Studies on the Origin, Evolution, and Distribution of the Gramineae. V. The Subfamily Festucoideae

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
The World ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Very High

Maps are presented showing the world distributions of the subfamily Festucoideae and the tribe Festuceae, based on data on relative specific frequency derived from about 500 widely-distributed floras and floristic lists. The maps show many points of similarity and, especially in N. America, there is a very high correlation between the numbers of species of the subfamily and tribe in regional floras. Both the Festucoideae and the Festuceae attain their highest relative specific frequency in high latitudes or at high altitudes. There is a strong negative correlation between high specific frequency and midsummer temperature in the flora of the United States, and evidence of a similar, though less marked, relationship in other regions. The effect of rainfall is not apparent in the distribution maps. Regions of high relative specific frequency of the tribes Agrostideae, Aveneae, Stipeae, and Triticeae are mapped, and discussed in relation to climate. In their geographical relationships, the tribes studied fall into two groups, viz. (1) Agrostideae, Aveneae, and Festuceae; (2) Stipeae and Triticeae. The significance of the distribution patterns is discussed in relation to the evolutionary development of the subfamily Festucoideae and its constituent tribes. The phytogeographical evidence supports the view that each tribe is monophyletic, with the exception of the Aveneae (sensu str.), which is well developed in regions of diverse climate. A strongly developed enclave of high relative specific frequency of Festuceae in part of south-eastern Europe, which shows no obvious relationship to climate, is interpreted as evidence for the occurrence of a cycle of secondary evolution of the tribe in this region.

Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-410
Author(s):  
E. S. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High

This paper was first published in 1960 (Vol. 13, p. 127). It is followed by comments from John Kemp. The paper has been abridged, including the omission of section 5 which described a proposal for a new radar display.When the problem of collision in the air is discussed, it is usual to start by pointing out the enormous closing speed of two modern aircraft meeting head-on, and to conclude from this that avoidance on the ‘see and be seen’ principle has ceased to be possible. The fact is, however, that the great majority of mid-air collisions (about 85 percent) occur within five miles of an airport and the typical case is not the head-on one, but the case in which the two aircraft crab into one another from a direction which may be anywhere around the whole enclosing sphere. Since the field of view of the aircrew covers only about 20 percent of the enclosing sphere, the aircrew of colliding aircraft seldom see each other. It would seem, therefore, that the ‘see and be seen’ principle never did afford much protection, even when speeds were low. In other words, the fact that the number of mid-air collisions in Europe has hitherto been small is not primarily due to seeing and evading, although this sometimes happens, but to the fact that the airspace is very large compared to the volume of all the aircraft in it at any given time. However, as traffic densities go up, the risk rapidly increases, and in congested airspace, such as that around New York, the problem of avoiding collision has already become acute. In the period 1948–57, there were 159 mid-air collisions in the United States, and many of these made headlines in the world press. One can imagine the public outcry if two large transports were to collide over a housing estate; but unless something effective is done, something like this will presumably happen eventually. At very high altitudes the ‘see and be seen’ principle certainly fails, by day, because the speed will be high, and in addition, the range at which a pilot can see an object the size of an aircraft may be less than 1½ miles due to what is sometimes called ‘high-altitude myopia’.

scholarly journals The United States’ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (44) ◽  
pp. eabd0288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Lavender Law ◽  
Natalie Starr ◽  
Theodore R. Siegler ◽  
Jenna R. Jambeck ◽  
Nicholas J. Mallos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High

Plastic waste affects environmental quality and ecosystem health. In 2010, an estimated 5 to 13 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste entered the ocean from both developing countries with insufficient solid waste infrastructure and high-income countries with very high waste generation. We demonstrate that, in 2016, the United States generated the largest amount of plastic waste of any country in the world (42.0 Mt). Between 0.14 and 0.41 Mt of this waste was illegally dumped in the United States, and 0.15 to 0.99 Mt was inadequately managed in countries that imported materials collected in the United States for recycling. Accounting for these contributions, the amount of plastic waste generated in the United States estimated to enter the coastal environment in 2016 was up to five times larger than that estimated for 2010, rendering the United States’ contribution among the highest in the world.

scholarly journals Different Regime Applied to Liability for Oil Pollution Damage

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Lefiana Ferdinandus
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Pollution Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High ◽  
Unlimited Liability

With regard to its reaction or probably overreaction to the disastrous incident of oil spill from"Exxon Valdez" in Alaska, the United States of America put into law Oil Pollution Acts 1990 (OPA 1990). This Acts establishes a new liability and compensation regime for oil pollution damagefrom ship operations, which is different from the regime adopted by the rest of the world. OP A 1990 adopts unlimited liability whereas the rest of the world who join with CLC 1969, TOVALOP 1969, FUND Convention 1971 and CRISTAL 1971 adopt strict liability. OP A' s unlimited liability has set very high cost that could not be held up by all groups involved in ship operations, such as shipping companies, insurance market, oil companies, and finally consumer.

scholarly journals Religiously Diverse Countries and States Have Less Inter-Religious Prejudice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhao zheng
Keyword(s):  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
The World ◽  
Theories Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

Globalization has led to an unprecedented level of religious mixing and religious diversity. These trends have led scholars to wonder whether religious diversity creates religious conflict or breeds tolerance towards different religions, but few studies have been able to draw clear conclusions. We conducted two studies to explore the relationship between religious diversity and religious prejudice. The first study collected data from 8,827 participants from 10 major religions in 37 countries around the world. We found a strong negative correlation between religious diversity and religious prejudice (r = -.55) which was independent of several demographic and attitudinal covariates. The second study collected data from across the United States. We replicated the relationship between religious diversity and religious prejudice (r = -.54) controlling for several group-level factors like conservatism, residential mobility, and threat. Our results suggest that contact between religious groups may be related to religious tolerance, and contrasts with “marketplace” theories of religion which suggest that religious diversity should breed competition and conflict.

