Nitrogen fertilization impact on agronomic traits of maize hybrids released at different decades

Genetic selection of maize hybrids is often conducted using high N rates during the breeding cycle. This procedure may either lead to the release of genotypes that present nitrogen luxury consumption or require a stronger N input to accomplish their yield potential. This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of N rates on grain yield and N use efficiency of hybrids cultivated in different decades in Southern Brazil. The trial was performed in Lages, Santa Catarina State. A split plot design was used. Hybrids Ag 12, Ag 28, Ag 303 and Ag 9012, released during the 60's, 70's, 80's and 90's, respectively, were evaluated in the main plots. Nitrogen rates equivalent to 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 were side-dressed in the split-plots when each hybrid had six fully expanded leaves. Modern-day hybrid Ag 9012 had higher grain yield than hybrids of earlier eras, regardless of N rates. Under high doses of N, the older hybrids Ag 12 and Ag 28 took up more N and presented higher values of shoot dry matter at flowering than Ag 9012. Nonetheless, they set less grains per ear which contributed to decrease their grain yield and N use efficiency.

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Effect of nitrogen rate and fertilizer nitrogen source on physiology, yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in corn

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0186 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 392-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dilip K. Biswas ◽

Bao-Luo Ma

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Grain Quality ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Canopy Reflectance ◽

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽

N Source ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

A two-year (2010–2011) field experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of nitrogen (N) rate (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and N source (urea, calcium ammonium nitrate; ammonium sulphate) on canopy reflectance, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthesis, yield, grain quality, and N-use efficiency in corn. However, the physiological observations were made only in 2011. We found that stover biomass was unaffected by higher N rate beyond 150 kg N ha−1 in both years. Higher N rates did not provide a yield advantage as compared to 150 kg N ha−1 in 2010, but the highest grain yield was produced with 200 kg N ha−1 in 2011. The higher grain yield by N application was attributed to a greater kernel size in both years. Corn stover [N] was found to increase with increasing N rates in both years. Kernel [N] only responded to the high N rate in 2010. There was no change in the kernel density as affected by N rate in both years. An increased N addition resulted in a decrease in both N-uptake efficiency and agronomic-N use efficiency in both years. There was an inconsistent effect of N source on yield and N use efficiency indices in the corn over two years.

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GRAIN YIELD AND NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN RESPONSE TO REDUCING NITROGEN RATE IN HYBRID RICE TRANSPLANTED AS SINGLE SEEDLINGS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479718000261 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (04) ◽

pp. 637-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MIN HUANG ◽

SHUANGLÜ SHAN ◽

XIAOBING XIE ◽

XUEFENG ZHOU ◽

YINGBIN ZOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

N Utilization ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

SUMMARYTransplanting single seedlings rather than seedlings in clumps has been increasingly attractive in hybrid rice production in China due to reduced seed requirements and higher grain yield. This study was conducted to determine grain yield and nitrogen (N) utilization in response to reductions in the N rate in hybrid rice under single-seedling transplanting. Field experiments were done in 2015 and 2016 on a moderate to high fertility soil at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University, China. The hybrid rice cultivar Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) was used in 2015, and two hybrid cultivars LYPJ and Xiangliangyou 900 were used the next year. In each year, the rice plants transplanted with a single seedling per hill were grown with three N rates, including the usual N rate (150 kg ha–1) and two reduced N rates (120 and 90 kg ha–1). Grain yield, yield attributes, and N uptake and use efficiency were determined for each N rate. Significant reduction in grain yield was observed in only one of three cultivar-year combinations when N rate was reduced by 20% (from 150 to 120 kg ha–1), and the magnitude of yield reduction was only 4%. Although significant reduction in grain yield was observed in two of the three cultivar-year combinations when N rate reduced by 40% (to 90 kg ha–1), the highest yield reduction was only 7%. Yield attributes were generally changed slightly when N rate was reduced by 20%, while compensation among yield attributes and N utilization characteristics could explain why a 40% reduction in N rate did not result in substantial yield loss. Partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) was increased by 21–24% and 56–63% with 20% and 40% reductions in the N rate, respectively. The higher PFPN with a reduced N rate was attributed to higher recovery efficiency of applied N (REN) or to both higher REN and internal N use efficiency. Our study suggests that reducing N rate does not necessarily result in yield loss due to compensation among yield components and increased N use efficiency in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings under moderate to high soil fertility conditions.

