Effect of roughage species consumed on fecal alkane recovery in sheep, and effect of sample drying treatment on alkane concentrations

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elwert ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
M. Rodehutscord

The effect of roughage species on fecal alkane recoveries (the proportion of ingested alkane recovered in feces) and the effect of sample drying treatment on alkane concentrations in samples of dietary components and feces were studied in 2 experiments conducted with sheep. In experiment 1, 6 single-species diets (2 different batches of lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay, Phalaris aquatica hay, oaten straw, wheaten straw, Trifolium subterraneum hay) were fed to 6 animals each in a crossover design. A further 3 animals were fed a mixed diet of Trifolium subterraneum and beeswax-labelled cottonseed meal. In experiment 2, fecal samples from sheep fed 4 different mixtures of pelleted lucerne and ground wheat grain (lucerne : wheat 360 : 270 g/day; 360 : 450 g/day; 600 : 270 g/day; 600 : 450 g/day; 4 animals per diet), a fixed amount (270 g/day) of which was labelled with beeswax, were dried in 1 of 3 ways: freeze drying, oven drying at 65°C for 48 h or oven drying at 105°C for 24 h. Differences in fecal alkane recoveries between various roughage species were not statistically significant, due in part to high between-animal variation in recovery. The fecal recovery of odd-chain alkanes increased in a curvilinear manner with carbon-chain length. The fecal recoveries of even-chain alkanes were highly variable, due to their low concentrations, and also differed from those expected given the recoveries of the adjacent odd-chain alkanes. The results indicate that oven drying fecal samples at 65°C for 48 h could replace freeze drying, but drying at 105°C significantly reduced fecal alkane concentrations. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effect of drying treatment on the alkane concentration in fresh roughages.

2021 ◽  
pp. 117119
Author(s):  
Mansoor Ul Hassan Shah ◽  
Ambavaram Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy ◽  
Suzana Yusup ◽  
Masahiro Goto ◽  
Muhammad Moniruzzaman

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
You Yi Zhu ◽  
Zhang Lei Ning ◽  
Qing Feng Hou ◽  
Ming Lei ◽  
Guo Qing Jian

A serious of alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfonate surfactant was synthesized. The O/W interfacial activity of alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfonate surfactant was investigated. The results showed that the interfacial tension of Indonesia crude oil/formation water could reach ultralow level (10-3mN/m order of the magnitude) under weak alkali (Na2CO3) concentration from 0.4wt% to 1.0wt% with C16PO8S, C16PO10S, C18PO8S and C18PO10S alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfonate respectively. These surfactants showed good interface activity and salt and divalent cation tolerance ability. Combinations of alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfanate homologies with different carbon chain length could significantly improve the interface activity. The IFT of Indonesia oil/formation water could reach ultralow interfacial tension under alkali free conditions. The combination of alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfonate surfactant with petroleum sulfonate could improve the salt tolerance ability of formula.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwen Zeng ◽  
Kong-qiu Hu ◽  
Zhi-wei Huang ◽  
Lei Mei ◽  
Xianghe Kong ◽  
...  

Herein, we report a new uranyl-organic polyhedron U4L4 (L=BTPCA) assembled from uranyl and a semirigid tritopic ligand. By adjusting the carbon chain length of the organic templates, two complexes can...


2014 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
En-Jun Gao ◽  
Hong Fu ◽  
Ming-Chang Zhu ◽  
Chi Ma ◽  
Shi-Kai Liang ◽  
...  

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Shahla S. Smail ◽  
Mowafaq M. Ghareeb ◽  
Huner K. Omer ◽  
Ali A. Al-Kinani ◽  
Raid G. Alany

