Physiological and biochemical indicators for assessing nitrogen-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under dry direct seeding

To achieve high productivity of labour and water in rice cropping, farmers in South Asia have recently shown more interest in dry direct-seeded rice (DSR). An understanding of physiological and biochemical traits associated with high grain yield and efficiency of nitrogen (N) use is important to the development of genotypes for DSR. We investigated this issue with rice genotypes adapted to DSR in response to N rates. A 2-year study was conducted in a factorial randomised complete block design with eight genotypes and two N rates (75 and 150 kg N ha–1). Almost all of the physiological and biochemical traits studied (e.g. plant height, chlorophyll content, panicle weight, soluble sugars, starch) in DSR improved with increasing N from 75 to 150 kg ha–1, resulting in a 6% increase in yield at 150 kg N ha–1 relative to 75 kg N ha–1. Partial factor productivity of N was highest for the genotype IET-23455 (72.4 kg kg–1) and lowest for the genotype AAUDR (37.4 kg kg–1). Our results suggest that genotypes such as IET-23455 can maintain grain yield at low N rates as N-efficient genotypes. The greater biochemical activity (nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, sugar, protein and proline) and higher photosynthetic N-use efficiency at low N rates could be used in selection for N-efficient rice genotypes for DSR.

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Biochar Application in Combination with Inorganic Nitrogen Improves Maize Grain Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, and Use Efficiency in Temperate Soils

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1241

Author(s):

Peter Omara ◽

Lawrence Aula ◽

Fikayo B. Oyebiyi ◽

Elizabeth M. Eickhoff ◽

Jonathan Carpenter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Block Design ◽

N Uptake ◽

Significant Response ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Temperate Soils ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Use

Biochar (B) has shown promise in improving crop productivity. However, its interaction with inorganic nitrogen (N) in temperate soils is not well-studied. The objective of this paper was to compare the effect of fertilizer N-biochar-combinations (NBC) and N fertilizer (NF) on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, N uptake, and N use efficiency (NUE). Trials were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at Efaw and Lake Carl Blackwell (LCB) in Oklahoma, USA. A randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments consisting of 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1 and 5, 10, and 15 Mg B ha−1 was used. At LCB, yield, N uptake, and NUE under NBC increased by 25%, 28%, and 46%, respectively compared to NF. At Efaw, yield, N uptake, and NUE decreased under NBC by 5%, 7%, and 19%, respectively, compared to NF. Generally, results showed a significant response to NBC at ≥10 Mg B ha−1. While results were inconsistent across locations, the significant response to NBC was evident at LCB with sandy loam soil but not Efaw with silty clay loam. Biochar application with inorganic N could improve N use and the yield of maize cultivated on sandy soils with poor physical and chemical properties.

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Nitrogen fertilization impact on agronomic traits of maize hybrids released at different decades

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2001000500005 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 757-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Luís Sangoi ◽

Márcio Ender ◽

Altamir Frederico Guidolin ◽

Milton Luiz de Almeida ◽

Valmor Antônio Konflanz

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Breeding Cycle ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

Genetic selection of maize hybrids is often conducted using high N rates during the breeding cycle. This procedure may either lead to the release of genotypes that present nitrogen luxury consumption or require a stronger N input to accomplish their yield potential. This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of N rates on grain yield and N use efficiency of hybrids cultivated in different decades in Southern Brazil. The trial was performed in Lages, Santa Catarina State. A split plot design was used. Hybrids Ag 12, Ag 28, Ag 303 and Ag 9012, released during the 60's, 70's, 80's and 90's, respectively, were evaluated in the main plots. Nitrogen rates equivalent to 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 were side-dressed in the split-plots when each hybrid had six fully expanded leaves. Modern-day hybrid Ag 9012 had higher grain yield than hybrids of earlier eras, regardless of N rates. Under high doses of N, the older hybrids Ag 12 and Ag 28 took up more N and presented higher values of shoot dry matter at flowering than Ag 9012. Nonetheless, they set less grains per ear which contributed to decrease their grain yield and N use efficiency.

