Viruses of New Zealand pasture grasses and legumes: a review

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Guy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

This article reviews knowledge of 23 plant viruses infecting pasture grasses and legumes in New Zealand. The incidence, ecology and impact of each virus and prospects for control using natural or artificial resistance genes or by vector control is discussed. The most prevalent viruses are Alfalfa mosaic virus and White clover mosaic virus in pasture legumes and Cocksfoot mottle virus, Ryegrass mosaic virus and Barley yellow dwarf virus in pasture grasses. Lucerne Australian latent virus is restricted to the North Island and Red clover necrotic mosaic virus is largely restricted to the South Island. These patterns are likely to be dynamic with ongoing changes in weather patterns, land use, the spread of insect vectors and the continuing introduction of viruses and vectors. The existing and potential threats to 12 pasture species are tabulated and the knowledge gaps for each species highlighted. Control of vectors including aphids, eriophyid mites and soil-borne fungi is probably not economic per se but could be an additional benefit of integrated pest management in pasture and cropping systems. The most cost-effective and practical preventative measures are likely to be the use of virus-tested seed to establish new pastures and the incorporation of resistance genes by conventional breeding or by genetic engineering. Finally, recommendations are made for future research for New Zealand, which is also relevant to other temperate regions of the world.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs of Plant Viruses and Viroids: Sponges of Host Translation and RNA Interference Machinery

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Allen Miller ◽  
Ruizhong Shen ◽  
William Staplin ◽  
Pulkit Kanodia
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Noncoding Sequences ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Noncoding sequences in plant viral genomes are well-known to control viral replication and gene expression in cis. However, plant viral and viroid noncoding (nc)RNA sequences can also regulate gene expression acting in trans, often acting like ‘sponges’ that bind and sequester host cellular machinery to favor viral infection. Noncoding sequences of small subgenomic (sg)RNAs of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) contain a cap-independent translation element that binds translation initiation factor eIF4G. We provide new evidence that a sgRNA of BYDV can globally attenuate host translation, probably by sponging eIF4G. Subgenomic ncRNA of RCNMV is generated via 5′ to 3′ degradation by a host exonuclease. The similar noncoding subgenomic flavivirus (sf)RNA, inhibits the innate immune response, enhancing viral pathogenesis. Cauliflower mosaic virus transcribes massive amounts of a 600-nt ncRNA, which is processed into small RNAs that overwhelm the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) system. Viroids use the host RNAi machinery to generate viroid-derived ncRNAs that inhibit expression of host defense genes by mimicking a microRNA. More examples of plant viral and viroid ncRNAs are likely to be discovered, revealing fascinating new weaponry in the host-virus arms race.

Further studies on the incidence of virus infection in white clover pastures

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. McKirdy ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Leaf samples of white clover were collected from 19 irrigated white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures in the south-west of Western Australia and tested for virus infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) was found in 16 pastures at infection levels of up to 23% and white clover mosaic virus (WCMV) in 10 at levels up to 83%. None of the white clover pastures with a high incidence of WCMV had been resown with white clover within the last 10 years, whereas those resown within the last 5 years had little or no infection. As previously reported in tests on different white clover pastures in the same irrigation area, widespread infection with alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and occasional infection with subterranean clover red leaf virus (SCRLV) was also found. Two or more viruses were found within 16 of the pastures with at least 3 having all 4 viruses. AMV and WCMV were detected in flatweed (Hypochaeris glabra) and AMV was detected in clustered dock (Rumex conglomeratus), both commonly occurring weeds in the pastures. In tests on the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) component of 18 white clover pastures, infection with barley yellow dwarf virus was found in 14 at levels up to 5%. In addition, 11 of the pastures contained a virus which reacted with potyvirus-specific monoclonal antibodies, presumably ryegrass mosaic virus (RyMV), which was detected at levels up to 34%. Live aphids were trapped at 8 different times during 1995 in one pasture that was infected with WCMV, CYVV, AMV, and SCRLV. Blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) were the only species caught, both reaching peak populations in midwinter, but only the latter was found in summer. No virus transmission was detected when the aphids caught were fed individually on subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) indicator plants. It is concluded that WCMV poses a threat to the productivity of white clover within irrigated pastures, especially when present in mixed infection with AMV. CYVV is also commonly found but normally not at high enough incidences to pose a serious threat. RyMV may pose a threat to the productivity of the perennial ryegrass component within white clover-based pastures.

scholarly journals A virus survey of Vicia faba crops in Canterbury New Zealand during 201112

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 382-382
Author(s):  
J.D. Fletcher ◽  
H. Ziebell ◽  
R.M. MacDiarmid
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Beet Western Yellows Virus

