Temperature effects on node appearance in sugarcane

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Campbell ◽  
Michael J. Robertson ◽  
Christopher P. L. Grof
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Plants of the Australian commercial sugarcane varieties Q117 and Q138 were grown to 6 months age in a controlled environment at temperatures of 14, 18, 22 and 26˚C. The rate of node appearance, which equates to the rate of leaf appearance, was significantly correlated with temperature across the temperature range examined. Analysis of the varietal rates of node deposition as a function of time allowed determination of both base temperature for node (hence leaf) appearance and phyllochron. The base temperatures for node appearance were 7.8˚C for Q117 and 7.6˚C for Q138, significantly lower than previously published base temperatures for leaf appearance in sugarcane. During the developmental stages covered by this study, phyllochron differed between the two varieties with Q117 requiring 108.7˚Cd per node, whilst Q138 required 126.6˚Cd per node. This work reinforces the value of controlled environment research as a way of elucidating basic functions of plant growth and development.

Temperature response function for leaf appearance rate in wheat and corn

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. Jame ◽  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
J. T. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Response Function ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The ability to predict leaf appearance would enhance our capability of modeling plant development and the rate of leaf area expansion. Many crop models use the constant thermal time for successive leaf tip appearance (which is often termed a phyllochron) as one model parameter to predict total number of leaves and date of anthesis. However, many researchers have found that phyllochron is not constant, but is dependent upon environment. The problem could be related to the simplified assumption that the daily leaf appearance rate is linearly related to temperature (and hence, phyllochron is constant, independent of temperature). In reality, the temperature response function for the development of a biological system is nonlinear. Thus, we fitted daily leaf appearance rate–temperature relationships obtained from growth room studies for both wheat (Triticum aestivum) and corn (Zea mays L.) to a nonlinear beta function with 0 °C as the base temperature and 42 °C as the upper critical temperature. The function described the relationships very well over the full range of temperatures for plant development. Other variables that are used to describe the duration and rate of leaf appearance, such as calendar days, phyllochron, and thermal rate of leaf appearance, are related to the daily leaf appearance rate, eliminating the need to develop various mathematical functions to independently describe the response of these variables to temperature. Because of the nonlinear nature of the temperature response function, we demonstrated that more accurate determinations of daily leaf appearance rates can be achieved by calculating rates over relatively short periods (i.e., hourly) and summing these to get the mean daily rate. Many environmental factors other than temperature also affect leaf appearance rate. However, once the proper temperature response function for leaf appearance rate is determined, it is much easier to determine when and how other factors are involved to modify the leaf appearance rate under a given environment.Key words: Temperature, leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, wheat, corn, beta function

Parameterization of the Phenological Development of Select Annual Weeds Under Noncropped Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Competition Models ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard are among the most common weeds in cropping systems throughout North America. Crop and weed competition models that predict phenological development across environments are useful research tools for advancing our knowledge of population dynamics or crop and weed competition. Phenological parameter estimates for such models require verification under field conditions. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine growth and phenological development of these species under noncropped conditions to compare parameters developed previously from controlled environment studies. Weeds were planted on three separate planting dates in each year. Growth and phenological development were recorded. Number of leaves on the mainstem of all weed species, except common lambsquarters, was not affected by planting dates. Rate of leaf appearance described as a function of days after emergence ranged from 0.48 to 0.89, 0.10 to 0.31, 0.33 to 0.65, and 0.24 to 0.29 leaves d−1 for common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard, respectively. When expressed as a function of growing degree days (GDD), rate of leaf appearance for these species ranged from 0.04 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.04 to 0.07, and 0.02 to 0.03 leaves GDD−1, respectively. Planting date had differential effects on the rate of stem elongation and final plant height of each species in the 2 yr. Final plant biomass was also influenced by the time of planting; in general, weeds planted by mid-May had more biomass than those planted later. Parameters developed to describe phenological development under field conditions were comparable to those reported previously from controlled environment studies. We conclude that phenological parameters quantified under controlled environmental studies were comparable to those developed under field conditions for these weed species. Thus, either experimental method can be used to parameterize weed phenological development to initialize crop and weed competition models with reasonable confidence.

