Associated growth of wheat and annual ryegrass. 1. Effect of varying total density and proportion in mixtures of wheat and annual ryegrass

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Rerkasem ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
NA Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Similar Growth

A field study was undertaken in which wheat (T. aestivum L.) cv. Gamenya and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) cv. Wimmera were grown at total densities of 33, 100,300 and 900 plants m-2 in pure cultures and in mixtures in the proportions 33W : 67R, 50W : 50R, 67W : 33R. In densities of 100 and 900 plants m-2, five sequential harvests were made for total dry matter of each species in each pure culture and proportion. Interactions between proportion and density at the first and some subsequent harvests were noted, while at others these treatments behaved independently. At maturity, all plots were sampled for dry matter of each species, grain yield in wheat and seed production in ryegrass. With respect to dry matter and seed numbers, there was no interaction between density and proportion, but a main effect of density was noted. Seed numbers in ryegrass were between 31,000 and 45,000 m-2, and increasing the proportion of wheat had little effect on ryegrass seed production. An examination of the yield components of wheat (ears per plant, spikelets per ear and grains per spikelet) showed that intraspecific competition replaced interspecific competition as density rose. Although in pure cultures the two species had a similar growth pattern, the results showed that the effects of the species on one another were not identical and at final harvest, relative yield totals (RYT) > 1.0 were recorded in some treatments. The results are discussed in terms of inter- and intraspecific competition. From the practical point of view, this study shows that increasing either the density or proportion of wheat does not reduce the seed production of ryegrass to any great extent, and therefore its potential as a weed in wheat crops.

Associated growth of wheat and annual ryegrass. 2. Effect of varying the time of ryegrass germination in stands of wheat

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Rerkasem ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
NA Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Intervention

In a field experiment, wheat cv. Gamenya and annual ryegrass cv. Wimmera were sown in four proportions, 80W : 20R, 60W : 40R, 40W : 60R, 20W : 80R, at a total density of 300 plants m-2 and in which a high level of nitrogen fertilizer application was maintained. Ryegrass was sown 17 days before, simultaneously with, and 17 days after wheat. At the simultaneous sowing there were also pure cultures of wheat and ryegrass; pure culture data for ryegrass corresponding to all the germination treatments were obtained in a supplementary experiment. All treatments were harvested on five occasions. Observations were made on tiller numbers, yield of dry matter, seed numbers and the yield components of wheat. There were marked effects of early and simultaneous sowing of ryegrass and of proportions; the results also showed interactions between the later sowings and proportions. In all treatments wheat tiller numbers rose to a maximum and declined to about half after about 100 days. A similar rise and fall was observed in the early and simultaneous germination of ryegrass, but not in the late one. In ryegrass, tiller numbers were much greater than in wheat, and the rate of decline was not as marked. In the late germination treatment ryegrass development and growth were seriously depressed. With respect to wheat, seed yield and ear numbers per unit area in the early and simultaneous sowings were less, while ears and grains per plant were greater in the presence of ryegrass than in pure culture. In ryegrass, seed production was highest in the early and least in the late treatments and was depressed as the proportion of wheat was increased; even in the treatment with the lowest proportion of ryegrass, seed numbers of ryegrass remained high. Relative reproductive rates showed a consistent pattern with time of sowing and with proportion, and the results suggest that control of ryegrass seed numbers cannot be achieved by manipulating planting treatments but requires positive intervention. Relative crowding coefficients (k) calculated from the data suggest that wheat was the stronger competitor. The results are discussed in terms of the competitive effects between species and the likelihood that wheat has the greater competitive ability. As in the previous study, it was noted that effects of competition were discernible at 28 days.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) seed survival and digestibility in cattle and sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stanton ◽  
J. Piltz ◽  
J. Pratley ◽  
A. Kaiser ◽  
D. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

A trial was conducted to investigate the survival and digestibility of annual ryegrass (ARG) seed (Lolium rigidum L.) eaten by sheep and cattle. Sheep (n= 8) and cattle (n = 8) were fed a basal diet containing 1:1 lucerne chaff:oaten chaff with (ARG) or without (control) the inclusion of 20% total dry matter of annual ryegrass seed in a changeover design. Intake was restricted to 17 g/kg liveweight. Digestibility of the control diet was lower (P<0.01) for sheep than cattle. Annual ryegrass seed was present (P<0.01) in the faeces of both sheep and cattle within 24 h of first ingestion. Some 10.8 and 32.8% of seed ingested was excreted by sheep and cattle respectively, with 3.9% (sheep) and 11.9% (cattle) remaining germinable. Annual ryegrass seed continued to be excreted by both sheep and cattle up to 5 days after removal from the diet. Dry matter digestibility of the annual ryegrass diet was 53% in cattle.

