock for 1 h, twice a week, over a period of 2 months. Analysis of the ileal contents showed no diurnal variations in concentrations of crude protein, neutral-detergent fibre, ammonia, and total short-chain volatile fatty acids. The fresh weight output was maximal at 09.00 h and minimal at 03.00 h. The transit time of phenol sulphone phthalein between mouth and ileum was 75 (s.d. 14) min and did not vary according to the time of day when measured (08.00 to 12.00 h, 14.00 to 18.00 h, 20.00 to 24.00 h).

Digestion of pasture plants by sheep. V. Studies with subterranean and berseem clovers

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum

Subterranean and berseem clovers, harvested at early and late stages of maturity, were dried and offered to sheep ad libitum, or at about 90 % of ad libitum intake. Feed consumption and the times spent in ruminating and eating were measured when the forages were offered ad libitum and several aspects of digestion were studied at the restricted level of feeding. The effects of maturity on (i) forage chemical composition, (ii) nutrient digestibility, (iii) parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach, (iv) ruminal volatile fatty acid production, (v) the molar proportions of individual amino acids in abomasal digesta and peripheral blood plasma, (vi) nitrogen balance, and (vii) the time and energy expenditure in ruminating and eating, were generally the same with these clovers as has been observed previously with grasses. Substantial amounts of nutrients were derived from forages harvested in the immature state, the consumption of which provided about 1200 g organic matter per day. It was calculated that under conditions of ad libitum feeding about 500 g of volatile fatty acids was produced in the rumen and 160-230 g of crude protein was digested in the intestines per day. High mean values for nitrogen balance were obtained with immature subterranean clover but the variation between sheep was large. The levels of amino acids in blood plasma were also exceptionally high with this diet. The data obtained on the digestion of immature clover forages were compared with those obtained previously with immature grass forages. The patterns of digestion were generally very similar for both types of forages and any differences observed could usually be ascribed to the higher feed intake with the clovers. The forages had similar capacities to furnish volatile fatty acids in the rumen and digested crude protein in the intestines. The calculated energy expenditure in eating and ruminating, however, was slightly lower for the clovers. The data were interpreted to indicate that if immature clovers are superior to immature grasses in promoting animal production, the superiority cannot be attributed to an inherent capacity of clovers to provide the animal with a more favourable balance of nutrients.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE USING SHEEP

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Daily Gain

Manure from a commercial feedlot was dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant. The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14.8% crude protein, 14% ash, 0.83% calcium, 0.69% phosphorus, 30.5% crude fiber, and 2.6% fat. About 45% of the DM in the manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of three pelleted rations: 50% hay 50% barley (HB); 50% manure 50% barley (MB); and 100% manure (M) was fed ad libitum to eight individually penned yearling wethers in a 38-day feeding trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs on ration M were fed 200 g/day alfalfa hay until intake of pellets exceeded 600 g/day, and 200 g/day barley during the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial, five wethers per treatment, was conducted after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM intake during the feeding trial was 2,054, 1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean daily gain was 272, 148 and −57 g for rations HB, MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM intake during the final 10 days of the feeding trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7% for DM digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 for nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid of lambs on ration M were similar to those normally observed for high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic in rumen fluid of lambs on ration HB was greater (P < 0.05) and percent valeric lower (P < 0.05) than on ration MB. It was concluded that sheep will consume rations containing large amounts of dehydrated manure, but low digestibility of manure severely limits its value as a ration ingredient.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the alimentary tracts of wild rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Henning ◽  
F. J. R. Hird
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Wild rabbits were caught during both phases of the excretory cycle and their gut contents were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA).2. All rabbits were found to have high concentrations of VFA in the caecum and in the proximal colon. Acetic was the most abundant acid followed by n-butyric, then propionic.3. VFA concentrations in the caecum and in the proximal colon of rabbits caught during the day and during the night were similar. Hard pellets from the distal colon and rectum of rabbits caught during the night had considerably less VFA than did the soft pellets from rabbits caught during the day.4. Owing to the ingestion of soft faeces, the VFA content of stomach material was greater in rabbits caught during the day than in those caught at night.5. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of the diurnal excretion pattern and the role of coprophagy in the rabbit.

The liveweight gain response of heifers to supplements of molasses or maize while grazing irrigated Leucaena leucocephala/Digitaria eriantha pastures in north-west Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Petty ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
North West ◽  
Digitaria Eriantha ◽  
Four Levels

This experiment in the Ord River Irrigation area (ORIA) of north Western Australia evaluated the liveweight gain of cattle rotationally grazing leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham)/pangola (Digitaria eriantha cv. Steudel) pastures alone, or supplemented with four levels of molasses (1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00 kg molasses/head.day, as fed or fresh weight basis) or two levels of cracked maize supplementation (0.75, 1.50 kg/head.day, as fed or fresh weight basis). Seventy Bos indicus cross heifers [~12 months of age, mean initial weight 252 ± 3.8 (s.e.) kg] were allocated to the seven treatments and two replicates of each treatment (five cattle per replicate plus five additional similar heifers) with the stocking rate set at 6.25 head/ha. The experiment was conducted over 106 days of the dry season (August–November). Each replicate paddock of 0.4 ha was rotationally grazed with 10 animals with a 7-day grazing period and a 21-day regrowth period for each rotation. The mean herbage mass, residual herbage mass and herbage allowance for the experiment were 3.78 t DM/ha, 3.07 t DM/ha and 7.32 kg DM/100 kg liveweight, respectively. Pangola contributed a mean of 0.79 of the herbage mass. There was a significant quadratic response of liveweight gain to level of molasses supplement (P < 0.0087) with an optimum liveweight gain of 1.08 kg/head.day at a supplement level of 2.65 kg molasses/head.day or 8.9 g/kg LW.day derived from the quadratic equation. The quadratic equation was: Liveweight gain = 0.763(±0.0644) + 0.241(±0.0658) * M – 0.046(±0.0126) * M2 (where M is level of molasses supplement kg/head.day). There was no significant response to level of maize supplement. There were no significant differences between treatments in the concentration of rumen ammonia N or volatile fatty acids or in the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids. It was concluded that molasses can be used effectively to increase the liveweight gain of cattle grazing leucaena/pangola pasture at a level of ~8.9 g/kg LW.day.