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Effect of nitrogen rate and fertilizer nitrogen source on physiology, yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in corn

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0186 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 392-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dilip K. Biswas ◽

Bao-Luo Ma

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Grain Quality ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Canopy Reflectance ◽

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽

N Source ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

A two-year (2010–2011) field experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of nitrogen (N) rate (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and N source (urea, calcium ammonium nitrate; ammonium sulphate) on canopy reflectance, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthesis, yield, grain quality, and N-use efficiency in corn. However, the physiological observations were made only in 2011. We found that stover biomass was unaffected by higher N rate beyond 150 kg N ha−1 in both years. Higher N rates did not provide a yield advantage as compared to 150 kg N ha−1 in 2010, but the highest grain yield was produced with 200 kg N ha−1 in 2011. The higher grain yield by N application was attributed to a greater kernel size in both years. Corn stover [N] was found to increase with increasing N rates in both years. Kernel [N] only responded to the high N rate in 2010. There was no change in the kernel density as affected by N rate in both years. An increased N addition resulted in a decrease in both N-uptake efficiency and agronomic-N use efficiency in both years. There was an inconsistent effect of N source on yield and N use efficiency indices in the corn over two years.

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In Quest of Nitrogen Use-Efficient Rice Genotypes for Drought-Prone Rainfed Ecosystems

Frontiers in Agronomy ◽

10.3389/fagro.2020.607792 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Biswajit Karmakar ◽

Stephan M. Haefele ◽

Amelia Henry ◽

Md Humayun Kabir ◽

Aminul Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

N Uptake ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

N Rates ◽

New Germplasm ◽

N Use ◽

Poor Management ◽

Research Institute

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency in rainfed agriculture is generally low because of poor management and unavailability of suitable rice genotypes. There is a need to select rice genotypes with high N use efficiency for these specific environments, which was investigated at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Station, Rajshahi, in two successive years. The performance of six rice genotypes, IR7437170-1-1, BR7873-5*(NIL)-51-HR6, IR83377-B-B-93-3, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 123, IR83381-B-B-6-1, and Binadhan-7, were tested under four N rates (0, 55, 83, and 110 kg N ha−1) in a strip-plot design. Grain yields generally increased up to 83 kg N ha−1 and declined thereafter. Depending on N rates, mean grain yields increased by 35–45% compared to the control (N0). However, the grain yields of IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123, and Binadhan-7 increased up to 110 kg N ha−1. N uptake and its use efficiencies were the highest in IR83377-B-B-93-3, which was at par with those in IRRI 123. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) dhan56 and Binadhan-7 showed intermediate performance, while BRRI dhan57 and IR83381-B-B-6-1 showed lower N uptake and N efficiencies. Between 16.5 and 19.2 kg N uptake was required to produce 1 ton of paddy. The genotypes IR83381-B-B-93-3 and IRRI 123 were the most N use efficient irrespective of N rates, but BRRI dhan57 and IR87781-B-B-6-1 were observed to be inefficient genotypes, while BRRI dhan56 and Binadhan-7 were intermediate. Thus, this study indicates the need to test existing and new germplasm for optimal N rates and their NUE, especially in rainfed environments where optimized resource use is essential for higher yields and increased farmers' income.

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GRAIN YIELD AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO REDUCING NITROGEN RATE IN HYBRID RICE TRANSPLANTED AS SINGLE SEEDLINGS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479718000261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (04) ◽

pp. 637-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MIN HUANG ◽

SHUANGLÜ SHAN ◽

XIAOBING XIE ◽

XUEFENG ZHOU ◽

YINGBIN ZOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

N Utilization ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

SUMMARYTransplanting single seedlings rather than seedlings in clumps has been increasingly attractive in hybrid rice production in China due to reduced seed requirements and higher grain yield. This study was conducted to determine grain yield and nitrogen (N) utilization in response to reductions in the N rate in hybrid rice under single-seedling transplanting. Field experiments were done in 2015 and 2016 on a moderate to high fertility soil at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University, China. The hybrid rice cultivar Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) was used in 2015, and two hybrid cultivars LYPJ and Xiangliangyou 900 were used the next year. In each year, the rice plants transplanted with a single seedling per hill were grown with three N rates, including the usual N rate (150 kg ha–1) and two reduced N rates (120 and 90 kg ha–1). Grain yield, yield attributes, and N uptake and use efficiency were determined for each N rate. Significant reduction in grain yield was observed in only one of three cultivar-year combinations when N rate was reduced by 20% (from 150 to 120 kg ha–1), and the magnitude of yield reduction was only 4%. Although significant reduction in grain yield was observed in two of the three cultivar-year combinations when N rate reduced by 40% (to 90 kg ha–1), the highest yield reduction was only 7%. Yield attributes were generally changed slightly when N rate was reduced by 20%, while compensation among yield attributes and N utilization characteristics could explain why a 40% reduction in N rate did not result in substantial yield loss. Partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) was increased by 21–24% and 56–63% with 20% and 40% reductions in the N rate, respectively. The higher PFPN with a reduced N rate was attributed to higher recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) or to both higher REN and internal N use efficiency. Our study suggests that reducing N rate does not necessarily result in yield loss due to compensation among yield components and increased N use efficiency in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings under moderate to high soil fertility conditions.

