Effect of cultivar on uptake of cadmium by potato tubers

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in tubers by commercial potato cultivars was assessed at 12 sites around Australia having differing soil and environmental conditions. At all but two sites there were significant differences in tuber Cd concentrations between cultivars. Some major commercial cultivars had tuber Cd concentrations only half that of others. Advanced breeding lines showed further potential to reduce Cd accumulation. Mean tuber Cd concentrations of the 14 most common cultivars, averaged across all sites, ranged from 30 to 50 8g kg-1 fresh weight (FW), below the maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 50 8g kg-1 of Cd (FW). However, at some sites certain cultivars exceeded the MPC. A modified joint regression analysis of the data indicated that no cultivars have consistently low or consistently high tuber Cd concentrations across a range of environments. While differences between cultivars were significant, the range in Cd concentrations found between sites was generally greater than the range in Cd concentrations between cultivars at any one site. Thus soil and other site factors (e.g. irrigation water quality, climate, etc.) play a dominant role in controlling Cd accumulation by current commercial cultivars and there is a need to breed new cultivars resistant to Cd accumulation under a wide range of environments.

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Methodology development for routine estimation of chlorpropham in commercial potato stores

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/329/2010-cjfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W.A. Khan ◽

H.J. Duncan ◽

A.K. Baloch ◽

G. McGowan

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Ionization Detector ◽

Methodology Development ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Wide Range ◽

Complex Structural

Chlorpropham is employed worldwide as an anti-sprout chemical to the harvested potato tubers during storage. A simple and precise analytical technique is developed for routine estimation of the sprout suppressant from a large number of potato samples supplied from commercial stores demanding quick analysis. Chlorpropham is extracted completely from potato tubers by intelligent reflux extraction followed by quantification using GC-FID (Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector) equipment. In this article, the performance of the technique is compared with the lengthy extraction/cleanup process, and the results are validated as per one-way analysis of variance. The recommended technique is found to offer rapid, accurate, and reliable analytical results with ease in handling a large number of samples constituting a wide range of residual chlorpropham levels often found in a complex structural commercial potato stores.  

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Screening Onion Lines for Resistance to Sclerotium cepivorumBerk. using Field and Onion Scale Assessments

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.469b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 469B-469

Author(s):

M.R. McDonald ◽

M.H.Y. Hovius ◽

C. Sirjusingh

Keyword(s):

Field Trial ◽

White Rot ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽

Strong Potential ◽

Wide Range ◽

Commercial Cultivars ◽

Direct Seeded

Resistance to Sclerotium cepivorum was investigated over 3 years at field sites with known histories of white rot in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, Canada. Onion lines from three sources (Petoseed, Asgrow Ltd., and Univ. of Wisconsin), including commercial cultivars, were direct-seeded (1995) or hand-transplanted (1994 and 1996) and the bulbs were assessed for white rot incidence at harvest. The incidence of white rot in 1994 was low (0% to 2.6%) and not significantly different among lines and cultivars. In 1995, white rot incidence was moderate at sites 1 and 2 (maximum 21.5% and 24%), but low at site 3 (0% to 6.3%). In 1996, white rot incidence ranged from 0.8% to 41.1% at site 1, but was not observed at sites 2 and 3. The results of the 1995 and 1996 assessment suggested that the breeding lines could be divided into two major groups with high (Univ. of Wisconsin) or low (Asgrow Ltd. and Petoseed) resistance to the fungus. Scale segments of harvested bulbs from the 1995 field trial and 35 commercial cultivars were inoculated with mycelial plugs of two isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum. The resulting lesions were measured. Significant differences in lesion diameters among onion lines (9.1–22.4 mm) and cultivars (10.5–26.75 mm) were found within isolates. There was a significant, high, and positive correlation between diameters of lesions formed by the two isolates on the 23 lines (r2 = 0.76, P = 0.05) and 35 cultivars (r2 = 0.62, P = 0.005). Both techniques demonstrated a wide range of resistance to white rot. This suggests a strong potential for increasing resistance through breeding.