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Recommended nitrogen rates and the verification of effects based on leaf SPAD readings of rice

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e12107

Author(s):

Wenfeng Hou ◽

Juan Shen ◽

Weitao Xu ◽

Muhammad Rizwan Khan ◽

Yin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Production Systems ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

Spad Readings ◽

N Use

Modern rice production systems need a reliable, easy-to-use, efficient, and environmentally-friendly method to determine plant nitrogen (N) status , predict grain yield, and optimize N management. We conducted field experiments to determine the influence of different N rates on Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings of rice leaves. We also performed field validations to evaluate the grain yield and N use efficiency under recommended N rates. Our results showed that leaf SPAD readings increased as N rates increased. We applied the recommended N based on the relationships between the N rates and leaf SPAD readings at the tillering and booting stages. The recommended N decreased N rates and improved N use efficiency without sacrificing grain yield. When compared to farmer practices (FP), the recommended N rates of optimization (OPT) decreased by 5.8% and 10.0%, respectively. In comparison with FP, the N agronomic efficiency of OPT increased by 5.8 and 10.0% while the partial factor productivity of N increased by 6.0 and 14.2%, respectively. The SPAD meter may be a reliable tool to analyze the N in rice, estimate real-time N fertilization, and improve N use efficiency.

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INFLUENCE OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION ON RICE YIELD AND NITROGEN AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY WITH DIFFERENT N APPLICATION RATES

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479709007583 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 275-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

LIMEI ZHAO ◽

LIANGHUAN WU ◽

YONGSHAN LI ◽

XINGHUA LU ◽

DEFENG ZHU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

System Of Rice Intensification ◽

N Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

Rice Intensification ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to investigate the impacts of alternative rice cultivation systems on grain yield, water productivity, N uptake and N use efficiency (ANUE, agronomic N use efficiency; PFP, partial factor productivity of applied N). The trials compared the practices used with the system of rice intensification (SRI) and traditional flooding (TF). The effects of different N application rates (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha−1) and of N rates interacting with the cultivation system were also evaluated. Resulting grain yields with SRI ranged from 5.6 to 7.3 t ha−1, and from 4.1 to 6.4 t ha−1 under TF management. On average, grain yields under SRI were 21% higher in 2005 and 22% higher in 2006 than with TF. Compared with TF, SRI plots had higher harvest index across four fertilizer N rates in both years. However, there was no significance difference in above-ground biomass between two cultivation systems in either year. ANUE was increased significantly under SRI at 80 kg N ha−1 compared with TF, while at higher N application rates, ANUE with SRI was significantly lower than TF. Compared with TF, PFP under SRI was higher across all four N rates in both years, although the difference at 240 kg N ha−1 was not significant. As N rate increased, the ANUE and PFP under both SRI and TF significantly decreased. Reduction in irrigation water use with SRI was 40% in 2005 and 47% in 2006, and water use efficiency, both total and from irrigation, were significantly increased compared to TF. With both SRI and TF, the highest N application was associated with decreases in grain yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency. This is an important finding given current debates whether N application rates in China are above the optimum, especially considering consequences for soil and water resources. Cultivation system, N rates and their interactions all produced significant differences in this study. Results confirmed that optimizing fertilizer N application rates under SRI is important to increase yield, N use efficiency and water use efficiency.

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Integrated nutrient, water and other agronomic options to enhance rice grain yield and N use efficiency in double-season rice crop

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 148 ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Jianquan Qin ◽

S.M. Impa ◽

Qiyuan Tang ◽

Shenghai Yang ◽

Jian Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Rice Crop ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Use

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Physiological and biochemical indicators for assessing nitrogen-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under dry direct seeding

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16204 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (11) ◽

pp. 1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rupinder Kaur ◽

Seema Bedi ◽

Gulshan Mahajan ◽

Gurpreet Kaur ◽

Bhagirath Singh Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Biochemical Traits ◽

High Productivity ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

N Rates ◽

Physiological And Biochemical ◽

N Use

To achieve high productivity of labour and water in rice cropping, farmers in South Asia have recently shown more interest in dry direct-seeded rice (DSR). An understanding of physiological and biochemical traits associated with high grain yield and efficiency of nitrogen (N) use is important to the development of genotypes for DSR. We investigated this issue with rice genotypes adapted to DSR in response to N rates. A 2-year study was conducted in a factorial randomised complete block design with eight genotypes and two N rates (75 and 150 kg N ha–1). Almost all of the physiological and biochemical traits studied (e.g. plant height, chlorophyll content, panicle weight, soluble sugars, starch) in DSR improved with increasing N from 75 to 150 kg ha–1, resulting in a 6% increase in yield at 150 kg N ha–1 relative to 75 kg N ha–1. Partial factor productivity of N was highest for the genotype IET-23455 (72.4 kg kg–1) and lowest for the genotype AAUDR (37.4 kg kg–1). Our results suggest that genotypes such as IET-23455 can maintain grain yield at low N rates as N-efficient genotypes. The greater biochemical activity (nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, sugar, protein and proline) and higher photosynthetic N-use efficiency at low N rates could be used in selection for N-efficient rice genotypes for DSR.