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Recommended nitrogen rates and the verification of effects based on leaf SPAD readings of rice

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e12107

Author(s):

Wenfeng Hou ◽

Juan Shen ◽

Weitao Xu ◽

Muhammad Rizwan Khan ◽

Yin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Production Systems ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

Spad Readings ◽

N Use

Modern rice production systems need a reliable, easy-to-use, efficient, and environmentally-friendly method to determine plant nitrogen (N) status , predict grain yield, and optimize N management. We conducted field experiments to determine the influence of different N rates on Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings of rice leaves. We also performed field validations to evaluate the grain yield and N use efficiency under recommended N rates. Our results showed that leaf SPAD readings increased as N rates increased. We applied the recommended N based on the relationships between the N rates and leaf SPAD readings at the tillering and booting stages. The recommended N decreased N rates and improved N use efficiency without sacrificing grain yield. When compared to farmer practices (FP), the recommended N rates of optimization (OPT) decreased by 5.8% and 10.0%, respectively. In comparison with FP, the N agronomic efficiency of OPT increased by 5.8 and 10.0% while the partial factor productivity of N increased by 6.0 and 14.2%, respectively. The SPAD meter may be a reliable tool to analyze the N in rice, estimate real-time N fertilization, and improve N use efficiency.

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Improvement of Maize Productivity and N Use Efficiency in a No-Tillage Irrigated Farming System: Effect of Cropping Sequence and Fertilization Management

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071459 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1459

Author(s):

Heba S. A. Salama ◽

Ali I. Nawar ◽

Hassan E. Khalil ◽

Ahmed M. Shaalan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Farming System ◽

No Tillage ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Egyptian Clover ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Maize Grain ◽

N Use

The sequence of the preceding crops in a no-tillage farming system, could interact with the integrated use of mineral and organic nitrogen (N) sources in a way that improves the growth and productivity of the terminal maize crop, meanwhile, enhancing its N use efficiency (NUE). In the current study, six legume-cereal crop sequences, including faba bean, soybean, Egyptian clover, wheat, and maize were evaluated along two experimental rotations that ended up by planting the terminal maize crop. In addition, the effects of applying variable mineral nitrogen (MN) rates with and without the incorporation of farmyard manure (FYM) on the productive performance of maize and its NUE were tested. The field experiments were conducted in a no-tillage irrigated farming system in Northern Egypt, a location that is characterized by its arid, Mediterranean climate. Results revealed that increasing the legume component in the evaluated crop sequences, up to 75%, resulted in improved maize ear leaf area, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index, thus, a higher final grain yield, with the inclusion of Egyptian clover was slightly better than faba bean. Comparing the crop sequences with 50% legume contribution uncovered the positive effects of soybean preceding crop on the terminal maize crop. Substituting 25% of the applied MN with FYM resulted in similar maize yields to the application of the equivalent 100% MN rates. The fertilizer treatments significantly interacted with the crop sequences in determining the maize grain yield, where the highest legume crop contribution in the crop sequence (75%) equalized the effects of the different fertilizer treatments on maize grain yield. The integrated use of FYM with MN in maize fertilization improved the NUE compared to the application of MN alone. Comparing fertilization treatments with similar MN content, with and without FYM, revealed that the difference in NUE was attributed to the additional amount of FYM. In similar conditions to the current study, it is recommended to grow faba bean two years before maize, while Egyptian clover could be grown directly preceding maize growth, with frequent inclusion of soybean in the sequence, this could be combined with the application of an average of 200 kg MN ha−1 in addition to FYM.

