Short-term effects of soil compaction on growth of Pinuscontorta seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S.S. Conlin ◽  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Compaction Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Water Tables

A growth chamber experiment was conducted with Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. seedlings grown in soil compacted at 0.1, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 MPa pressure. Three moisture regimes were applied factorially to compaction levels by watering from above or by maintaining 2- or 10-cm water tables at the base of the 40-cm soil columns. All treatments were grown at either 22:14 °C or 26:18 °C (light:dark) for 13 weeks. Soil compaction increased bulk density, penetrometer resistance, and soil CO2 and ethylene. The presence of water tables resulted in elevated soil gravimetric water content, which rose with increased compaction and resulted in reduced penetrometer resistance and soil O2. Increased compaction was associated with decreased needle lengths, root dry weights, and net photosynthesis and increased rates of shoot respiration. Compaction had a small effect on height growth, with the tallest seedlings occurring at the greatest compaction rate. Shoot concentrations of mineral nutrients also decreased as soil compaction increased. Within the water table treatments, increased gravimetric soil water content was generally paralleled by a rise in the negative effects of compaction on growth, root/shoot dry weight ratios, and shoot mineral nutrient concentrations.

Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius L. and L. pilosus Murr. to calcareous soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brand ◽  
C. Tang ◽  
A. J. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Caco3 Content

Current varieties of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupin angustifolius L.) are poorly adapted to alkaline and calcareous soils found commonly throughout the south-estern Australian cropping zone. Apot experiment compared the growth of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru with L. pilosus P20954 in a range of soils collected throughout South Australia. The soils displayed a range of texture (clay, 3–82%), pH (1:5 soil:H2O, 7·0–9·6), and calcium carbonate content (CaCO3, 0–47%). Potting mix (pH 5·8) was used as the control. The plants were grown for 7 weeks with weekly measurements of chlorosis score and leaf number. At harvest, dry weights were recorded and the youngest fully expanded leaves were analysed for nutrient concentrations. The line P20954 grew much better in all the soils than Gungurru in terms of plant dry weight relative to the control soil, this being particularly evident in the calcareous soils. Chlorosis score correlated highly with shoot dry weight for Gungurru, but not for P20954. The main soil factor contributing to the chlorosis score of Gungurru was CaCO3 content, whereas none of the soil factors significantly affected P20954, although in Weeks 2 and 3 chlorosis score correlated with CaCO3 content. The dry weight of Gungurru was affected by a combination of factors including clay content, pH, and CaCO3 content, whereas the dry weight of P20954 was affected by most of the soil factors measured. The dry weight of P20954 was positively correlated with aluminium and magnesium concentrations. Concentrations of all nutrients were above critical levels for both genotypes grown in all soils. The results indicate that L. pilosus has the potential to be grown in areas where current varieties of L. angustifolius are poorly adapted.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Saturation Duration and Soil Water Content on Root Rot of Maize Caused by Pythium arrhenomanes

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yanar ◽  
P. E. Lipps ◽  
I. W. Deep
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Flooding Duration

Three aggressive isolates of P. arrhenomanes (201-25, 7E, and 5E) were used to evaluate the effect of soil saturation duration and soil water content on maize root rot. Maize seedlings grown in infested and noninfested soil:sand mixtures were subjected to saturation durations of 0, 6, 12, 24, or 40 h. Four silty-clay loam soil:sand mixtures (100:0, 80:20, 50:50, and 0:100) were used to evaluate the effect of soil water content on disease development. Matric water potential was maintained at -1 J/kg during the experiment except for the saturation period. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of saturation duration and soil water content on root and shoot dry weight. Negative slope values were obtained for increasing saturation duration and reduced water content (increased proportion of sand to soil). Intercepts of regression lines for shoot and root dry weights were lower for the infested soil:sand treatments than the noninfested treatments. These results indicated that growth of maize plants was negatively affected by increased flooding duration, lower soil water content, and presence of the pathogen. Growth of maize was significantly (P = 0.05) less in the presence of the pathogen than in non-inoculated control treatments at each soil water content and flooding duration.

scholarly journals Response of Container-grown Apple Trees to Soil Compaction

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
J.G. Streeter ◽  
Y. Yuncong
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Compacted Soil

