Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield of perennial pastures irrigated with saline water

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Mehanni ◽  
DW West
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Effect On Yield

This study examines the interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) fertiliser in perennial pastures growing in the Shepparton Irrigation Area of northern Victoria. In a greenhouse experiment, perennial ryegrass was irrigated with 5 concentrations of sodium chloride (100-6000 mg NaCl/L) and fertilised with 5 concentrations of N (25-800 mg/L). Nitrogen at 200 mg/L was optimum for dry matter yield; at N concentrations >200 mg/L, yield declined. Dry matter yield was greater at 750 mg NaCl/L than at 100 mg NaCl/L but was reduced with further increases in salinity. Significant interactions between salinity and N were recorded for dry matter, and for chloride, Na, potassium, and magnesium concentrations in perennial ryegrass. In a field experiment, the growth of mixed perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures irrigated with saline water [53000 mg/L of total dissolved solids (TDS)] also responded to N applications. With no added N, yield (2-year average) decreased from 16 630 to 11 277 kg DM/ha (32% decrease) with an increase in salinity from 100 to 3000 mg TDS/L. With 150 kg N/ha, the average yield was 17681 kg DM/ha at 100 mg TDSL and 14 123 kg DM/ha at 3000 mg TDS/L (20% decrease). Form of N (calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or urea) had no significant effect on yield at 150 kg N/ha. Application of urea at 150 kg N/ha to pastures irrigated with water of salinity up to 3000 mg TDS/L would be economically justifiable.

Effect of temporary rise of saline water table on dry matter yield of oats (Avena byzantina)

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
FG Abd-El-Kaddous
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Temporary Rise ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Water Table Rise ◽  
Yield Of Oats

In 1968 and 1969, at Kerang, Victoria, the dry matter yield of oats (Avena byzantina) grown on a sodic soil were measured under conditions of fluctuating saline (31 mmhos cm-1) water tables. In each year, a water table was established for 14 days at one of three growth stages and at depths varying from 7.5 to 90 cm. Relative to the yield obtained when the water table remained at 90 cm depth, dry matter yields were reduced by 70 per cent (1968) and 79 per cent (1969) by one temporary water table rise to a depth of 7.5 cm for 14 days. Intermediate reductions in yields occurred when the water tables rose temporarily to intermediate depths from 82.5 cm to 15 cm (7.5 cm intervals). The growth stage at which the water table rise occurred had no significant effect on yield, except in the second period in 1969 when yield was reduced during conditions of high temperature and low evaporation.

The influence of sowing method on perennial grass establishment. I. Dry matter yield and botanical composition

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Bellotti ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Effect On Yield

'Demeter' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and 'Victorian' perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were sown separately into a white clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominant pasture in June 1981. Eight sowing methods were compared to assess the ability of perennial grasses to establish from direct drill sowing methods relative to conventional seedbed and aerial sowing methods. Within direct drill treatments, two drill implements were factorially combined with three herbicide treatments. Pasture production and botanical composition were sampled over a 27 month period following sowing. After a dry summer, 22 months after sowing, sown grasses dominated pasture composition (69-94% of total dry matter yield) in the high yielding treatments. At this time, the successful direct drill treatments were similar in yield to the conventional seedbed treatment. Within direct drill treatments, sowing implement had little effect on yield and composition, whereas herbicide application markedly increased sown grass yield. Pre-sowing blanket application of herbicide in the triple disc treatment increased tall fescue yield from 82 to 1504 kg ha-1 and perennial ryegrass yield from 98 to 807 kg ha-1. An inverse relationship was described between dry matter present at sowing and eventual yield of sown grasses. These perennial grasses can be successfully established by using direct drill sowing methods provided resident vegetation is adequately suppressed.

