Myofibre characteristics of ovine longissimus and semitendinosus muscles are influenced by sire breed, gender, rearing type, age and carcass weight

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenwood ◽  
S. Harden ◽  
D. L. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Sire Breed

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which sire breed (Merino, primarily a wool-producing breed, and Poll Dorset, primarily a meat-producing breed), gender (castrate and ewe), rearing type (single- or multiple-reared), age (4, 8, 14 and 22 months) and carcass weight influence ovine (n = 204) myofibre characteristics. In Merino-sired sheep, the relative area (% of total myofibre area) of type 2X myofibres was lower and of type 2A myofibres higher in the longissimus lumborum (longissimus) muscle than in Poll Dorset-sired sheep. Female sheep had a higher relative area of type 2X and a lower relative area of type 2A myofibres than castrate sheep in the longissimus muscle. The percentage of type 2A myofibres increased and of type 2X myofibres decreased in the longissimus between 4 and 22 months of age. Type 1 myofibres in the semitendinosus muscle were more prevalent and type 2X myofibres less prevalent in Merino than in Poll Dorset-sired sheep. The percentage of type 1 myofibres was lower in female than in castrate sheep. Age-related effects on semitendinosus myofibre characteristics varied with gender, sire breed and rearing type. Influences of rearing type on myofibre characteristics were evident in the semitendinosus muscle at younger ages, but did not persist to 22 months of age. The greatest increases in myofibre cross-sectional areas occurred between 8 and 14 months of age in the longissimus muscle, and between 14 and 22 months of age in the semitendinosus muscle. Carcass weight significantly influenced cross-sectional area of type 2A, 2AX and 2X myofibres in longissimus and semitendinosus muscles. It is concluded that influences of sire breed, gender, rearing type, age and carcass weight on ovine myofibre percentages varies between longissimus and semitendinosus muscles. Furthermore, the pattern of postnatal myofibre growth differs between these muscles.

Influences on the loin and cellular characteristics of the m. longissimus lumborum of Australian Poll Dorset-sired lambs

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenwood ◽  
J. J. Davis ◽  
G. M. Gaunt ◽  
G. R. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Nutritional Influences ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Improved Pasture

Offspring of 4 Poll Dorset rams differing in eye muscle depth estimated breeding values (EBVs) were studied to determine sire, sex, and nutritional influences on cellular characteristics in the longissimus lumborum muscle. At 12 weeks of age, 62 lambs were individually fed a concentrate diet with or without protected nutrients ad libitum for 120 days while 39 lambs were grazed on improved pasture. Sire influenced the percentages of type 2A and 2B/2X myofibres, but not myofibre number or size. Progeny of the highest eye muscle depth EBV ram had less type 2A and more 2B/2X myofibres than the lowest ranking sire. At equivalent carcass weight, amount of RNA and protein in the longissimus muscle was influenced by sire, consistent with differences in eye muscle depth EBVs. Sex had little effect on muscle cellular characteristics, whereas lambs fed pasture had less type 1 myofibres than those fed concentrates and had less muscle RNA and a higher ratio of protein to RNA. The findings demonstrate differences in m. longissimus lumborum cellular characteristics in offspring of sires differing in muscle EBVs. The extent to which these differences relate to the Carwell muscle hypertrophy gene remains to be determined.

Lamb myofibre characteristics are influenced by sire estimated breeding values and pastoral nutritional system

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenwood ◽  
G. E. Gardner ◽  
R. S. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

The objective of this study was to establish the extent to which lamb myofibre characteristics at ~8 months of age were influenced by sire (n = 9) estimated breeding values (EBVs) and pasture-based nutritional systems (low and high quality and availability, LOW and HIGH) from birth to slaughter (n = 56). Immunostaining of myosin heavy chain isoforms in longissimus muscle fibres revealed that as the post-weaning eye muscle depth EBV (PEMD) increased, the percentage of type 2B/X myofibres increased and the percentage of type 2A myofibres decreased. The percentage of type 2B/X myofibres also increased with increasing PEMD in the semimembranosus muscle, but not in the semitendinosus muscle. Post-weaning fat depth (PFAT) EBV was negatively related with the percentage of type 2B/X myofibres in longissimus and semitendinosus muscles and with the relative area of more glycolytic to more oxidative fibre types, although there was an interaction with nutritional system in the semitendinosus muscle, with this ratio increasing with the PFAT EBV among the LOW nutrition lambs. Overall, post-weaning weight (PWWT) EBV had less effect on myofibre characteristics than PEMD and PFAT EBVs. Average cross-sectional area of myofibres was more affected by the LOW than HIGH nutritional system in longissimus muscle (–25%) compared with semitendinosus (–21%) and semimembranosus (–15%) muscles. LOW nutrition resulted in a significantly smaller cross-sectional area of all myofibre types in longissimus muscle and of types 2A, 2AB/X, and 2B/X in semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles. Overall, the relative area of glycolytic myofibres increased and/or more oxidative myofibre types decreased in LOW compared with HIGH nutritional system lambs in longissimus and semimembranosus, but not in semitendinosus muscle. The results demonstrate significant influences of sire EBVs on myofibre characteristics of lambs, the extent of which depends upon muscle type and nutritional regimen. More specifically, they suggest continued selection for increased muscling and reduced fatness in lambs are associated with shifts in the proportions of myofibre types, with potential for adverse effects on eating quality. They also show that the direction and magnitude of the effects of chronic, moderate postnatal nutritional restriction at pasture on myofibre characteristics vary between muscles with different contractile, metabolic, and/or functional characteristics.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Expression of CXCR4 and CCR5 on Peripheral Blood Leukocytes from Uninfected Infants Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Mothers