Broad bean (Vicia faba L) is an established vegetable crop grown in Canterbury with the area now growing related field bean for both human and animal consumption increasing and forming a useful addition to mixed cropping systems A V faba virus survey completed in 1991 detected Soybean dwarf virus (SDV) and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) which cause bean leaf roll; Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV); Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV); Pea seedborne mosaic (PSbMV); and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) In 2011 16 faba bean crops throughout mid and South Canterbury were surveyed for viruses known and not known to be present in New Zealand Virus incidences were low with only a few crops damaged largely by bean leaf roll When compared with previous surveys only TuYV appears to have become more widespread but with a similar incidence (07) SDV was less widespread but had a higher incidence (025) The incidences of other viruses were similar to the previous survey AMV (09) PSbMV (035) BYMV (05) although CMV was not detected Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) was detected for the first time in for New Zealand and was found to be reasonably widespread and at high incidences within some crops

scholarly journals First Report of Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus in the United Kingdom

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 880-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. G. Clover ◽  
D. M. Wright ◽  
C. M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Protein A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

In April 1999, severe soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) symptoms were observed in five fields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Consort, Equinox, and Savannah) on one farm in Wiltshire, UK. Affected plants were markedly stunted and had a pale mosaic on their leaf sheaths that developed into bright yellow, parallel streaks on the leaves as they unfolded. Symptomatic plants were found in discrete, elliptical patches ranging in size from a few square meters to nearly a hectare. During May and June, symptoms became less marked as temperatures increased and were restricted to lower leaves. SBWMV was positively identified in all five fields (60 to 170 plants per field) by double (W. Huth, BBA-Braunschweig, Germany; Sanofi Phyto-Diagnostics, Paris) and triple (T. Wilson, SCRI, Dundee, UK) antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (2). Identification was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy, including protein-A gold labeling, which revealed bipartite, rod-shaped particles typical of SBWMV. Neither wheat spindle streak mosaic virus nor barley yellow dwarf virus was detected in the field samples, nor was SBWMV detected in any other field subsequently sampled, despite a survey of the surrounding area. Wheat is the most important economic crop in the United Kingdom (≈1.9 million hectares are grown annually, yielding ≈16 million tonnes), but its position is threatened by the economic impact of SBWMV, which has decreased yields by up to 50% in the United States (1). References: (1) T. A. Kucharek and J. H. Walker. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:763, 1974. (2) R. E. Pennington et al. Plant Dis. 77:1202, 1993.

scholarly journals Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV-derived vsiRNAs are involved in the production of wheat leaf yellowing symptoms by targeting chlorophyll synthase

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan Shen ◽  
Caiyan Wei ◽  
Jingyuan Li ◽  
Xudong Zhang ◽  
Qinrong Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Abstract Background Wheat yellow dwarf virus disease is infected by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which causes leaf yellowing and dwarfing symptoms in wheat, thereby posing a serious threat to China's food production. The infection of plant viruses can produce large numbers of vsiRNAs, which can target host transcripts and cause symptom development. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the role played by vsiRNAs in the interaction between BYDV-GAV and host wheat plants. Methods In this study, small RNA sequencing was conducted to profile vsiRNAs in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. The putative targets of vsiRNAs were predicted by the bioinformatics software psRNATarget. RT-qPCR and VIGS were employed to identify the function of selected target transcripts. To confirm the interaction between vsiRNA and the target, 5′ RACE was performed to analyze the specific cleavage sites. Results From the sequencing data, we obtained a total of 11,384 detected vsiRNAs. The length distribution of these vsiRNAs was mostly 21 and 22 nt, and an A/U bias was observed at the 5′ terminus. We also observed that the production region of vsiRNAs had no strand polarity. The vsiRNAs were predicted to target 23,719 wheat transcripts. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that these targets were mostly involved in cell components, catalytic activity and plant-pathogen interactions. The results of RT-qPCR analysis showed that most chloroplast-related genes were downregulated in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. Silencing of a chlorophyll synthase gene caused leaf yellowing that was similar to the symptoms exhibited by BYDV-GAV-inoculated wheat plants. A vsiRNA from an overlapping region of BYDV-GAV MP and CP was observed to target chlorophyll synthase for gene silencing. Next, 5′ RACE validated that vsiRNA8856 could cleave the chlorophyll synthase transcript in a sequence-specific manner. Conclusions This report is the first to demonstrate that BYDV-GAV-derived vsiRNAs can target wheat transcripts for symptom development, and the results of this study help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf yellowing after viral infection.