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Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps2013-222 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 93 (6) ◽

pp. 1073-1081 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

E. N. Johnson ◽

S. S. Malhi ◽

L. M. Hall ◽

S. Phelps

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Seed Quality ◽

N Uptake ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Brassica Carinata ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

Johnson, E. N., Malhi, S. S., Hall, L. M. and Phelps, S. 2013. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata . Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1073–1081. Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a relatively new crop in western Canada and research information on its response to N fertilizer is lacking. Two field experiments (exp. 1 at 3 site-years and exp. 2 at 4 site-years) were conducted from 2008 to 2010 in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, to determine effect of N fertilizer application on Brassica carinata plant density, seed and straw yield, N uptake in seed and straw, N use efficiency (NUE), N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) and seed quality. N rates applied were 0 to 160 kg N ha−1 and 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 in exps. 1 and 2, respectively. Plant density was not affected by increasing N rate at 5 site-years but declined with high rates of N application at 2 site-years. Seed yield responded to applied N in 6 of 7 site-years, with the non-responsive site having a high total N uptake at the 0 kg N ha−1 rate (high Nt value). There were no sites where seed yields were maximized with the N rates applied. Response trends of straw yield and N uptake were similar to that of seed yield at the corresponding site-years. NUE and NFUE generally declined as N rate increased. Protein concentration in seed generally increased and oil concentration in seed decreased with increasing N rates. In conclusion, the responses of seed yield, total N uptake, NUE, and NFUE to applied N was similar to those reported in other Brassica species with the exception that a rate was not identified in which Brassica carinata yields were maximized.

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Yield, Water-, and Nitrogen-use Efficiency in Field-grown, Grafted Tomatoes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.48.4.485 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 485-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Desire Djidonou ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

Eric H. Simonne ◽

Karen E. Koch ◽

John E. Erickson

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Irrigation Regime ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Rates ◽

N Use

In addition to managing soilborne diseases, grafting with vigorous rootstocks has been shown to improve yield in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. However, the influence of different levels of nitrogen (N) and irrigation supplies on grafted tomato plants has not been fully examined in comparison with non-grafted plants, especially under field conditions. The objective of this two-year study was to determine the effects of different irrigation regimes and N rates on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE), and N use efficiency (NUE) of grafted tomato plants grown with drip irrigation in sandy soils of north Florida. The determinate tomato cultivar Florida 47 was grafted onto two interspecific hybrid rootstocks, ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Multifort’ (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M. Spooner). Non-grafted ‘Florida 47’ was used as a control. Plants were grown in a fumigated field under 12 combinations of two drip irrigation regimes (50% and 100% of commonly used irrigation regime) and six N rates (56, 112, 168, 224, 280, and 336 kg·ha−1). The field experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. The whole plots consisted of the irrigation regime and N rate combination treatments, whereas the subplots represented the two grafting treatments and the non-grafted plants. Self-grafted ‘Florida 47’ was also included in the 100% irrigation and 224 kg N/ha fertilization treatment as a control. In 2010, the 50% irrigation regime resulted in higher total and marketable yields than the 100% irrigation regime. Tomato yield was significantly influenced by N rates, but similar yields were achieved at 168 kg·ha−1 and above. Plants grafted onto ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Multifort’ showed an average increase of 27% and 30% in total and marketable fruit yields, respectively, relative to non-grafted plants. In 2011, fruit yields were affected by a significant irrigation by N rate interaction. Grafting significantly increased tomato yields, whereas grafted plants showed greater potential for yield improvement with increasing N rates compared with non-grafted plants. Self-grafting did not affect tomato yields. More fruit per plant and higher average fruit weight as a result of grafting were observed in both years. Grafting with the two rootstocks significantly improved the irrigation water and N use efficiency in tomato production. Results from this study suggested the need for developing irrigation and N fertilization recommendations for grafted tomato production in sandy soils.

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Improvement of Root Characteristics Due to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Interactions Increases Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy12010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Ming Du ◽

Wenzhong Zhang ◽

Jiping Gao ◽

Meiqiu Liu ◽

Yan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Root Length ◽

N Uptake ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

Root Characteristics ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Total N ◽

Absorption Area ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Use

Although nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) co-application improves crop growth, yield, and N use efficiency (NUE) of rice, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying these interactions. To investigate root morphological and physiological characteristics and determine yield and nitrogen use parameters, rhizo-box experiments were performed on rice using six treatments (no fertilizer, PK, N, NK, NP, and NPK) and plants were harvested at maturity. The aboveground biomass at the elongating stage and grain yield at maturity for NPK treatment were higher than the sum of PK and N treatments. N, P, and K interactions enhanced grain yield due to an increase in agronomic N use efficiency (NAE). The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE. Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions. The higher total N uptake from N, P, and K interactions was due to improved root characteristics, which enhanced the rice yield and NUE.

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