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Shalekoff ◽  
Glenda E. Gray ◽  
Caroline T. Tiemessen
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Exposed Uninfected

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional analysis of human immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected infants revealed high proportions of CXCR4-expressing cells in their cord blood, which declined at 4.5 months and increased between 9 and 15 months to levels approaching those of uninfected adults. Proportions of CCR5-expressing cells, however, were very low in cord blood and subsequently increased with age.

scholarly journals Cellular development in muscle differs between Angus steers from low and high muscle score selection lines1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3199-3212
Author(s):  
Paul L Greenwood ◽  
Brendon A O’Rourke ◽  
Joe Brunner ◽  
William H Johns ◽  
Paul F Arthur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Cellular Development ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Line P

Abstract This study assessed cellular characteristics of longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles in steers genetically selected for low (Low) or high (High) muscling using live muscle scoring, and High steers with 1 copy of the loss-of-function 821 del11 MSTN allele (HighHet). We hypothesized High and HighHet have altered muscle cellular characteristics and mechanisms influencing muscling compared with Low steers. Angus steers 25 mo old comprising 14 High, 19 Low, and 11 HighHet were backgrounded to 20 mo of age, grain finished for 150 d, and then slaughtered. Body and carcass weights did not differ due to muscling line (P = 0.46). Weight of LL was 16% greater (P = 0.004) and total protein in LL was 18% greater (P = 0.012) in HighHet than Low steers. ST weight in HighHet was 10% and 13% greater than in High and Low steers (P = 0.007), respectively, and of total ST protein 12% and 17% greater in HighHet than High or Low (P = 0.002). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of LL was greater in HighHet than in High and greater in High than in Low (85.0 vs. 77.0 vs. 70.4 cm2, P < 0.001). Apparent number of myofibers and myofibers per unit CSA did not differ between the muscling lines in LL (P = 0.14) or ST (P = 0.47). Myofiber CSA was greater in the ST of Low than of High and HighHet for type 1 (36% and 31% respectively, P = 0.005) and 2A (22% and 25%, P < 0.001). HighHet steers had greater area of glycolytic (type 2X) relative to more oxidative myofiber types within LL (P = 0.02; 11% and 43% more than High and Low, respectively) and ST (P < 0.001; 27% and 75%). Concentration of RNA in LL was 13% and 10% greater (P = 0.005) in High than in Low and HighHet, respectively, and total amount of RNA in LL was 22% greater in High and 20% greater in HighHet than in Low (P < 0.001). The LL of High steers had less protein to RNA (P = 0.03; 57.4 vs. 65.6) and more RNA to DNA (P = 0.007; 9.03 vs. 7.83) than Low. HighHet steers had 11% more DNA in ST than High (P = 0.04) and 19% more RNA in ST than Low (P = 0.012). The shift towards glycolytic myofibers was consistent with loadings in a principal component that explained 39% of the variation in LL and 38% in ST. Overall, these findings show that selection for increased muscling using live cattle muscle scoring, and 1 copy of the 821 del11 MSTN allele, results in more glycolytic muscle. They also suggest that increased muscling of the High compared with Low steers may be associated with increased translational capacity in the LL.

scholarly journals Sire breed effect on carcass and temperament traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2717
Author(s):  
Leandro Lunardini Cardoso ◽  
Joal José Brazzale Leal ◽  
Marcelo Henrique Giordano Nunes ◽  
Bruno Borges Machado Teixeira ◽  
Bruna Pena Sollero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Sire Breed