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LAMBS DURING BACTERIAL INHIBITION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Karr ◽  
C. O. Little ◽  
G. E. Mitchell Jr. ◽  
H. A. Glimp ◽  
P. G. Woolfolk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Reduced Rate

Rumen cannulas were installed in four sets of twin lambs. Increasing levels (with time) of a mixture of antibiotics and Sulfathalidine were administered via the rumen cannula twice daily to prevent the development of a bacterial population in the rumen. This procedure was successful for 12 weeks. Small concentrations of volatile fatty acids were observed after this time. Neither papillae nor the muscular part of the rumen developed normally in the treated lambs where rumen volatile fatty acids were absent. Structural development of the reticulum and omasum was also greatly reduced by the antibiotic–Sulfathalidine treatments. In vitro butyrate uptake by tissues taken from the rumen, reticulum, and omasum was similar and was low for both the control and treated lambs. Poor muscular development of the rumen wall was observed in the treated lambs; and large quantities of ingesta were present, suggesting a reduced rate of passage. This was associated with diminished feed intake and inability of the lambs to maintain body weight after weaning. The apparent digestion of dietary dry matter, crude protein, starch, and cellulose was reduced by treatment.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. IV*. The digestion of Phalaris tuberosa at different stages of maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Dietary Origin

A study was made of the composition, intake, and digestion of dried Phalaris tuberosa forage that had been harvested at three stages of maturity. Advancing maturity was associated with: (i) decreased food intake; (ii) increased expenditure of time and energy in chewing activities; (iii) decline in the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum though not from the rumen; (iv) decline in digestibility in the whole tract of organic matter, nitrogen, and the structural carbohydrates; (v) decline in the digestion of fibre in the rumen relative to that occurring in the whole tract; (vi) decline in the quantities of volatile fatty acids and amino acids made available to the animal. By contrast only small differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the distribution of digestion of organic matter between stomach and intestines; (ii) the digestibility of nitrogen other than ammonia in the intestines; (iii) the proportions of digestible organic matter derived from volatile fatty acids and amino acids; (iv) the proportions of individual amino acids in the digesta passing to the intestine. It was calculated that microbial piotcin contributed 33, 38, and 47% of the protein passing from the stomach to the intestincs with the diets of advancing maturity. Most of the remaining protein was presumably of dietary origin. About 80% of the crude protein in the digesta was present in the form of amino acids, and the quantities of amino acids released in the intestines were calculated to be equivalent to 64–66 g/100 g crude protein intake. With advancing maturity of the diets the plasma levels of the essential ammo acids except lysine, histidine, and arginine declined; there was little effect of diet on the plasma levels 01 non-essential amino acids. However, relative to total essential amino acids, the ratios of valine and leucine decreased with advancing maturity of the diet while those of lysine, histidine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, and serine increased. * Part 111, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1969, 20, 347.

Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Ground Wheat

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted with 60 male Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. The experiment was a 5×2×2 factorial design. The five major treatments were the inclusion of 20 or 40% ground wheat straw or 20, 40 or 60% ground lucerne in a pelleted diet. A methane inhibitor was included in the diet given to 30 of the calves. The diets were given alone or with a chaffed wheat straw supplementad libitum. All diets contained 2% sodium bicarbonate.The weight gain of the calves was greater with the diets containing ground lucerne than with those containing ground wheat straw, but in both cases weight gains were reduced with increasing roughage content of the diets. The efficiency of feed conversion showed a similar trend. The supplementation of the diets with chaffed wheat straw did not affect the performance of the calves. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets improved the weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion. The daily retention of nitrogen in the calves showed a similar trend to the growth rates.The molar percentage of acetate in the rumen increased as the roughage content of the diets increased while the proportions of propionate, butyrate and valerate decreased. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets decreased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and increased the molar percentage of propionate, butyrate and valerate.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
M.R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M.C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Garlic contains secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, similar to other antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production. The treatments consisted of control with no additives, garlic powder, and garlic juice at 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48 hours incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12 hours and 24 hours incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48 hours. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared with control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. Volatile fatty acids increased in all treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, whereas the acetate to propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 ml could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate to propionate ratio, implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens was limited.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. I. Ruminal production of volatile fatty acids by sheep offered diets of ryegrass and forage oats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Pasture Plants

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of sheep was estimated by isotope dilution techniques. The 12 diets used consisted of dried ryegrass and forage oats and covered a wide range of levels of cell wall constituents (46–40% of the organic matter), crude protein (6–32%), and soluble carbohydrate (5–18%). Each diet was offered at a level equal to approximately 90% of the sheep's ad libitum intake. The production of VFA was correlated with the total amount of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract (r = 0.93–0.95). The mean VFA production per 100 g of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract was equivalent to 56.8 g, 243 kcal, or 0.85 mole. Values for individual diets varied about these means with a coefficient of variation of 6–7%. Rates of VFA production in, and VFA absorption from the rumen were correlated with VFA concentration in rumen liquor (r = 0.67, r = 0.67) and the rumen VFA pool (r = 0.81, r = 0.79). Approximately 76% of the VFA produced in the rumen was absorbed from the rumen, 19% was absorbed from the omasum and abomasum, and 5% passed from the abomasum to the intestines.

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