Soil and cotton responses to tillage and ameliorant treatments in a brown clay soil. 1. Soil responses and water use

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Loveday ◽  
JE Saunt ◽  
PM Fleming ◽  
WA Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Soil Responses

Furrow-irrigated cotton was grown for two seasons on a previously uncultivated dense clay soil to which the following treatments had been applied :--normal ploughing (18 cm), precision ripping (30 cm), deep ploughing (40 cm), deep ripping (60 cm), and deep ploughing and deep ripping combined, with and without applications of gypsum at 10 tons an acre or organic matter at 2 1/2 tons an acre. The deep tillage significantly increased the porosity of the subsoil, but this extra porosity had largely been lost by the end of the second season. Neither the gypsum nor the organic matter addition had a significant effect upon its rate of decline. Despite the effect on porosity the deep tillages had only small and mostly non-significant effects upon water increment at irrigation. The gypsum treatment, but not the organic matter, increased water entry to the subsoil at irrigation, and this W-as apparently a result of improved hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability, particularly in the surface layers. Considerable leaching of chloride occurred from the 30-60 cm subsoil zone in both gypsum treated and deep-tilled plots, but not in organic matter plots, and an accumulation of chloride occurred in the 0-10 cm layer (the hill) in gypsum treated plots. The increased water intake to the subsoil resulting from gypsum treatment was matched by increased water use in the following period, and hence a reduction in relative water deficit of Leaves during the peak period of water demand. Neither the organic matter nor the deep tillages had appreciable influence on water uptake. Water use during periods of peak demand was about 6 mm a day for gypsum treated plots, and this was probably lower than mould have been obtained with water freely available at all times. On the other treatments it can he inferred that water use was even further reduced by lack of available water.

scholarly journals Soil aggregate stability index and particulate organic matter in response to differently afforested lands in the temperate regions of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 376-384
Author(s):  
Masoomeh Soleimany ◽  
Jamshid Eslamdoust ◽  
Moslem Akbarinia ◽  
Yahya Kooch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Land Use And Management ◽  
Positive Effect

Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) and particulate organic matter (POM) are strongly influenced by land use and management. This work illustrates the effects of plantations on ASI and POM-C and POM-N in northern Iran. Three plantations of P. deltoides (PD), T. distichum (TD), A. subcordata (AS), and a fourth site ‒ adjacent abandoned lands (BL, as control) were selected. Soil samples were taken within 16 quadrats of each plantation and BL from the two depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm during the summer. Soil C was significantly higher under TD (2.10%) than under BL (2.02%) > PD (1.61%) > AS (1.30%). Soil N was found in ranked order of AS (8.99%) > TD (7.82%) > PD (5.30%) > BL (3.68%) (P < 0.019). The significantly higher ASI was found under TD (57.49) in comparison with PD (53.10), BL (51.23), and AS (36.57). The POM-C was as follows: TD (0.209%) > PD (0.141%) > AS (0.139%) > BL (0.075%) (P = 0.020). The highest POM-N was found under TD (0.035), followed by AS (0.0284%), PD (0.0288%), and BL (0.007%). The results indicate the positive effect of afforestation on soil ASI and POM-C and POM-N, especially in the surface layers of soil.

scholarly journals Impact of soil use on aggregate stability and its relationship with soil organic carbon at two different altitudes in the Colombian Andes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Efraín Francisco Visconti-Moreno ◽  
Ibonne Geaneth Valenzuela-Balcázar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Mineral Particle ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Rice Soils ◽  
Organic Matter Pool ◽  
Different Altitudes

The stability of soil aggregates depends on the organic matter, and the soil use and management can affect the soil organicmatter (SOM) content. Therefore, it is necessary to know therelationship between aggregate stability and the content of SOMin different types of soil use at two different altitudes of theColombian Andes. This study examined the conditions of soilaggregate stability expressed as a distribution of the size classes of stable aggregates (SA) and of the mean weighted diameter of the stable aggregates (MWD). To correlate these characteristics with the soil organic carbon (OC), we measured the particulate organic matter pool (POC), the OC associated with the mineral organic matter pool (HOC), the total organic carbon content (TOC), and the humification rate (HR). Soils were sampled at two altitudes: 1) Humic Dystrudepts in a cold tropical climate (CC) with three plots: tropical mountain rainforest, pastures, and crops; 2) Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts in a warm tropical climate (WC) with three plots: tropical rainforest, an association of oil palm and pastures, and irrigated rice. Soils were sampled at three depths: 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm. The physical properties, mineral particle size distribution, and bulk density were measured. The content of SA with size>2.36 mm was higher in the CC soil (51.48%) than in the WC soil (9.23%). The SA with size 1.18-2.36 mm was also higher in the CC soil (7.78%) than in the WC soil (0.62%). The SA with size 0.60-1.18 mm resulted indifferent. The SA with size between 0.30 and 0.60 mm were higher in the WC soil (13.95%) than in the CC soil (4.67%). The SA<0.30 mm was higher in the WC soil (72.56%) than in the CC soil (32.15%). It was observed that MWD and the SA>2.36 mm increased linearly with a higher POC, but decreased linearly with a higher HR. For the SA<0.30 mm, a linear decrease was observed at a higher POC, while it increased at a higher HR.