Virus-Dependent and -Independent Responses of Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) Feeding on Wheat Infected by Transmitted and Nontransmitted Viruses at Transcriptomic Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2067-2076
Author(s):  
Dandan Li ◽  
Dan Su ◽  
Zeqian Tong ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Gaisheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Transcriptomic Level

Abstract Most plant viruses maintain complex interactions with their vector or nonvector insects and can indirectly (via host plants) or directly affect the fitness of insects. However, little is known about the genes involved in the interactions between insects and transmitted or nontransmitted viruses, particularly nontransmitted viruses. Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) is a vector of barley yellow dwarf virus GAV strains (BYDV-GAV), but not a vector of wheat dwarf virus (WDV), which is transmitted by the leafhopper [Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom)]. In this study, S. avenae was utilized to determine the transcriptomic responses after feeding on wheat infected by each of the two viruses, respectively, using an Illumina Hiseq sequencing platform. The transcriptomic data presented 61,508 genes, of which 854 differentially expressed. Moreover, in addition to sharing 208 genes, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S. avenae exposed to BYDV was higher (800) than that when exposed to WDV (262). The DEGs related to the immune system and fitness of S. avenae in response to BYDV-/WDV-infected plants were identified and analyzed using Gene Ontologies (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and the number of related DEGs was lower as nonvector than as vector. This study provides the baseline information to further examine molecular mechanisms of how wheat viruses affect S. avenae fitness and immune response either as a vector for BYDV-GAV or as a nonvector for WDV.

Occurrence of Viruses in Wheat in the Great Plains Region, 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Burrows ◽  
Gary Franc ◽  
Charlie Rush ◽  
Tamla Blunt ◽  
Dai Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
First Time

Field surveys in 2008 determined the prevalence and diversity of viruses present in the Great Plains wheat crops. Symptomatic plants (n = 754) in nine states were tested for Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV, formerly known as High Plains virus), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV), using indirect ELISA. Virus prevalence varied greatly, with average frequency of detection highest for WSMV (47%), followed by WMoV (19%), TriMV (17%), BYDV-PAV (7%), and lowest for CYDV-RPV (2%). Most positive plant samples (37%) had one virus present, with decreasing frequencies for co-infection by two (19%), three (5%), or four viruses (1%). TriMV was detected for the first time in Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. WMoV was identified for the first time in Montana and Wyoming. Chlorotic streaks were more frequently associated with WSMV, WMoV, and TriMV (R = 0.166 to 0.342; P < 0.05), and stunting was more frequently associated with WMoV (R = 0.142; P = 0.004) or TriMV (R = 0.107; P = 0.033) than WSMV. Symptom severity did not increase with co-infection as compared to single virus infections, with the exception of plants co-infected with mite transmitted viruses in Texas. Accepted for publication 1 May 2009. Published 6 July 2009.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Soybean (Glycine max) and Expression of Chimeric Rabies Peptide in Virus-Infected Soybean Plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Fleysh ◽  
Deepali Deka ◽  
Maria Drath ◽  
Hilary Koprowski ◽  
Vidadi Yusibov
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Soybean Plants

Infection of soybean (Glycine max) plants inoculated with particles of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) isolate 425 at 12 days after germination was monitored throughout the life cycle of the plant (vegetative growth, flowering, seed formation, and seed maturation) by western blot analysis of tissue samples. At 8 to 10 days after inoculation, the upper uninoculated leaves showed symptoms of virus infection and accumulation of viral coat protein (CP). Virus CP was detectable in leaves, stem, roots, seedpods, and seed coat up to 45 days postinoculation (dpi), but only in the seedpod and seed coat at 65 dpi. No virus accumulation was detected in embryos and cotyledons at any time during infection, and no seed transmission of virus was observed. Soybean plants inoculated with recombinant AlMV passaged from upper uninoculated leaves of infected plants showed accumulation of full-length chimeric AlMV CP containing rabies antigen in systemically infected leaves and seed coat. These results suggest the potential usefulness of plants and plant viruses as vehicles for producing proteins of biomedical importance in a safe and inexpensive manner. Moreover, even the soybean seed coat, treated as waste tissue during conventional processing for oil and other products, may be utilized for the expression of value-added proteins.

scholarly journals Co-infection of Soybean with Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus Results in Disease Synergism and Alteration in Accumulation Level of Both Viruses

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Malapi-Nelson ◽  
R.-H. Wen ◽  
B. H. Ownley ◽  
M. R. Hajimorad
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Symptom Remission ◽  
Diverse Plant

Co-infection of potyviruses with taxonomically diverse plant viruses results in disease synergism and elevation in the level of accumulation of non-potyviruses involved. In the majority of cases, however, the accumulation level of potyviruses remains essentially unaltered. A few potyviruses, such as Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), naturally infect soybean (Glycine max). Soybean is also a natural host to a number of non-potyviruses including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), which causes mild symptoms often associated with symptom remission. We have now studied the interactions between AMV and SMV on symptom severity and accumulation level of each of the two viruses in soybean. Co-infection of soybean with AMV and SMV was established following mechanical inoculation, irrespective of simultaneous or sequential introduction of the two viruses. In multiple experiments, co-infection of soybean resulted in severe symptoms in doubly infected plants in a strain-independent manner, with enhancement in the level of AMV indicating that the interaction of AMV with SMV is synergistic. Conversely, the level of SMV accumulation was reduced. This suggests that in co-infection with AMV, SMV interacts antagonistically. The observation that co-infection of AMV and SMV results in disease synergism suggests enhancement of potential that AMV may become a serious viral disease of soybean.

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