The utilization of maize silage for intensive beef production: I. The effect of level and source of supplementary nitrogen on the utilization of maize silage by cattle of different ages

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Urea Addition

SUMMARYFifty-four British Friesian castrated male calves, initially 3, 6 or 9 months of age (107, 180 and 249 kg initial live weight, respectively), were individually fed for 83 days on maize silage (27·9% dry matter (D.M.), 10·7% crude protein in D.M.), offeredad libitum. Silage was offered either alone or supplemented with cobs of dried lucerne (21% of total D.M. intake). Three levels of urea (0, 1 and 2% of silage D.M.) were added to the silage before feeding.Total D.M. intakes averaged 23·0, 23·4 and 21·6 g/kg live weight (LW) for the 3-, 6- and 9-month-old animals, respectively. Addition of urea increased silage intake by 11% in the 6-month-old group but there was little effect in the 3- and 9-month-old groups. Lucerne supplementation reduced silage D.M. intake from 22·0 to 18·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001) and increased total D.M. intake by 1·4 g/kg LW (P< 0·001).Live-weight gain (LWG) of the cattle fed on silage alone increased (P< 0·001) with increasing age of animal. The main effect of urea was to elevate (P< 0·001) LWG from an average of 0·79 (no urea) to 0·94 kg/head/day (2% urea). However, it appeared that most of this effect was confined to the 6-month-old group. The effect of lucerne on LWG decreased with increasing age of animal (P< 0·001). Inclusion of lucerne in the diet significantly reduced the response to urea (P< 0·05).Feed conversion efficiency (LWG/100 Mcal DE intake) decreased (P< 0·01) with increasing age of animal but increased with urea addition from an average of 4·7 (no urea) to 5·3 kg LWG/100 Meal DE intake (2% urea). The response to lucerne supplementation in terms of efficiency was greatest in the 3-month-old group and thereafter declined markedly with increasing age of animal.The results of this experiment indicated that cattle older than 6 months of age (180 kg LW) could achieve a rate of growth of 1·0 kg/head/day on maize silage supplemented solely with urea, but that younger animals required supplementary lucerne to support a high rate of live-weight gain.

PSXIII-2 Effect of varying proportions of cereal rye and turnip on ruminal fermentation and methane output through in vitro batch culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 461-461
Author(s):  
Jordan L Cox-O’Neill ◽  
Vivek Fellner ◽  
Alan J Franluebbers ◽  
Deidre D Harmon ◽  
Matt H Poore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Ruminant animal performance has been variable in studies grazing annual cool-season grass and brassica monocultures and mixtures. There is little understanding of the fermentation mechanisms causing variation. The aim of this study was to determine apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility, methane, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration from different proportions of cereal rye (Secale cereal; R) and turnip (Brassica rapa L.; T) (0R:100T, 40R:60T, 60R:40T, and 100R:0T) via in vitro batch fermentation. Freeze-dried forage samples from an integrated crop-livestock study was assembled into the four treatments with a 50:50 leaf to root ratio for turnip. Measurements were made following a 48 hr fermentation with 2:1 buffer and ruminal fluid inoculum. Data were analyzed using Mixed Procedure of SAS with batch (replicate) and treatment (main effect) in the model; differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05, with tendencies declared at &gt; 0.05 but &lt; 0.10. Rumen apparent DM digestibility (26.8%; overall mean) was not different among treatments. Methane production was less (P &lt; 0.01) with inclusion of turnip ranging from 774 nmol/ml for 0R:100T to 1416 nmol/ml for 100R:0T. Total VFA production, acetate to propionate ratio, acetate, and valerate were not affected by forage treatments (117 mM, 1.45, 39.84 mol/100 mol, and 7.86 mol/100 mol, respectively; overall mean). Propionate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentrations were greater and butyrate concentration less with greater (P &lt; 0.01) proportions of rye in the mixture. No effect of R:T ratio on digestibility or total VFA production along with the observed differences in individual VFA concentration do not explain variable response in grazing animals. Additionally, methane production results indicate that grazing turnips could potentially reduce methane production and thus reduce ruminant livestock’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals Planting Alfalfa with Cover Crops on Forage Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Values of Alfalfa