Container-grown apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees were exposed to soil compaction created by changing soil bulk density (SBD) to determine the effect of compaction levels, rootstock, and moisture stress on mineral nutrition, leaf gas exchange, and foliar carbohydrate levels. With SBD of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 g·cm-3, there was no interaction of rootstock and soil compaction for growth of `Melrose' trees on nine rootstocks. Trees grown in a SBD of 1.2 g·cm-3 had a greater dry weight than trees at 1.4 g·cm-3 bulk density. Increasing SBD to 1.5 g·cm-3 reduced shoot length, total leaf area, leaf size, and dry weight of leaves, shoots, and roots. The interaction between rootstock and SBD was significant and total dry weight of `B.9', `G.16', `G.30', and `M.7 EMLA' was less influenced by 1.5 g·cm-3 soil than trees on `M.26 EMLA' and `MM.106 EMLA'. Withholding moisture for 10 days at the end of a 70-day experiment caused 8% to 25% reduction in growth in a non-compacted (1.0 g·cm-3) soil with much less effect in a compacted soil. Prior to imposing the moisture stress by withholding water, net photosynthesis (Pn) was reduced 13% and transpiration (E) 19% by increasing bulk density to 1.5 g·cm-3. Following 7 days of moisture stress in non-compacted soil, Pn and E were reduced 49% and 36%, respectively, with no such reductions in the compacted soil. Increasing SBD to 1.5 g·cm-3 caused a decrease in the leaf concentration of quinic acid, myoinositol, and sucrose and an increase in fructose and glucose. Trees growing in 1.5 g·cm-3 had reduced concentrations of N, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn, and increased P, K, B, and Fe in leaves.

scholarly journals Fertilizer, Irrigation, and Natural Ericaceous Root and Soil Inoculum (NERS): Effects on Container-grown Ericaceous Nursery Crop Biomass, Tissue Nutrient Concentration, and Leachate Nutrient Quality

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladis M. Zinati ◽  
John Dighton ◽  
Arend-Jan Both
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Substrate Medium

We tested the effects of using an inoculum containing natural ericoid roots and soil (NERS) with two fertilizer and irrigation rates on plant growth, shoot (stems and leaves) nutrient concentration, leachate quality, and mycorrhizal colonization of container-grown Coast Leucothoe [Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don] and Japanese Pieris [Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don]. Uniform rooted liners were grown in 10.8-L containers in a pine bark, peatmoss, and sand (8:1:1 by volume) substrate medium in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A controlled-release fertilizer, Polyon® Plus 14-16-8 (14N–7P–6.6K), was incorporated in the substrate medium at the 100% manufacturer's recommended fertilizer rate [representing high fertilizer rate (HF)] (56 g per container) to supply 7.84 g nitrogen (N) and at 50% the manufacturer's recommended rate [representing low fertilizer rate (LF)]. Plants were irrigated using a cyclic drip irrigation system at high (HI) and low (LI) irrigation rates calibrated to supply 25.2 L of water and 16.8 L per week, respectively. On average, NERS inoculation increased shoot growth of Leucothoe and Pieris by 56% and 60%, respectively. Shoots of Leucothoe inoculated with NERS had higher N, phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) concentrations than non-inoculated plants. At LF, nitrous-N (NOx-N) and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) concentrations in the leachate were reduced by 53% from Leucothoe and 62% from Pieris compared with HF-treated plants. A reduction of 37% and 36% in PO4-P concentration in leachates from Leucothoe and Pieris, respectively, were achieved at the reduced irrigation (LI) rate. The NERS inoculation reduced PO4-P concentrations in leachate from Leucothoe by 26% and NOx-N concentration by 33% in leachates from Pieris compared with non-inoculated plants. Compared with plants grown in the HI–HF treatment, the combination of LI–LF treatment reduced NOx-N concentrations in leachates from Leucothoe by 60% (P = 0.016) and reduced PO4-P leachate concentrations from Pieris by 72% (P = 0.0096). Decreasing the fertilizer rate to 50% of the recommended rate and the irrigation rate to 67% of the recommended rate in conjunction with the incorporation of NERS reduced leachate nutrient concentrations of two main water pollutants (NOx-N and PO4-P). Adopting the practice of adding NERS containing fungi and bacteria can be an effective system to increase shoot dry weight, allow reduction in fertilizer application, conserve water for irrigation, and minimize subsequent nutrient runoff in nursery operations.

scholarly journals Steel Slag Raises pH of Greenhouse Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
James C. Locke ◽  
Wendy L. Zellner ◽  
Jennifer K. Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ph Response ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Foliar Concentration ◽  
Substrate Ph