Lactose Intolerance and Evolution: No Use Crying Over Undigested Milk

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
benjamin scheindlin
Keyword(s):  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The World ◽  
Lactase Gene ◽  
Low Prevalence

Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest milk sugar, characterized by abdominal cramps, nausea, and diarrhea after ingesting milk products. It develops in adolescence or adulthood among those whose bodies naturally stop producing the lactose-digesting enzyme lactase after childhood. Although uncommon in the United States, lactose intolerance actually occurs in the majority of people around the world. The ability to continue producing lactase, and thus to digest milk products, is a relatively recent evolutionary development. After presentation of an illustrative clinical example, the biology of lactase production and lactose intolerance is reviewed. The "culture-historical" hypothesis of Simoons in the 1970's held that persistent lactase production developed in a dairy herding population in Northern Europe during a time of food scarcity, when the ability to digest milk would have provided a survival advantage. Simoons demonstrated that low prevalence of lactose intolerance was associated with pastoral practices among early populations around the world. Hirschhorn recently provided strong genetic evidence for the culture-historical hypothesis using contemporary techniques of genomics and single nucleotide polymorphisms. His research group found that European derived persistent lactase production is due to a mutation near the lactase gene that occurred only about 10 million years ago and rapidly increased in prevalence.

scholarly journals The United States, the West and the Rest of the World

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Galtung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Deep Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
State Terrorism ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military ◽  
Very High

The world will never be the same again after the terrible attack on the economic U.S., the military U.S., the foreign policy U.S., and on human beings like all of us. We embrace the victims of the violence, of all violence, in deep grief, and express our hope that perpetrators will be brought to justice. Violence at this level can only be explained by a very high level of dehumanisation of the victims in the minds of the aggressors, often due to a very deep level of unresolved, basic conflict. The word “terrorism” may describe the tactics, but like “state terrorism” only portrays the perpetrator as evil, satanic, and does not go to the roots of the conflict.

Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The United States ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Housing Estate ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High

When the problem of collision in the air is discussed, it is usual to start by pointing out the enormous closing speed of two modern aircraft meeting head-on, and to conclude from this that avoidance on the ‘see and be seen’ principle has ceased to be possible. The fact is, however, that the great majority of mid-air collisions (about 85 per cent) occur within five miles of an airport and the typical case is not the head-on one, but the case in which the two aircraft crab into one another from a direction which may be anywhere around the whole enclosing sphere. Since the field of view of the aircrew covers only about 20 per cent of the enclosing sphere, the aircrew of colliding aircraft seldom see each other. It would seem, therefore, that the ‘see and be seen’ principle never did afford much protection, even when speeds were low. In other words, the fact that the number of mid-air collisions in Europe has hitherto been small is not primarily due to seeing and evading, although this sometimes happens, but to the fact that the airspace is very large compared to the volume of all the aircraft in it at any given time. However, as traffic densities go up, the risk rapidly increases, and in congested airspace, such as that around New York, the problem of avoiding collision has already become acute. In the period 1948–57, there were 159 mid-air collisions in the United States, and many of these made headlines in the world press. One can imagine the public outcry if two large transports were to collide over a housing estate; but unless something effective is done, something like this will presumably happen eventually. At very high altitudes the ‘see and be seen’ principle certainly fails, by day, because the speed will be high, and in addition, the range at which a pilot can see an object the size of an aircraft may be less than 1½ miles due to what is sometimes called ‘high-altitude myopia’.

International Lead and Zinc Study Group

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-697
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
Lead Metal ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

The International Lead and Zinc Study Group held its second session, attended by delegates from 23 countries, in Geneva, September 12–15, 1960, according to the press. Mr. G. J. MacMahon (United Kingdom) presided over the session, the main purpose of which was reportedly to review the current statistical situation in lead and zinc. In regard to lead, the Study Group was stated to have observed that, after taking into account net trade with the centrally-planned economies, the balance between new supplies and demand showed a statistical surplus of lead metal of 21,000 tons for 1960 and 26,000 tons for 1961, with producers' stocks of lead metal at the very high level of 334,000 tons in July of the current year, divided about evenly between the United States and the rest of the world. New supplies, the report continued, appeared to be in better balance with anticipated demand than in recent years, but statistics, which as of the end of June showed metal stocks in the hands of producers to amount to 276,000 tons, did not indicate any immediate prospect of a significant change in stocks. With regard to zinc, it was announced that the steady rise in consumption was expected to continue in 1960 and 1961, and an even greater increase in production was forecast, although most. delegations were said to feel that action by the Study Group was not necessary, since stocks in many countries were at normal levels or below. In reply to concern expressed by some delegations about the continued existence of protective restrictions and about releases from noncommercial stocks, governments were urged not to impose additional barriers to trade in this field, and both governments and industries were urged to avoid any course which might frustrate the efforts being made to bring about a satisfactory balance between supply and demand.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

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