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Doohong Min ◽  
Iryna McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Oilseed Radish ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Winter Annual

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with- and without cover crops on forage dry matter yield and nutritive values of alfalfa in Kansas, USA. In the first production year 2014, dry matter yield of mono-culture alfalfa appears to be compatible or even higher than planting with certain species of winter annual forages as a cover crop. Alfalfa planted with a combination of four different multi-species winter annual forages such as oats (Avena sativa L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) had the highest dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2014.Dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2nd production year 2015 was similar to alfalfa + oats and alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip or significantly higher than alfalfa planted with annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and turnip together. Based on two year of data in 2014 and 2015, the highest alfalfa yield occurred when alfalfa was planted with a combination of oats, oilseed radish, annual ryegrass, and turnip. The lowest dry matter yield of alfalfa occurred when alfalfa was planted with annual ryegrass.No significant differences in crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were found when comparing alfalfa monoculture with alfalfa + oats, alfalfa + oilseed radish, alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip, and alfalfa + turnip treatments. When considering both dry matter and nutritive values of alfalfa, planting alfalfa with cover crops appears to be compatible or better practice than planting alfalfa monoculture.

scholarly journals Growth and vegetative development of soybean plants in soil type Concrectionary Petric Plinthosol

2019 ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Marcio Nikkel ◽  
Saulo De Oliveira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Soybean Plants

The central-north of Brazil is a region with strong presence of concrectionary soil, whose supposed disadvantages from the agronomic point of view, do not prevent their use in agriculture. However, more in-depth information about the behavior of crops of agricultural interest cultivated in this type of soil is few. Due to the observation of agricultural stands in this type of soil, it was hypothesized that plinthite ironstones concretions negatively interfere in the development of crops of agro-economic interest. The objective was to verify the growth and development of soybean cultivated in soil with the presence and absence of plinthite ironstones. Concretionary Petric Plinthosol were collected in the 0-0,20 m layer and part of the soil was sieved so that concretions larger than 3.10 mm in diameter were removed, thus leaving two treatments, soil with and without plinthite ironstones. Morphological evaluations were performed during their phenological phase. Soybean grown in soil without ironstones showed higher growth at 32 and 48 DAE and more leaflets when compared to soy crop grown in soil with ironstones. As for dry matter, soybean grown in soil without ironstones showed more values for aerial, root and total mass as well for aerial root rate when compared to soybean grown in soil with ironstones. Plinthite ironstones interfere with the growth and/or vegetative development of soybeans. Soybean has less vegetative development when grown in soil with plinthite ironstone concretions.

scholarly journals Plant size, nutrient composition and biomass productivity of oats and faba bean in intercropping, and the effect of controlling Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae) on these properties

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Helenius
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Replacement Series

Effects of mixed intercropping on plant size, content of mineral nutrients and biomass yields were examined in three field experiments in Southern Finland in 1983—1985. The stand types were monocrops and replacement series of mixtures with 2/3 and 1/3 or 1/3 and 2/3 of oats (Avena sativa) and faba bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In one of the experiments control of R. padi, by means of deltamethrin sprayings, was an additional experimental factor having two levels. The height of stems or the above ground biomass of oats either were not affected or were increased by crop diversification. Bean plants remained smaller in the mixtures than in the monocrop. In plant size, there was a significant interaction between stand type and the effect of aphicide spraying: Oat benefitted most from being grown in the mixture containing most bean, and there was an indication (not statistically significant) that in these mixtures bean had proportionately higher weight loss. This result was interpreted as giving some support to the hypothesis of interspecific compensation between oats and bean against aphid damage to oats. In oats, the content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg all decreased from the stage of inflorescence emergence to the stage of the onset of milk development. Mixed cropping increased the content in oats of all these nutrients except Ca. At the same time, contents of P and K in bean were decreased. The changes in growth form and composition in oats induced by intercropping are discussed from the point of view of host plant relationship and damage function of the aphid pest. In terms of relative yield total (RYT), there was no overyielding in the dry matter, and in one case only was there overyielding in the nitrogen. During the period of population growth of R. padi, the daily maximum temperatures within the canopy were higher in the mixtures than in the monocrop of oats.

scholarly journals Seed Production, Dry Matter Production, and Light Intercepting Characteristics of Soybean Cultivar‘Misato-zairai’

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Nagasuga ◽  
Shunsuke Uchida ◽  
Hideyuki Kaji ◽  
Yuki Hayakawa ◽  
Sumiyo Nose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document