This paper aimed to identify and evaluate the effects of sire breed on temperament and productive traits of different cross-breeds between Nellore (NE), Tabapua (TB), and Brahman (BR) bulls mated with Angus cows (AN), as well as the relationship between temperament and productive traits. The productive traits measured in this study include slaughter weight and post weaning weight gain. Temperament was assessed by flight-speed (FS). Carcass data collected in this study include hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold dressing percentage, carcass length, initial pH, ultimate pH, subcutaneous fat thickness and carcass longissimus muscle area. The sire breed effect was greater for slaughter weight. Hot carcass weight was not affected by the sire breed. The longissimus muscle area was larger for AN x TB and AN x NE crossbreeds than for AN x BR crossbreeds. Subcutaneous fat thickness and cold dressing percentage were not affected by sire breed. The offspring of NE, TB, and BR sires mated with AN cows had similar carcass measurements, except for the longissimus muscle area, which was smaller for offspring sired by the Brahman breed. The temperament trait was not influenced by sire breed.

scholarly journals High Reflectivity and Low Reflectivity Properties on OCTA Influence the Detection of Macular Neovascularization in AMD

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Arrigo ◽  
Emanuela Aragona ◽  
Alessandro Bordato ◽  
Alessia Amato ◽  
Andrea Saladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Reflectivity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Background: In this study, we aimed to discriminate high reflectivity and low reflectivity macular neovascularization (MNV) lesions secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)and to assess the influence of blood flow features on the amount of MNV detected by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods: The study was designed as observational, cross-sectional. Type 1 and type 2 MNV lesions were included. All the patients underwent fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and OCTA. MNV size was calculated on early FA for type 2 MNV and on both early and late phases of ICGA for type 1 lesions. From OCTA, we calculated both MNV size and MNV reflectivity. We assessed the agreement between FA/ICGA and OCTA MNV sizes. Moreover, we studied the relationship between MNV reflectivity properties and MNV OCTA detection.Results: Fifty eyes (50 patients) were included. MNV was identified as follows: 35 /70%) type 1 and 15 (30%) type 2. We found a good agreement between early ICGA size and OCTA size for type 1 MNV (2.10 ± 1.91 mm2 vs 2.09 ± 1.87 mm2; p &gt; 0.05), whereas MNV lesions turned out to be remarkably bigger on late ICGA phase (3.41 ± 2.87 mm2; p &lt; 0.01). Interestingly, OCTA well-matched with FA in terms of MNV size for type 2 lesions (2.36 ± 2.15 mm2 vs 2.37 ± 2.25 mm2). MNV reflectivity was higher in type 2 MNV and it was strongly associated with the OCTA ability to reconstruct the neovascular network.Conclusion: Our study quantitatively showed that MNV filling pattern and MNV blood flow reflectivity features influence the OCTA detection of the MNV in its entirety.

The Effects of Aging on Von Willebrand Factor Levels and Bleeding Risk in Type 1 Von Willebrand Disease

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 2584-2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig D. Seaman ◽  
Margaret V. Ragni
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Bleeding Risk ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Antigen Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Bleeding Score ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Von Willebrand

Introduction: Little is known about aging in von Willebrand disease (VWD). While it has been well established that von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels increase with age among healthy adults, it is uncertain if VWD patients experience an age related increase in VWF levels, although limited data suggests so. Furthermore, it is unknown if normalization of VWF levels with aging ameliorates bleeding risk. We aimed to determine the effects of aging on VWF levels and bleeding risk in patients with type 1 VWD. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with type 1 VWD presenting to the Hemophilia Clinic of Western Pennsylvania for regularly scheduled clinical visits. Exclusion criteria included concomitant hereditary bleeding disorder. Blood samples were obtained to determine VWF antigen level, VWF ristocetin cofactor activity, and factor VIII activity. A bleeding score was obtained using the condensed MCMDM-1 VWD bleeding assessment tool (BAT); however, we calculated the bleeding score based on bleeding symptoms over the previous three years. The prophylactic use of DDAVP or VWF concentrate prior to surgery was not included in the determination of the bleeding score. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables included mean, median, range, and standard error. Frequencies and percentages were used for categorical variables. Simple linear regression was used to predict the association of age with VWF antigen level and bleeding score. Results: The average age of participants was 43.5 ± 5.28 years (median 38, range 22 to 85). Twelve of 14 patients were female. The mean VWF antigen level was 0.97 ± 0.10 IU/mL (median 0.88, range 0.58 to 1.56). The mean bleeding score was 1.64 ± 0.52 (median 1, range 0 to 6). Four of 12 female patients reported use of estrogen containing oral contraceptives. None reported pregnancy. A simple linear regression was calculated to predict bleeding score based on age. Average bleeding score was inversely proportion to age, with a decrease of 0.057 (-0.107, 0.006) for each year of age, p =0.03. There was no significant correlation between VWF antigen level and age, with an increase in average VWF antigen level of 0.003 (-0.009, 0.014) for each year of age, p =0.60. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first report showing age-related amelioration of bleeding symptoms in patients with type 1 VWD. Prior studies have reported contradictory findings, some reporting that bleeding symptoms do not lessen with aging in patients with type 1 VWD. Several studies may be confounded by study design, including the method of BAT administration. Determining the bleeding score using lifetime bleeding symptoms may not be reflective of present day bleeding risk (i.e. an older patient with a remote history of moderate to severe bleeding without bleeding symptoms for several years). We found no association between aging and VWF antigen levels, which may, in part, be related to the small sample size. Determining whether or not bleeding risk is reduced in elderly type 1 VWD patients is essential for optimal clinical management. If older type 1 VWD patients have experienced normalization of VWF levels, and no longer have an increased risk of bleeding, administration of DDAVP or VWF concentrate may be harmful. Thrombosis risk increases with aging, and providing DDAVP or VWF concentrate unnecessarily may increase thrombosis risk, especially among patients with underlying CVD, CVD-related risk factors, or concomitant hypercoagulable states. Moreover, VWF concentrate is costly, and unwarranted use represents a significant waste of healthcare dollars. For these reasons, we plan a multicenter, cross-sectional study (VWD Aging and Bleeding Correlation Study, VWD-ABC) to further investigate the effects of aging on VWF levels and bleeding risk in patients with type 1 VWD. Disclosures Ragni: OPKO: Research Funding; Tacere Benitec: Consultancy; Biogen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Baxalta: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Biomarin: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Research Funding; Shire: Consultancy; SPARK: Research Funding; Vascular Medicine Institute: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Early myocardial impairment in type 1 diabetes patients without known heart disease assessed with tissue Doppler echocardiography: The Thousand & 1 study