Dolomitic lime (DL) is the primary liming agent used for increasing pH in peatmoss-based substrates. Steel slag (SS) is a byproduct of the steel manufacturing industry that has been used to elevate field soil pH. The objective of this research was to determine the pH response of a peatmoss-based greenhouse substrate to varying rates of DL or SS. Two experiments were conducted with an 85 peatmoss : 15 perlite substrate. In the first experiment, the substrate was amended with 0, 2.4, 4.8, or 7.1 kg·m−3 of either DL or SS. Half of the containers remained fallow and the other half were potted with a single sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Pacino Gold’). In the second experiment, fallow containers were only used with the substrate amended with 0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.5, or 14.2 kg·m−3 DL or SS. Sunflower were measured for relative foliar chlorophyll content, shoot mass, root ratings, and foliar nutrient concentrations. Substrate electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were measured weekly using the pour-through procedure. All sunflower plants grew vigorously, although nonamended controls had less shoot dry weight than those amended with DL or SS. There were minor differences in foliar concentration of N, Ca, Mg, and Mn; however, these differences did not adversely affect plant growth. Summarizing across both experiments, EC was affected by treatment and time, although all substrates had EC readings within the range recommended for floriculture crop production (1.0–4.6 mS⋅cm−1). Substrate pH differed slightly in Expt. 1 between fallow and planted containers. Substrate pH increased exponentially with increasing rates of either DL or SS. Maximum pH in fallow DL and SS amended substrates was 6.57 and 6.93, respectively, in Expt. 1 and 6.85 and 7.67, respectively, in Expt. 2. The SS used in this experiment resulted in a greater pH response than DL with higher application rates. SS is a viable material for raising pH of soilless substrates.

Physiological Response of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Fenoxaprop

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick M. Oosterhuis ◽  
Stan D. Wullschleger ◽  
Ron E. Hampton ◽  
Rosalind A. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spray Droplets

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to elucidate the morphological and physiological responses of rice to postemergence application of fenoxaprop. Two rice cultivars, ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Mars’, and barnyardgrass were treated with 0.17 kg ai ha−1fenoxaprop at the five-leaf stage. Within 2 days of fenoxaprop application, rice cultivars developed a white chlorotic band across leaves that were in direct contact with spray droplets. Leaf elongation rates for the two rice cultivars were inhibited by 40% after 4 days and by over 50% after 14 days. Inhibition of leaf elongation by fenoxaprop contributed to an overall decrease in leaf area and shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis was reduced by 35% in fenoxaprop-treated plants 11 days after application, although stomatal conductance was not affected. Nitrogen fertilization prior to fenoxaprop application increased foliar injury of both rice cultivars. Visible injury symptoms showed the following order of susceptibility to foliar-applied fenoxaprop: barnyardgrass > Mars rice > Newbonnet rice.

scholarly journals Influence of Bacteria Isolated from Different Ecological Zone of Turkey on Maize Growth and Nutrient Uptake

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (sp2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Amer Abdulhadi Jawad ◽  
Ali Coşkan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Total N ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrients Uptake ◽  
Plant Nutrient Concentrations

The aim of this study was to find potential PGPR from sub-forest soil located different region soils of Turkey. Previous research indicated that the existing bacteria in arable soil are not capable to represent their individual performance most probably due to the competition. To overcome this phenomenon, soils are collected from sub-forest soil of Adana (Ad), Antalya (An), Hatay (Ha), Isparta (Is), Ordu (Or) and Sivas (Si) provinces. Experiment was carried out on the soil existing in Isparta in a greenhouse condition. Four fast growing bacteria colonies in tryptic soy (CASO) agar medium from each province were isolated and then, each isolate cultivated at liquid CASO broth until they reach 106 cfu ml-1. Experiments were carried out with a total of 24 bacteria including 6 province and 4 bacteria cultures from each region. The effects of those bacteria on biomass development and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays) were investigated. Sterile broth was applied treatment defined as control. The results revealed that 23 isolates out of 24 stimulated plants shoot dry weight. The highest value observed in the Or1 and Is4 isolates as 12.8 and 12.7 g plant-1 which around 77% higher than control whereas the lowest was in Or2 as 6.45 g plant-1. Plant nutrient concentrations were also influenced from inoculates where An1, Ad1, Or1, Is1 and Is3 significantly increased macro nutrients uptake where total N, available P, K, Ca and Mg were higher by 19%, 14%, 14%, 59% and 41% over the control, respectively. The Fe concentration was found 48% higher in Ad3 isolate. The Cu, Mn and Zn were the highest in Si3 as 43%, 30% and 31%, respectively. In general 4 out of 24 isolates were selected as promising PGPR for both plant development and nutrient uptake of maize.

