Role of soil pH, Ca supply, and banded P fertilisers in modulating ammonia toxicity to wheat

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xike Zhang ◽  
Zdenko Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
And Control

Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) banded close to seed may cause ammonia (NH 3 ) toxicity by inhibiting seed germination and early seedling growth. A pH increase around the fertiliser band and/or limited Ca supply may exaggerate ammonia toxicity. In the current study, wheat growth and gradients of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and P concentration in soil were studied by comparing banded DAP + urea or MAP + urea fertilisers in control or gypsum- or CaCO 3 -treated Lancelin soil. After 21 days of wheat growth, visual symptoms of ammonia toxicity appeared in the gypsum-treated and control plants, but not in the CaCO 3 -treated plants. The symptoms were more severe in the MAP treatments than in DAP treatments. An addition of CaCO 3 increased soil pH CaCl2 from 5.1 to 7.3, and the ammonium concentration was lower than that in the gypsum-treated and control soils. In the gypsum-treated and control soils, pH increased by nearly 1 unit in the vicinity of the DAP or MAP band. In contrast, soil pH decreased in the location of the DAP or MAP band in the CaCO 3 -treated soil. Banding of MAP or DAP in the gypsum-treated soil caused an increase in soil EC. The good plant growth on the soil amended with CaCO 3 might have been related to the low ammonium concentration in the soil and the high concentration of Ca. Gypsum and CaCO3 decreased the availability of P supplied in the MAP or DAP band. It was concluded that increased pH and higher Ca content in sandy soil may alleviate ammonia toxicity to wheat.

scholarly journals Influence of Ammonium Sulphate from anaerobic pasteurization digester latrines (APDLs) effluent on soil pH

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Musabwa ◽  
Pierre Dukuziyaturemye ◽  
Jean Baptiste Nkurunziza ◽  
Gelas Muse Simiyu ◽  
Kipkorir Kiptoo
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
And Control ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Final Effluent

Improper disposal of human waste is one of the most serious health problems in developing countries due to pollution of the  environment. The use of chemical fertilizers for agriculture increase the plant growth to meet the food security of the world, but also causes environmental problems including lowering of soil pH. On the other hand, anaerobic pasteurization digester systems enable the recovery of nutrients from human faces and urine for the benefit of agriculture, thus helping to preserve soil fertility. Therefore, the present work aims to assess the potential of using ammonium sulphate processed from anaerobic pasteurization digesters latrines  (APDLS) effluent to stabilize soil pH. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four treatments replicated four times. The treatments were Ammonium sulphate, Compost manure, Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) and control. The results showed that soil pH increased significantly (p<0.05) from 4.7 -4.9 before planting to 5.6 - 5.7 after planting. The organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as the interaction between the fertilizer and time did not have significant effect on soil pH (p > 0.05). The Ammonium sulphate recovered from APDLs final effluent could act as effective as a chemical fertilizer without significant reduction in the yield.

Soil solution composition in association with the toxicity of banded di-ammonium phosphate to wheat and amelioration by CaCO3

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. K. Zhang ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Liming ◽  
Rooting Density ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Limed Soil

Our previous publications showed that gradients of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium, phosphorus, and calcium were formed between di-ammonium or mono-ammonium phosphate bands and roots. These gradients shifted and diminished with time. Roots suffered from ammonia toxicity near the band, but soil liming before banding ameliorated the toxicity. In the present study, DAP was banded 1 cm away from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds sown in slightly acidic sandy Lancelin soil that was either limed (CaCO3) or not. After 35 days, the pH and concentration of 9 ions were measured in soil solution extracted from soil obtained at different distances between the fertiliser band and seed.Toxicity symptoms were noted on 7-day-old plants grown in the non-limed treatment; in contrast, plants grown in the CaCO3 treatment did not show these symptoms during the whole growth period. In comparison with the non-limed treatment, CaCO3 addition markedly lowered the ammonium and P concentration in soil solution extracted from soil between the fertiliser band and the seed. Although a lower Ca concentration was measured in the vicinity of the DAP band in the non-limed than in the limed treatment, Ca in non-limed soil was still sufficiently high to prevent deficiency in plants, implying that there might be no ground for the association of an injurious effect of DAP and Ca deficiency as suggested in other studies. Around 2.8 mg Al/L soil solution was detected in the non-limed treatment, but liming with CaCO3 reduced Al concentration in all soil sections, especially those with the high rooting density. Therefore, a possibility that Al toxicity was related to the DAP toxicity in non-limed soils cannot be excluded, considering that even higher Al would have existed in the soil solution in the vicinity of the fertiliser band during the first couple of days. In conclusion, the causal factors associated with DAP toxicity might be high concentration of ammonium and free ammonia resulting from hydrolysis of DAP, and high P and possibly high Al concentrations.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