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Thorsten Jensen ◽  
Peter Sogaard ◽  
Henrik Ullits Andersen ◽  
Ida Gustafsson ◽  
Jan Bech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Multivariable Models ◽  
Diabetes Center ◽  
Diastolic Functions ◽  
Diabetes Patients

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes; patients with albuminuria are at greatest risk. We investigated myocardial function and premature myocardial impairment in type 1 diabetes patients with and without albuminuria compared to controls. Methods: This study included a cross-sectional survey of 1093 type 1 diabetes patients from Steno Diabetes Center and 200 healthy controls. Conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiographic measurements were analysed in multivariable models in normoalbuminuria ( n = 760), microalbuminuria ( n = 227) and macroalbuminuria ( n = 106). Investigators were blinded to degree of albuminuria. Results: For the type 1 diabetes patients, mean age was 49.6 years, 53% were men and mean diabetes duration was 25.5 years. In multivariable models systolic velocity s′ did not differ between type 1 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria and controls (β-coefficient [95% confidence interval]: −0.17 [−0.41; 0.08], p = 0.19), but was impaired between controls and microalbuminuria (−0.53 [−0.84; −0.23], p = 0.001) and macroalbuminuria (−0.59 [−0.96; −0.22], p = 0.002). Diastolic measurements ( e′, a′, e′/ a′, and E/ e′) were all significantly impaired in type 1 diabetes, for example, e′/ a′: normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria versus controls: −0.38 [−0.52; −0.23], p < 0.001; −0.49 [−0.67; −0.32], p < 0.001; and −0.81 [−1.03; −0.59], p < 0.001. In age-related analyses, myocardial impairment occurred prematurely in type 1 diabetes compared to controls (e.g. E/ e′ = 8; 9.2 years [normoalbuminuria], 17.3 years [microalbuminuria] and 41.4 years [macroalbuminuria] prematurely, respectively). Conclusion: In type 1 diabetes patients with albuminuria, both systolic and diastolic functions are impaired, whereas in patients without albuminuria only diastolic function is affected. Myocardial impairment is detectable many years prematurely in type 1 diabetes, especially in patients with albuminuria.

Association of plaque echostructure and cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic carotid artery disease

VASA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannoukas ◽  
Sfyroeras ◽  
Griffin ◽  
Saleptsis ◽  
Antoniou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ica Stenosis

Background: Severity of stenosis remains the main factor for assessing risk of stroke in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. This study was conducted to investigate the association of plaque echostructure and other established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors with symptomatic ICA disease. Design: Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Patients and methods: Carotid plaque echostructure, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate, cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and the Framingham risk score were assessed in 124 consecutive patients (70 asymptomatic; 54 symptomatic) with significant (> 50 %) ICA stenosis. Results: The asymptomatic and symptomatic groups did not differ in terms of gender distribution (p = 0.76) and severity of stenosis (p = 0.62). Echolucent plaques (type 1 and 2) were more predominant in patients with symptomatic disease (p = 0.004, OR = 2.13, 95 % CI = 1.26-3.6). Patients with plaques type 1 were relatively younger than those with type 4 (p = 0.02). None of the other factors assessed had any significant association with symptomatic disease and any type of carotid plaque. Conclusions: Besides the severity of carotid stenosis, the presence of an echolucent plaque appears as an important factor associated with symptomatic ICA disease. Also, young patients are more likely to have an echolucent plaque suggesting an age-related association with plaque maturation.

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