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Environmental Drivers and Age Trends in Site Productivity for Oak in Southern Poland

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12020209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Luiza Tymińska-Czabańska ◽

Jarosław Socha ◽

Marek Maj ◽

Dominika Cywicka ◽

Xo Viet Hoang Duong

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Deposition ◽

Management Practices ◽

Additive Model ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Environmental Drivers ◽

Site Productivity ◽

Site Factors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Si Model

Site productivity provides critical information for forest management practices and is a fundamental measure in forestry. It is determined using site index (SI) models, which are developed using two primary groups of methods, namely, phytocentric (plant-based) or geocentric (earth-based). Geocentric methods allow for direct site growth modelling, in which the SI is predicted using multiple environmental indicators. However, changes in non-static site factors—particularly nitrogen deposition and rising CO2 concentration—lead to an increase in site productivity, which may be visible as an age trend in the SI. In this study, we developed a geocentric SI model for oak. For the development of the SI model, we used data from 150 sample plots, representing a wide range of local topographic and site conditions. A generalized additive model was used to model site productivity. We found that the oak SI depended predominantly on physicochemical soil properties—mainly nitrogen, carbon, sand, and clay content. Additionally, the oak SI value was found to be slightly shaped by the topography, especially by altitude above sea level, and topographic position. We also detected a significant relationship between the SI and the age of oak stands, indicating the long-term increasing site productivity for oak, most likely caused by nitrogen deposition and changes in climatic conditions. The developed geocentric site productivity model for oak explained 77.2% of the SI variation.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Leaves and Flowers of Cassia auriculata linn

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v46i4.9600 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 513-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V Subhadradevi ◽

K Asokkumar ◽

M Umamaheswari ◽

AT Sivashanmugam ◽

JR Ushanandhini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cassia Auriculata ◽

Potential Source ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ancient Times

Since ancient times plant as sources of medicinal compounds have continued to play a dominant role in the maintenance of human health. To treat chronic and infectious diseases plants used in traditional medicine contain a wide range of ingredients. In this regard, Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine as a tonic, astringent and as a remedy for diabetes, conjunctivitis, ulcers, leprosy, skin and liver diseases. The aim of present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata leaves and flowers (CALE & CAFE). CALE and CAFE exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and exhibited no antifungal activity against standard strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was carried out for CALE and CAFE. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the CALE and CAFE can be a potential source of natural antimicrobial agents. Key words: Cassia auriculata; Antimicrobial activity; Agar well diffusion method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i4.9600 BJSIR 2011; 46(4): 513-518

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Transpiration Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit in Field Grown Peanut

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps11-13.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 53-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maria Balota ◽

Steve McGrath ◽

Thomas G. Isleib ◽

Shyam Tallury

Keyword(s):

Vapor Pressure ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Wide Range

Abstract Water deficit, i.e., rainfall amounts and distribution, is the most common abiotic stress that limits peanut production worldwide. Even though extensive research efforts have been made to improve drought tolerance in peanut, performance of genotypes largely depends upon the environment in which they grow. Based on greenhouse experiments, it has been hypothesized that stomata closure under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a mechanism of soil water conservation and it has been shown that genotypic variation for the response of transpiration rate to VPD in peanut exists. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and VPD for field grown peanut in Virginia-Carolina (VC) rainfed environments. In 2009, thirty virginia-type peanut cultivars and advanced breeding lines were evaluated for gs at several times before and after rain events, including a moisture stress episode. In 2010, eighteen genotypes were evaluated for gs under soil water deficit. In 2009, VPD ranged from 1.3 to 4.2 kPa and in 2010 from 1.78 to 3.57 kPa. Under water deficit, genotype and year showed a significant effect on gs (P = 0.0001), but the genotype × year interaction did not. During the water deficit episodes while recorded gs values were relatively high, gs was negatively related to VPD (R2 = 0.57, n = 180 in 2009; R2 = 0.47, n = 108 in 2010), suggesting that stomata closure is indeed a water conservation mechanism for field grown peanut. However, a wide range of slopes among genotype were observed in both years. Genotypes with significant negative relationships of gs and VPD under water deficit in both years were Florida Fancy, Gregory, N04074FCT, NC-V11, and VA-98R. While Florida Fancy, Gregory, and NC-V11 are known to be high yielding cultivars, VA-98R and line N04074FCT are not. The benefit of stomatal closure during drought episodes in the VC environments is further discussed in this paper.