scholarly journals Response of Container-grown Grapevines to Soil Compaction

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1250-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
J.G. Streeter
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Container-grown `Chambourcin' grapevines were exposed to soil compaction created by changing soil bulk density to determine the effect of levels of compaction, rootstocks and moisture stress on mineral nutrition, leaf gas exchange and foliar carbohydrate levels. Shoot growth, leaf area, number of inflorescences and leaf dry weight decreased linearly as soil bulk density increased with the effects being significant above 1.4 g·cm-3. The early season leaf area was reduced 40% in the second season, but later leaves were unaffected by a soil bulk density of 1.5 g·cm-3. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (E) increased linearly with increasing soil bulk density the first year, but the second year a nonlinear pattern was observed with highest rates at 1.3 and 1.4 g·cm-3. Soil bulk density of 1.5 g·cm-3 reduced number of leaves, leaf area and shoot length and advanced bloom 16 days on `Chambourcin' vines on six rootstocks with no interaction of rootstock and soil compaction. Withholding water for 8 days reduced Pn and E in all treatments, with no effect on shoot length, leaf, stem and total dry weights. Moisture stress in the noncompacted soil caused a reduction in leaf concentration of fructose, glucose and myo-inositol, but moisture stress had no effect in the compacted soil. Moisture stress caused a reduction in sucrose in both compacted and noncompacted soil. Compacting soil to a bulk density of 1.5 g·cm-3 was associated with an increase in leaf N, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Na, and Zn and a decrease in P, K, B, and Mo.

scholarly journals Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhuanito S Ferrarezi ◽  
Marc W van Iersel ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Substrate Moisture

Subirrigation is typically controlled using timers to periodically irrigate plants based on a pre-determined schedule. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of capacitance-type sensors to monitor substrate water content and to control subirrigation automatically for salvia production in greenhouse. Additionally, we quantified the effect of different substrate volumetric water content (VWC) on growth of plants cultivated in 15-cm diameter × 13.75-cm height pots. Automation was performed using three EC-5 capacitance soil moisture sensors per experimental unit, connected to a system with a CR10X data logger, AM16/32 multiplexer, SDM-CD16AC relay driver and NK-2 submersible pumps. Substrate moisture readings were taken every 15 minutes, and plants were irrigated only if the readings dropped below pre-set VWC thresholds. We evaluated five levels of substrate VWC (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 m3 m-3), with two replications, in a completely randomized design. The system effectively monitored and recorded VWC, and controlled irrigation accordingly. Substrate VWC ranged from 0.1 to 0.41, 0.2 to 0.39, 0.3 to 0.41, 0.4 to 0.43 and 0.5 to 0.53 m3 m-3, in ascending order of the treatments, with the highest values recorded after irrigation events. The number of irrigation events, total volume of nutrient solution applied, net photosynthesis, dry weight, number of branches and leaves, shoot height, leaf area, canopy light interception, and leaf chlorophyll content all increased significantly with the increase in VWC (p<0.0001). The VWC of 0.5 m3m-3 provided the highest plant growth (p<0.0001). Capacitance sensors can be used to both monitor soil moisture and control subirrigation for salvia production in soilless substrate, reducing the possibility of water stress caused by daily irrigation schedule using timers.

Photosynthetic Performance of Two Closely Related Umbilicaria Species in Central Spain: Temperature as a Key Factor

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Sancho ◽  
B. Schroeter ◽  
F. Valladares
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Central Spain ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Thallus Water Content

AbstractNet photosynthesis (NP) and dark respiration (DR) of thalli of the lichen species Umbilicaria grisea and U. freyi growing together in the same habitat the Sierra de Guadarrama, central Spain, were measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under natural conditions in the field over a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), thallus temperatures and thallus water contents. Laboratory experiments revealed that the photosynthetic response to PPFD at optimum thallus water content is very similar in both species. The light compensation points of NP increased from PPFD of c. 20 µmol m−2 s−1 at 0°C up to c. 100 µmol m−2 s−1 PPFD at 25°C. In both species light saturation was not reached up to 700 µmol m−2 s−1 PPFD except at 0°C. By contrast, the temperature dependence of CO2 gas exchange differed substantially between U. grisea and U. freyi. Both species gave significant rates at 0°C. Optimal temperatures of NP were always higher in U. grisea at various PPFD levels if the samples were kept at optimal thallus water content. NP showed maximal rates at 95% dw in U. grisea and 110% dw in U. freyi respectively. In U. grisea a much stronger depression of NP was observed with only 5% of maximal NP reached at 180% dw. At all PPFD and temperature combinations U. freyi showed higher rates of NP and more negative rates of DR if calculated on a dry weight basis. This was also true under natural conditions at the same site, when U. freyi was always more productive than U. grisea. The differences in the photosynthetic response to temperature between both species correlated well with the different distribution patterns of both species. The possibility of genetic control of the physiological performance of these species and its influence on their distribution patterns and autecology is discussed.

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