scholarly journals Regulatory roles of sugars in plant growth and development

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Ciereszko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Generative Phase

In recent years, several studies have focused on the factors and mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development, as well as the functioning of signaling pathways in plant cells, unraveling the involvement of sugars in the processes regulating such growth and development. Saccharides play an important role in the life of plants: they are structural and storage substances, respiratory substrates, and intermediate metabolites of many biochemical processes. Sucrose is the major transport form of assimilates in plants. Sugars can also play an important role in the defense reactions of plants. However, it has been shown that glucose, sucrose, or trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) can regulate a number of growth and metabolic processes, acting independently of the basal functions; they can also act as signaling molecules. Changes in the concentration, qualitative composition, and transport of sugars occur continuously in plant tissues, during the day and night, as well as during subsequent developmental stages. Plants have developed an efficient system of perception and transmission of signals induced by lower or higher sugar availability. Changes in their concentration affect cell division, germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and aging processes, often independently of the metabolic functions. Currently, the mechanisms of growth regulation in plants, dependent on the access to sugars, are being increasingly recognized. The plant growth stimulating system includes hexokinase (as a glucose sensor), trehalose-6-phosphate, and TOR protein kinase; the lack of Tre6P or TOR kinase inhibits the growth of plants and their transition to the generative phase. It is believed that the plant growth inhibition system consists of SnRK1 protein kinases and C/S1 bZIP transcription factors. The signal transduction routes induced by sugars interact with other pathways in plant tissues (for example, hormonal pathways) creating a complex communication and signaling network in plants that precisely controls plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Regulation of Photomorphogenic Development by Plant Phytochromes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanya Tripathi ◽  
Quyen T. N. Hoang ◽  
Yun-Jeong Han ◽  
Jeong-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Light Signals ◽  
Key Events

Photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis are two key events that control plant development, from seed germination to flowering and senescence. A group of wavelength-specific photoreceptors, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and various transcription factors work together to regulate these two critical processes. Phytochromes are the main photoreceptors in plants for perceiving red/far-red light and transducing the light signals to downstream factors that regulate the gene expression network for photomorphogenic development. In this review, we highlight key developmental stages in the life cycle of plants and how phytochromes and other components in the phytochrome signaling pathway play roles in plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression of SAUR Genes in the CAM Plant Agave

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Gang Deng ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Li Xie ◽  
Shibei Tan ◽  
Thomas Gbokie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Species Specific

Agave species are important crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants and widely cultivated in tropical areas for producing tequila spirit and fiber. The hybrid H11648 of Agave ((A. amaniensis × A. angustifolia) × A. amaniensis) is the main cultivar for fiber production in Brazil, China, and African countries. Small Auxin Up-regulated RNA (SAUR) genes have broad effect on auxin signaling-regulated plant growth and development, while only few SAUR genes have been reported in Agave species. In this study, we identified 43, 60, 24, and 21 SAUR genes with full-length coding regions in A. deserti, A. tequilana, A. H11648, and A. americana, respectively. Although phylogenetic analysis revealed that rice contained a species-specific expansion pattern of SAUR gene, no similar phenomena were observed in Agave species. The in silico expression indicated that SAUR genes had a distinct expression pattern in A. H11648 compared with other Agave species; and four SAUR genes were differentially expressed during CAM diel cycle in A. americana. Additionally, an expression analysis was conducted to estimate SAUR gene expression during different leaf developmental stages, abiotic and biotic stresses in A. H11648. Together, we first characterized the SAUR genes of Agave based on previously published transcriptome datasets and emphasized the potential functions of SAUR genes in Agave’s leaf development and stress responses. The identification of which further expands our understanding on auxin signaling-regulated plant growth and development in Agave species.