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Occurrence and epidemiological aspects of potato silver scurf in California

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-05362004000400005 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 690-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcos G. Cunha ◽

David M. Rizzo

Keyword(s):

Storage Period ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Silver Scurf ◽

Inoculum Potential ◽

Helminthosporium Solani ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Commercial Potato ◽

Tuber Disease ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Over Time

A new potato tuber disease has been observed in the Tulelake region, California, USA, since 1995, with tuber symptoms suggestive of silver scurf disease (Helminthosporium solani). In this work we isolated, identified and demonstrated the nature of the causal agent of this potato disease in California. In addition, the distribution of H. solani in potato fields and the inoculum potential at harvest time were investigated. Disease progress and H. solani spore populations were also characterised under commercial storage conditions. The main fungal genera associated with potato tubers in storage were Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., and Rhizoctonia sp. The results of Koch's postulates indicated that H. solani is responsible for the outbreak of silver scurf in the Tulelake region. In a disease survey in three commercial potato fields naturally infested, H. solani infections occurred in all fields. However, the extension of the infections differed significantly between the fields. During potato storage, silver scurf usually increased over time. The percentage of the tuber surface covered by silver scurf varied from 3.5% up to 35.5% during the storage period. The number of H. solani lesions per tuber also progressively increased from 6% up to 35%, six months after storage. H. solani spore populations also increased over time in all studied potato stores; nevertheless, they followed no consistent pattern, exhibiting multiple and variable peaks of increase and reduction during the period of storage.

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Potato cultivars vary in susceptibility to blackleg (Erwinia carotovora subsp atroseptica)

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4847 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 403-403

Author(s):

P.J. Wright ◽

J.A.D. Anderson

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Erwinia Carotovora ◽

Potato Cultivars ◽

Plant Food ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Food Research ◽

Commercial Cultivars

Ten potato cultivars were tested for susceptibility to infection by Erwinia carotovora subsp atroseptica (Eca) the causal agent of blackleg over two maincrop seasons in 200506 and 200607 The pathogen was inoculated into seed tubers using toothpicks charged with undiluted bacterial growth Blackleg incidence was assessed 56 weeks after planting The field experiments clearly confirmed that potato cultivars vary significantly in susceptibility to blackleg Some New Zealand cultivars had a lower susceptibility to blackleg than current commercial cultivars The new Plant Food Research release Summer Delight in particular had an exceptional level of resistance and will be used as a parent in efforts to develop potato cultivars with lower blackleg susceptibility than current local commercial cultivars Routine screening of Plant Food Research breeding lines and cultivars will continue to be carried out over several seasons to confirm results presented here and to determine further blacklegresistant germplasm

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The distribution of sea-salt aerosol in the global troposphere

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-4093-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 4093-4104 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Daniel M. Murphy ◽

Karl D. Froyd ◽

Huisheng Bian ◽

Charles A. Brock ◽

Jack E. Dibb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dominant Role ◽

Open Water ◽

Sea Salt ◽

Transport Models ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Sea Salt Aerosol ◽