scholarly journals Leaf photosynthetic function duration during yield formation of large-spike wheat in rainfed cropping systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifang Wang ◽  
Jutao Sun ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Zhouping Shangguan
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Large Spike ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Yield Formation

Improving photosynthetic capacity significantly affects the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rainfed regions. In this study, the physiological characteristics of eight large-spike wheat lines were compared with a multiple-spike cultivar as a control (CK) in a field over two consecutive seasons: 2010–2012. The tillering peak was 7–21 d after returning green for line 2040, the average rate of decline of relative water content was slower, and the average duration time of photosynthetic rate was longer than CK in vitro. There was a strong linear and positive correlation between photosynthetic rate and root activity at jointing, flowering, and grain-filling stages. In addition, average yields were higher in large-spike lines than CK (multiple-spike cultivar). The results suggest that large-spike lines might have greater water retaining capacity during yield formation under rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Comparison of wheat and safflower cultivation areas in terms of total carbon and some soil properties under semi-arid climate conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1007-1024
Author(s):  
B. Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the soils of the wheat cultivation area (WCA) and the safflower cultivation area (SCA) within semi-arid climate zones in terms of their total carbon, nitrogen, sulphur contents, particle size distribution, aggregate stability, organic matter content, and pH values. This study presents the results from the analyses of 140 soil samples taken at two soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) in the cultivation areas. At the end of the study, it has been established that there were significant differences between the cultivation areas in terms of soil physical properties such as total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulphur (TS) contents and pH, while only the TN content resulted in significantly different between the two soil layers. Moreover significant differences were identified in the cultivation areas in terms of soil physical properties including clay and sand contents, aggregate stability and organic matter content, whereas the only significant difference found among the soil layers was that of their silt content. Since safflower contains higher amounts of biomass than wheat, we found higher amounts of organic matter content and, therefore, higher amounts of TN and TS content in the soils of the SCA. In addition, due to the fact that wheat contains more cellulose – which takes longer to decompose – the TC content of the soil in the WCA were found to be higher than that of the SCA. The results also revealed that the WCA had a higher carbon storage capacity.

The effects of cultivation on the composition of organic-matter and structural stability of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Golchin ◽  
P Clarke ◽  
JM Oades ◽  
JO Skjemstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Dispersible Clay ◽  
Different Soils

Soil samples were obtained from the surface horizons of five untilled sites and adjacent sites under short- and long-term cultivation. The soil samples were fractionated based on density and organic materials were concentrated in various fractions which enabled comparative chemical composition of the organic materials in cultivated and uncultivated sites by solid-state C-13 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Changes in the nature of organic carbon with cultivation were different in different soils and resulted from variations in the chemistry of carbon inputs to the soils and a greater extent of decomposition of organic materials in cultivated soils. Differences in the chemical composition of organic carbon between cultivated and uncultivated soils resided mostly in organic materials occluded within aggregates, whereas the chemistry of organic matter associated with clay particles showed only small changes. The results indicate a faster decomposition of O-alkyl C in the cultivated soils. Wet aggregate stability, mechanically dispersible clay and modulus of rupture tests were used to assess the effects of cultivation on structural stability of soils. In four of five soils, the virgin sites and sites which had been under long-term pasture had a greater aggregate stability than the cultivated sites. Neither total organic matter nor total O-alkyl C content was closely correlated with aggregate stability, suggesting that only a part of soil carbon or carbohydrate is involved in aggregate stability. The fractions of carbon and O-alkyl C present in the form of particulate organic matter occluded within aggregates were better correlated with aggregate stability (r = 0.86** and 0.88**, respectively). Cultivation was not the dominant factor influencing water-dispersible clay across the range of soil types used in this study. The amount of dispersible clay was a function of total clay content and the percentage of clay dispersed was controlled by factors such as clay mineralogy, CaCO3 and organic matter content of soils. The tendency of different soils for hard-setting and crusting, as a result of structural collapse, was reflected in the modulus of rupture (MOR). The cultivated sites had significantly higher MOR than their non-tilled counterparts. The soils studied had different MOR due to differences in their physical and chemical properties.