Nanoemulsions (NE) are isotropic, dispersions of oil, water, surfactant(s) and cosurfactant(s). A range of components (11 surfactants, nine cosurfactants, and five oils) were investigated as potential excipients for preparation of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) ocular nanoemulsion. Diol cosurfactants were investigated for the effect of their carbon chain length and dielectric constant (DEC), Log P, and HLB on saturation solubility of KT. Hen’s Egg Test—ChorioAllantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay was used to evaluate conjunctival irritation of selected excipients. Of the investigated surfactants, Tween 60 achieved the highest KT solubility (9.89 ± 0.17 mg/mL), followed by Cremophor RH 40 (9.00 ± 0.21 mg/mL); amongst cosurfactants of interest ethylene glycol yielded the highest KT solubility (36.84 ± 0.40 mg/mL), followed by propylene glycol (26.23 ± 0.82 mg/mL). The solubility of KT in cosurfactants was affected by four molecular descriptors: carbon chain length, DEC, log P and HLB. KT solubility was directly proportional to DEC and the HLB yet, inversely proportional to carbon chain length and log P. All surfactants, except Labrasol ALF, were non-irritant. The majority of cosurfactants were slightly irritant, butylene glycol was a moderate irritant, pentylene and hexylene glycols were strong irritants. These findings will inform experiments aimed at developing NE formulations for ocular administration of KT.


1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
R W Mayes ◽  
F D DeB Hovell

Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.


Author(s):  
О.Н. Комарова

Смеси на основе белков козьего молока для вскармливания детей первого года жизни применяются с 1980-х гг. Новое поколение детских смесей производится с использованием цельного козьего молока, в которых поддерживается естественное соотношение сывороточного белка к казеину – 20:80, сохранен молочный жир и углеводный компонент, что позволяет транслировать преимущества козьего молока на состав адаптированной смеси для приближения к составу грудного молока. Белок и молочный жир, полученные из цельного козьего молока, обладают высокой усвояемостью вследствие особенностей строения и состава: белок с низким αs1-казеином образует мягкий сгусток в желудке, что способствует легкому его перевариванию, а жировые глобулы козьего молока имеют меньшие размеры и большую площадь поверхности, сравнимую с грудным молоком. Молочный жир козьего молока в смеси является источником основных донаторов энергии – жирных кислот с короткой и средней длиной углеродной цепи, β-кетокислот, а также пальмитиновой кислоты в sn-2-положении в молекуле глицерола. В составе смеси в процессе производства сохраняются мембраны жировых глобул козьего молока. Их компоненты обладают разнообразными физиологическими функциями. Белки мембран жировых глобул козьего молока способствуют развитию микробиоты кишечника, иммунных функций, обладают антимикробным и противовирусным действием. Липиды мембран жировых глобул козьего молока улучшают барьерные функции кишечного эпителия, поддерживают его структурную целостность, а также участвуют в построении мембран клеток слизистой оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта и быстроразвивающейся нервной ткани ребенка. В цельном козьем молоке присутствуют олигосахариды в меньшем количестве и разнообразии по сравнению с грудным молоком, что диктует необходимость дополнения детской смеси олигосахаридами или пребиотиками, повторяющими функции олигосахаридов грудного молока. Доказательства безопасности и клинической эффективности применения смесей на основе цельного козьего молока в обеспечении правильного роста и развития детей первых месяцев жизни представлены в клинических исследованиях. Goat milk protein-based formulas for feeding babies of the first year of life have been used since the 80s of the last century. A new generation of infant formula is made using whole goat milk, in which the natural ratio of whey protein: casein is maintained at 20:80, milk fat and carbohydrate components are preserved, which allows translating the benefits of goat milk into an adapted formula to approximate the composition of breast milk (BM). Protein and milk fat obtained from whole goat milk are highly digestible due to the structural and compositional characteristics: protein with low αs1-casein forms a soft clot in the stomach, which facilitates its easy digestion, and the fat globules of goat milk are smaller and larger surface area comparable to BM. Goat milk fat in the formula is the source of the main donor energy – fatty acids with a short and medium carbon chain length, β-keto acids, and palmitic acid in the sn-2-position in the glycerol molecule. In the composition of the formula during the production process, the goat's milk fat globules membranes (MFGM) are preserved. The components of MFGM have different physiological functions. MFGM proteins contribute to the development of intestinal microbiota, immune functions, have antimicrobial and antiviral effects. Lipids MFGM improve the barrier functions of the intestinal epithelium, maintain its structural integrity, and also participate in the construction of cell membranes of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and the rapidly developing nervous tissue of the child. In whole goat milk, oligosaccharides (OS) are present in a smaller amount and variety in comparison with BM, which dictates the need to supplement the infant formula with OS or prebiotics that repeat the functions of BM OG. Clinical studies have shown evidence of the safety and clinical efficacy of using whole goat milk formulas in promoting the proper growth and development of infants in their first months of life.


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