Pack Ice ◽

Wide Range ◽

Wet Scavenging ◽

The Tropics

Abstract. We present the first data on the concentration of sea-salt aerosol throughout most of the depth of the troposphere and over a wide range of latitudes, which were obtained during the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission. Sea-salt concentrations in the upper troposphere are very small, usually less than 10 ng per standard m3 (about 10 parts per trillion by mass) and often less than 1 ng m−3. This puts stringent limits on the contribution of sea-salt aerosol to halogen and nitric acid chemistry in the upper troposphere. Within broad regions the concentration of sea-salt aerosol is roughly proportional to water vapor, supporting a dominant role for wet scavenging in removing sea-salt aerosol from the atmosphere. Concentrations of sea-salt aerosol in the winter upper troposphere are not as low as in the summer and the tropics. This is mostly a consequence of less wet scavenging in the drier, colder winter atmosphere. There is also a source of sea-salt aerosol over pack ice that is distinct from that over open water. With a well-studied and widely distributed source, sea-salt aerosol provides an excellent test of wet scavenging and vertical transport of aerosols in chemical transport models.

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Heritability of Metribuzin Tolerance in Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500060860 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 715-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Howard F. Harrison ◽

Alfred Jones ◽

Philip D. Dukes

Keyword(s):

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Selection Process ◽

Mass Selection ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Sweet Potatoes ◽

Narrow Sense Heritability ◽

Shoot Fresh Weight ◽

Potting Medium ◽

Wide Range ◽

Heritability Estimates

Twenty-two sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] clones with a wide range in metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] tolerance were used to establish narrow sense heritability estimates (h2) using a greenhouse procedure. The heritability estimates were obtained from simple linear regressions (h2= 2b) of injury rating, shoot fresh weight, and change in shoot fresh weight of offspring against the same responses of parents at metribuzin concentrations of 0, 0.3, and 0.6 ppm in the potting medium and averaged data for the two concentrations. These values ranged from 0.85 to 1.0, indicating that a recurrent mass selection process should be an appropriate approach to developing metribuzin-tolerant cultivars. Several highly tolerant clones were identified.

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A molybdenum - sulfur - cadmium interaction in sheep

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/a96092 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. M. Smith ◽

C. L. White

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Treatment Concentration

We determined the effects of increased dietary concentrations of molybdenum and sulfur on the accumulation and tissue concentrations of cadmium in sheep, and compared them with effects on copper. Forty sheep, each weighing approximately 40 kg, were adjusted for 3 weeks to a basal diet of 80% wheaten chaff and 20% lupin seed containing (per kg dry weight) 0·016 mg Cd, 0·45 mg Mo, 3·4 mg Cu, and 1·9 g S. On Day 0 of treatment, 8 sheep were killed and the tissues analysed for trace minerals to provide a baseline value. The remaining sheep were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups: control (basal diet plus 4 mg Cd/kg), +Mo (control diet plus 15 mg Mo/kg), +S (control diet plus 4 g S/kg), +Mo+S (control diet+15 mg Mo+4 g S/kg). The treatment period lasted 80 days, after which sheep were killed for tissue samples. Sulfur alone reduced the accumulation of Cd in liver, kidney, and muscle by 60% compared with control sheep (P < 0·05). Molybdenum alone reduced Cd accumulation by 40% in liver and muscle (P < 0·05) and 30% in kidney (P = 0·09). When provided together (+Mo+S), the effect was equivalent to feeding with Mo alone, showing that Mo blocked the effect of S. Cadmium concentrations in whole kidneys for the 4 respective treatments were 6·40 ± 0· 7, 2·8 ± 0·3, 4·5 ± 0·8, and 5·0 ± 0·5 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 0·7 ± 0·2 mg/kg. For Cu in blood and tissues, the effects of Mo and S treatment were consistent with the thiomolybdate hypothesis, and were quite different from those seen for Cd. Copper concentrations in whole kidney for the 4 treatments were 4·1 ± 0·1, 3·5 ± 0·2, 4·7 ± 0·3, and 22·4 ± 3·9 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 4·1 ± 0·3 mg/kg. The results show that increased dietary levels of Mo and S reduce the accumulation of Cd in tissues, and the mechanisms of action differ from those involving Cu.

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