Effects of water stress and soil type on photosynthesis, leaf water potential and yield of olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali Sfax)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ben Rouina ◽  
A. Trigui ◽  
R. d'Andria ◽  
M. Boukhris ◽  
M. Chaïeb
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Olive Trees

In Tunisia, olives are grown under severe rain-fed, arid conditions. To determine the behaviour of olive trees (cv. Chemlali Sfax) during the severe drought affecting Tunisian arid areas in 2002, a range of physiological parameters were investigated in three adjacent orchards. Two olive orchards were rain-fed, one located on a sandy soil, and the other on a sandy-loam clay soil. A third orchard was also located on sandy soil, but received remedial irrigation (415 mm of water per year; ~40% of olive evapotranspiration). Predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) did not fall below –1.52 MPa for irrigated olive trees. However, a large decrease in Ψpd was observed for rain-fed olive trees in the same period with Ψpd measured at about –3.2 MPa on sandy soil and –3.6 MPa on sandy-loam clay soil. At the same time, the minimal leaf water potential recorded at midday (Ψmin) decreased to –4.15 MPa and –4.71 MPa in the rain-fed trees for sandy and sandy-loam clay soil, respectively. For irrigated trees, the Ψmin was –1.95 MPa. These results were associated with relative water content, which varied from 80% for irrigated trees to 54 and 43.6%, respectively, for rain-fed trees and trees subjected to severe drought. In August, when the relative water content values were less than 50%, a progressive desiccation in the outer layer of canopy and death of terminal shoots were observed in trees, which grew on the sandy-loam clay soil. Furthermore, low soil water availability also affected (negatively) the net photosynthetic rate in rain-fed orchards (10.3 µmol/m2.s for irrigated trees v. 5.3 µmol/m2.s in rain-fed trees on sandy soil) and stomatal conductance (98.5 mmol/m2.s v. 69.3 mmol/m2.s). However, it improved water use efficiency (7.6 v. 4.7 µmol CO2/mmol H2O), which increased by more than 50% in both groups of rain-fed trees compared with the irrigated ones. We can conclude that olive trees respond to drought by showing significant changes in their physiological and biological mechanisms. These results also help our understanding of how olive trees cope with water stress in the field and how marginal soils can restrict growth and lower yields.

Improvements in aggregate stability of sediments supplemented with tea waste and farmyard manure

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bülent Turgut ◽  
Bahtiyar Köse
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Structural Stabilization ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Tea Waste ◽  
Wet Sieving

The influence of organic matter amendments on soil aggregate stability is well known, but the corresponding changes in recently deposited sediment are not well documented. In this study, improvements in aggregate stability of recently deposited sediment (RDS) supplemented with farmyard manure (FYM) and tea waste (TW) were evaluated during an 18-week incubation period under controlled conditions. FYM and TW were applied to RDS at different rates (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% w/w), and aggregate stability was determined at different times of incubation (2<sup>nd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 6<sup>th</sup>, 8<sup>th</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, and 18<sup>th</sup> weeks) using wet sieving analysis. The results showed that the aggregate stability of RDS treated with TW was statistically significantly higher than those of samples treated with FYM. Aggregate stability increased with increasing rates of both FYM and TW. Aggregate stability reached the highest value at the end of the second week in FYM treated samples, and declined within the following incubation period. However, in the samples treated with TW, aggregate stability reached the highest value at the end of the eighth week. Since the results of this study clearly indicated that tea waste and farmyard manure input significantly increased the aggregate stability of RDS, it is suggested that TW and FYM could be used for structural stabilization of degraded soils.

scholarly journals Full Season Control of Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, NH, 1994

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 352-352
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Swier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Japanese Beetle

Abstract The trial was conducted 10 May on a golf course rough, Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 X 10 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Merit WP was applied in 4 gal water/1000 ft2 with a watering, can. Merit G granules were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inch water after application. Plots were rated 30 Sep by counting the number of live grubs per 1 ft2. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70°F; wind, 3 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, 1 inch, 60°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 5.4; slope 0%; soil texture, silt loam, 47% sand, 50% silt, 3% clay; soil organic matter, 6.9%; soil moisture, 21.8%.

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