Nitrogen Fertilization of Basil

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481a-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rangappa ◽  
H.L. Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
N Rates

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an important culinary herb in Virginia and other areas. The objective of this study, conducted during 1997, was to determine optimal N rate for fresh and dry matter yield. Seed of Broad Leaf sweet basil were direct-seeded on 18 June in rows 0.75 m apart in a RCBD design with 8 replications. Four N rates (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N/ha) were used. Calcium nitrate (15.5% N) was used as the fertilizer source. All plants from 1-m row length from middle row of each plot were harvested by hand on 23 Sept. and fresh weights were recorded. The plant material was dried at 70°C for 48 h to record dry weights. The moisture content at harvest was calculated from fresh and dry weights. The fresh yields following 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N/ha were 3.7, 5.4, 6.4, and 6.8 kg/m2, respectively. The yield difference between two highest N rates was not significant, however, both these rates had significantly higher yield than the two lowest rates. Similar results were also obtained for dry matter yields. The highest N rate of 75 kg N/ha resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield (1.3 kg/m2) as compared to the other three rates. The lowest dry matter yield was obtained after the control treatment (0.6 kg/m2). An opposite relationship between N rate and moisture content was observed when the highest moisture content resulted from control and 50 kg N/ha treatments. These results indicate that optimum N rate for sweet basil in Virginia is 50 to 75 kg/ha.

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

The effects of frequency of defoliation on the yield response of a perennial ryegrass sward to a wide range of nitrogen application rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cutting Frequency

SummaryIn a 3-year experiment on a sward of S. 23 perennial ryegrass 21 rates of nitrogen fertilizer ranging from 0 to 897 kg/ha were applied annually on plots cut three, five or ten times per year. The cutting dates within each frequency were decided on the basis of herbage growth stage. Four-parameter exponential curves fitted to the herbage yield data show that the pattern of response to nitrogen application in the five cuts per year treatment was markedly similar to that reported for a previous experiment (Reid, 1970). Alterations in the cutting frequency affected the pattern of dry-matter yield response to nitrogen, but not that of crude-protein yield response. The combined effects of cutting frequency and nitrogen rate are illustrated by response surfaces fitted to the dry-matter yield results using an extension of the equation for the curves fitted to the individual frequency results. These surfaces show that as the number of cuts per year was increased the total yield and the response to nitrogen decreased, but the response was maintained to an increasingly high nitrogen rate. The practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to intensive grazing managements for dairy cows.

scholarly journals Identifying potential heterosis in perennial ryegrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. O'Connor ◽  
T.B. Lyons ◽  
M.Z.Z. Jahufer ◽  
M. Faville ◽  
B.A. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hybrid Vigour ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

Plant breeders aim to develop cultivars of perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L., (PRG) that better support New Zealand farmers through improved genetic potential for key traits such as seasonal dry matter yield. Hybrid vigour (heterosis) may be one way plant breeders can increase dry matter yields, and potentially lift the long term rate of genetic gain. We report evaluation of PRG full-sibling progeny for heterosis expressed under grazing. Parents were randomly sampled from sixteen cultivars, and for each cultivar combination within mid-season and late season classes, six pair crosses were made. In 2013, replicated single row trials of parent cultivar samples and progeny were sown at two sites near Palmerston North. For 2 years, prior to each grazing, growth score (GS) data were recorded to estimate dry matter yield of each plot. Progeny GS relative to parent average GS (mid-parent heterosis, MPH), and better parent GS (high-parent heterosis, HPH) were calculated on the basis of the mean GS over years and sites. Significant (P

scholarly journals Dry matter yield, nutritive value and tiller density of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards under grazing

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Hendriks ◽  
D.J. Donaghy ◽  
C. Matthew ◽  
M.R. Bretherton ◽  
N.W. Sneddon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tiller Density

Alternative pasture species with the potential to supply quality forage during summer feed shortages, such as tall fescue (TF), are of interest to dairy farmers. A paddockscale study was undertaken to compare performance of TF managed on a shorter rotation similar to perennial ryegrass (RG) (TF-RG) with TF managed on a longer rotation more consistent with its morphology of 4 live leaves/tiller (TF-TF), and with RG (RG-RG). Accumulated dry matter (DM) yields were similar for the three treatments. Patch grazing was observed during the first spring, with more long patches in TFTF than in either TF-RG or RG-RG. Sown-species leaf area index (LAI) was greater in TF-TF compared with TF-RG and RG-RG (2.25, 1.56 and 0.90, respectively; P

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