Effects of carbamylcholine on chick embryo aggregate retina cell cultures

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
Glenn M. Cohen ◽  
Radharaman Ray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Cell Aggregates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
Retinal Tissue ◽  
Synaptic Junctions ◽  
And Control

Retinal,cell aggregates develop in culture in a pattern similar to the in ovo retina, forming neurites first and then synapses. In the present study, we continuously exposed chick retinal cell aggregates to a high concentration (1 mM) of carbamylcholine (carbachol), an acetylcholine (ACh) analog that resists hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This situation is similar to organophosphorus anticholinesterase poisoning in which the ACh level is elevated at synaptic junctions due to inhibition of AChE, Our objective was to determine whether continuous carbachol exposure either damaged cholino- ceptive neurites, cell bodies, and synaptic elements of the aggregates or influenced (hastened or retarded) their development.The retinal tissue was isolated aseptically from 11 day embryonic White Leghorn chicks and then enzymatically (trypsin) and mechanically (trituration) dissociated into single cells. After washing the cells by repeated suspension and low (about 200 x G) centrifugation twice, aggregate cell cultures (about l0 cells/culture) were initiated in 1.5 ml medium (BME, GIBCO) in 35 mm sterile culture dishes and maintained as experimental (containing 10-3 M carbachol) and control specimens.

The role of copper ions in hydrogen peroxide bleaching: Their origin, removal, and effect on pulp quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO E.G. LOUREIRO ◽  
SANDRINE DUARTE ◽  
DMITRY V. EVTUGUIN ◽  
M. GRAÇA V.S. CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Peroxide Decomposition ◽  
Equipment Corrosion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Main Effects

This study puts particular emphasis on the role of copper ions in the performance of hydrogen peroxide bleaching (P-stage). Owing to their variable levels across the bleaching line due to washing filtrates, bleaching reagents, and equipment corrosion, these ions can play a major role in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and be detrimental to polysaccharide integrity. In this study, a Cu-contaminated D0(EOP)D1 prebleached pulp was subjected to an acidic washing (A-stage) or chelation (Q-stage) before the alkaline P-stage. The objective was to understand the isolated and combined role of copper ions in peroxide bleaching performance. By applying an experimental design, it was possible to identify the main effects of the pretreatment variables on the extent of metals removal and performance of the P-stage. The acid treatment was unsuccessful in terms of complete copper removal, magnesium preservation, and control of hydrogen peroxide consumption in the following P-stage. Increasing reaction temperature and time of the acidic A-stage improved the brightness stability of the D0(EOP)D1AP bleached pulp. The optimum conditions for chelation pretreatment to maximize the brightness gains obtained in the subsequent P-stage with the lowest peroxide consumption were 0.4% diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 80ºC, and 4.5 pH.

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

The Estimation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in patients with prostatitis by fully automated ELISA technique.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1100-1104
Author(s):  
Hussein Naeem Aldhaheri ◽  
Ihsan Edan AlSaimary ◽  
Murtadha Mohammed ALMusafer
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
And Control

      The Aim of this study was to determine Immunogenetic expression of  Toll-like receptor gene clusters related to prostatitis, to give acknowledge about Role of TLR in prostatitis immunity in men from Basrah and Maysan provinces. A case–control study included 135 confirmed prostatitis patients And 50 persons as a control group. Data about age, marital status, working, infertility, family history and personal information like (Infection, Allergy, Steroid therapy, Residency, Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Blood group, Body max index (BMI) and the clinical finding for all patients of Prostatitis were collected. This study shows the effect of PSA level in patients with prostatitis and control group, with P-value <0.0001 therefore the study shows a positive significant between elevated PSA levels and Prostatitis.

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