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Evaluation of the CERES-Rice Model for Precision Nitrogen Management for Rice in Northeast China

Advances in Animal Biosciences ◽

10.1017/s2040470017000024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 328-332

Author(s):

J. Zhang ◽

Y. Miao ◽

W.D. Batchelor

Keyword(s):

Northeast China ◽

Weather Data ◽

Cool Season ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Optimum N Rate ◽

Management Recommendations ◽

N Management ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

Over-application of nitrogen (N) in rice (Oryza sativaL.) production in China is common, leading to low N use efficiency (NUE) and high environmental risks. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of the CERES-Rice crop growth model to simulate N response in the cool climate of Northeast China, with the long term goal of using the model to develop optimum N management recommendations. Nitrogen experiments were conducted from 2011–2015 in Jiansanjiang, Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. The CERES-Rice model was calibrated for 2014 and 2015 and evaluated for 2011 and 2013 experiments. Overall, the model gave good estimations of yield across N rates for the calibration years (R2=0.89) and evaluation years (R2=0.73). The calibrated model was then run using weather data from 2001–2015 for 20 different N rates to determine the N rate that maximized the long term marginal net return (MNR) for different N prices. The model results indicated that the optimum mean N rate was 120–130 kg N ha–1, but that the simulated optimum N rate varied each year, ranging from 100 to 200 kg N ha–1. Results of this study indicated that the CERES-Rice model was able to simulate cool season rice growth and provide estimates of optimum regional N rates that were consistent with field observations for the area.

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Nutrient uptake, use efficiency and productivity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in Keddida Gamela Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH ◽

10.1186/s40068-020-00210-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Temesgen Godebo ◽

Fanuel Laekemariam ◽

Gobeze Loha

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Block Design ◽

N Uptake ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Use Efficiency

AbstractBread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. The productivity of wheat is markedly constrained by nutrient depletion and inadequate fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiency during 2019 cropping season on Kedida Gamela Woreda, Kembata Tembaro Zone Southern Ethiopia. Factorial combinations of four rates of N (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg Nha−1) and three rates of K2O (0, 30 and 60 kg Nha−1) in the form of urea (46–0-0) and murate of potash (KCl) (0-0-60) respectively, were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that most parameters viz yield, yield components, N uptake and use efficiency revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) due to interaction effects of N and K. Fertilizer application at the rate of 46 N and 30 kg K ha−1 resulted in high grain yield of 4392 kg ha− 1 and the lowest 1041 from control. The highest agronomic efficiency of N (52.5) obtained from the application of 46 kg N ha−1. Maximum physiological efficiency of N (86.6 kg kg−1) and use efficiency of K (58.6%) was recorded from the interaction of 46 and 30 kg K ha−1. Hence, it could be concluded that applying 46 and 30 kg K ha−1was resulted in high grain yield and economic return to wheat growing farmers of the area. Yet, in order to draw sound conclusion, repeating the experiment in over seasons and locations is recommended.

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INFLUENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION ON RICE YIELD AND NITROGEN AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY WITH DIFFERENT N APPLICATION RATES

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479709007583 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 275-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

LIMEI ZHAO ◽

LIANGHUAN WU ◽

YONGSHAN LI ◽

XINGHUA LU ◽

DEFENG ZHU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

System Of Rice Intensification ◽

N Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

Rice Intensification ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to investigate the impacts of alternative rice cultivation systems on grain yield, water productivity, N uptake and N use efficiency (ANUE, agronomic N use efficiency; PFP, partial factor productivity of applied N). The trials compared the practices used with the system of rice intensification (SRI) and traditional flooding (TF). The effects of different N application rates (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1) and of N rates interacting with the cultivation system were also evaluated. Resulting grain yields with SRI ranged from 5.6 to 7.3 t ha−1, and from 4.1 to 6.4 t ha−1 under TF management. On average, grain yields under SRI were 21% higher in 2005 and 22% higher in 2006 than with TF. Compared with TF, SRI plots had higher harvest index across four fertilizer N rates in both years. However, there was no significance difference in above-ground biomass between two cultivation systems in either year. ANUE was increased significantly under SRI at 80 kg N ha−1 compared with TF, while at higher N application rates, ANUE with SRI was significantly lower than TF. Compared with TF, PFP under SRI was higher across all four N rates in both years, although the difference at 240 kg N ha−1 was not significant. As N rate increased, the ANUE and PFP under both SRI and TF significantly decreased. Reduction in irrigation water use with SRI was 40% in 2005 and 47% in 2006, and water use efficiency, both total and from irrigation, were significantly increased compared to TF. With both SRI and TF, the highest N application was associated with decreases in grain yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency. This is an important finding given current debates whether N application rates in China are above the optimum, especially considering consequences for soil and water resources. Cultivation system, N rates and their interactions all produced significant differences in this study. Results confirmed that optimizing fertilizer N application rates under SRI is important to increase yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency.

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