DIFFERENCES IN RATES OF LEAF APPEARANCE AMONG MAIZE HYBRIDS AND PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
J. F. MULDOON ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Development Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Rates of leaf appearance were evaluated for three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown at two day/night temperatures (20/17 °C and 30/27 °C) in environmentally controlled growth facilities, and for 10 maize hybrids grown in the field. Differences in rate of leaf appearance occurred among genotypes and among phases of development for maize hybrids grown both under controlled-environment and field conditions. Differences in mean rate of leaf appearance between two hybrids common to both experiments were approximately 15% in both the field and the controlled-environment experiments. In addition, hybrid × phase-of-development interactions were highly significant.Key words: Zea mays L., rate of development, temperature, genotype × phase-of-development interaction

Development and Growth of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides) in Response to Water Supply and Demand

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Squire ◽  
B. Marshall ◽  
C. K. Ong
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Water ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

SUMMARYStands of pearl millet were grown in three controlled environment glasshouses in which were imposed different combinations of atmospheric saturation deficit (1.5 to 2.3 kPa) and soil water content (fully irrigated and not irrigated). Consistent differences in saturation deficit (SD) were maintained throughout the experiment (100 days) but a high water table restricted differences in water supply to the first 40 days. Responses to SD and soil water were observed in some variables but not in others. Developmental processes such as the rate of leaf appearance were unaffected, whereas the efficiency for conversion of intercepted solar energy decreased by 24% and the rate at which the canopy expanded by 50%, in the driest compared to the wettest conditions.

Genome-wide analysis of the DNA-binding with one zinc finger (Dof) transcription factor family in bananas

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1085-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Dong ◽  
Huigang Hu ◽  
Jianghui Xie
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Genome Wide Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) domain proteins are a multigene family of plant-specific transcription factors involved in numerous aspects of plant growth and development. In this study, we report a genome-wide search for Musa acuminata Dof (MaDof) genes and their expression profiles at different developmental stages and in response to various abiotic stresses. In addition, a complete overview of the Dof gene family in bananas is presented, including the gene structures, chromosomal locations, cis-regulatory elements, conserved protein domains, and phylogenetic inferences. Based on the genome-wide analysis, we identified 74 full-length protein-coding MaDof genes unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis with Dof members from diverse plant species showed that MaDof genes can be classified into four subgroups (StDof I, II, III, and IV). The detailed genomic information of the MaDof gene homologs in the present study provides opportunities for functional analyses to unravel the exact role of the genes in plant growth and development.

Photoperiod and temperature effects on the rate of leaf appearance in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel Bertero ◽  
Roderick W. King ◽  
Antonio J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Photoperiod Control ◽  
Short Days

Knowledge of factors controlling leaf appearance is important for understanding climatic adaptation of a plant species. For quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) we show that both temperature and photoperiod control the rate of leaf appearance. Minimum phyllochron (thermal time between the appearance of two successive leaves as observed under short days) and photoperiod sensitivity of the phyllochron decreased as latitude of origin of a cultivar increased from 1˚13¢ N to 38˚46¢ S. Minimum phyllochron ranged from 21.8 ˚Cd in the Colombian cv. Nariño, to 15.9 ˚Cd in the Chilean cv. Baer (estimated for a common base temperature of 2˚C). Photoperiod sensitivity ranged from 1.2 ˚Cd h –1 in Nariño to insensitivity (0 ˚Cd h –1 ) in the Bolivian and Peruvian altiplano cvv. Kanckolla, Blanca de Juli and Sajama. The phyllochron sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature were linearly and positively associated with photoperiod and temperature sensitivities of time to visible flower buds (R 2 = 0.70 and 0.55, respectively, P < 0.05), so that shorter phyllochrons were associated with early flowering cultivars. Temperature sensitivity was highest in cvv. originating in cold or dry climates, and lowest for cvv. from more humid and warm climates. We suggest, therefore, that in its domestication as a crop plant, photoperiod sensitivity of quinoa has been selected for as a homeostatic mechanism to counteract the potentially reduced leaf area associated with early flowering under short days and high temperatures in the tropics.

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