Comparison of Sudden Heat Stress With Gradual Exposure to High Temperature During Grain Filling in Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. I. Grain Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 935 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Individual Kernel

Two wheat varieties differing in heat tolerance were exposed to four heat treatments in order to determine if a sudden rise from ca 20-40�C caused a greater reduction of individual kernel mass than a gradual (6�C h-1) rise over the same temperature range. For the heat sensitive variety (Oxley), the reduction of individual kernel mass following sudden heat stress (26%) was greater than that resulting from a gradual heat stress of equivalent thermal time (13%) or equal days of treatment (18%). By contrast, for the heat tolerant variety (Egret), the reduction of individual kernel mass following rapid exposure to heat stress (12%) was not significantly greater than that caused by a gradual treatment of equal days duration (10%). Nevertheless, for Egret, sudden heat stress significantly reduced mature kernel mass compared with high temperature treatment of equivalent thermal time (6%). We conclude that heat acclimation may help to mitigate wheat yield losses due to high temperature and that the ability to acclimate to high temperature varies between wheat genotypes. Comparison of wheat varieties for yield tolerance to high temperature should therefore occur under conditions that allow gradual acclimation to elevated temperature.

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.

Comparison of sudden heat stress with gradual exposure to high temperature during grain filling in two wheat varieties differing in heat tolerance. II. Fractional protein accumulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Stone ◽  
M.E. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties

Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to either a sudden or gradual (6°C h-1) increase from 20 to 40°C to determine if the rate of temperature increase used in controlled-environment studies (1) alters the accumulation of functionally important proteins during grain-filling, and (2) affects the ability to discriminate between heat tolerant and sensitive varieties of wheat. After heat treatment, grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition. Wheat proteins were separated and quantified as albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The rate of temperature increase exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the suddenness of heat stress. The acclimation to heat stress afforded by a gradual increase to high temperature can mitigate the effects of heat stress on fractional protein accumulation, and consequently grain protein composition at maturity. Furthermore, the ability of wheat to acclimate to high temperature varies between genotypes, and this needs to be taken into account when selecting for heat tolerance.

The effect of duration of heat stress during grain filling on two wheat varieties differing in heat tolerance: grain growth and fractional protein accumulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Stone ◽  
M.E. Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Very High ◽  
Individual Kernel

Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance were exposed to very high temperature (40/19°C day/night) for periods of 1–10 days duration. Responses of grain dry matter, water and fractional protein accumulation to high temperature were monitored throughout grain filling in the heat- sensitive variety, and at maturity only in the heat-tolerant variety. Results are compared with controls maintained at 21/16°C day/night. As little as 1 day of heat treatment reduced kernel mass by 14% in the heat-sensitive variety (Oxley), but by only 5% in the heat-tolerant variety (Egret). In both varieties, the reduction of individual kernel mass due to high temperature increased linearly with increased duration of heat treatment, such that after the first day of heat stress, each additional day of treatment reduced mature individual kernel mass by a further 1.6%. For a given duration of heat treatment, the difference in response of the two varieties was constant (9%), indicating that the varietal difference in heat tolerance was maintained for both brief and extended periods of very high temperature. Responses of grain water content and fractional protein accumulation to duration of heat stress are discussed.

scholarly journals Expression of Target Gene Hsp70 and Membrane Stability Determine Heat Tolerance in Chili Pepper

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magaji G. Usman ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Mohd Razi Ismail ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Malek ◽  
Mohammad Abdul Latif
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Membrane Thermostability ◽  
Heat Tolerant

Experiments were carried out to study the mechanisms for heat tolerance in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). To assess these mechanisms, six genotypes were evaluated for cellular membrane thermostability (CMT) and for HSP70 gene expression. The plants were grown in an experimental plant growth chamber. The mean value of CMT indicates that membrane integrity was not damaged by the high temperature treatment (50 °C) in most of the genotypes. The genotypes were classified as follows: heat-tolerant (greater than 60%), moderately tolerant (30% to 60%), and susceptible (less than 30%). The heat-tolerant plants recorded the highest CMTs at 89.27%, 88.03%, and 85.10% for AVPP0702, AVPP0116, and AVPP9905, respectively, which might be the reason for the change in their cell membrane thermostability. AVPP9703 and AVPP0002 showed CMTs of 15.87% and 18.43%, which might indicate their sensitivity to heat stress. Heat shock protein 70 kDa was identified and found to be differentially expressed under the heat stress. Under heat stress, significantly increased levels of the HSP70 gene were detected after 2 h of temperature treatment at 42 °C, which indicated that this gene is quickly and sharply induced by heat shock. This was true for all genotypes tested, which were significantly up-regulated by more than 36.9-, 7.10-, 3.87-, and 3-fold for AVPP0702, AVPP0116, AVPP0002, and AVPP9703, respectively. The HSP70 gene was found to be significantly down-regulated under heat stress in ‘Kulai’. AVPP0702, AVPP9905, and AVPP0116 could be considered as heat-tolerant genotypes, whereas ‘Kulai’ and AVPP9703 were found to be heat-sensitive genotypes in this investigation.

scholarly journals Utilization of Tepary Bean for Improvement of Heat Tolerance in Common Bean

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 868A-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy M. Rainey* ◽  
Phillip D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Tepary Bean ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Production Areas

High temperatures (>30°C day and/or >20°C night) in tropical lowlands and production areas in temperate zones reduce yield and quality in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) is a crop adapted to hot arid climates and is grown in the American Southwest and parts of Mexico under temperatures that are too high for pod formation in common bean. Interspecific hybridization may enable transfer of heat tolerance traits from tepary bean to common bean. Twenty-five tepary bean plant introductions (PI) with the ability to set seed under controlled-environment conditions were evaluated under high (35 °C day/32 °C night) and control (27 °C day/24 °C night) temperature treatments during reproductive development. Four accessions (PI 200902, PI 312637, PI 440788, and PI 440789) exhibited normal pod formation and comparatively high yield when exposed to high temperature, while common bean controls displayed zero pod and seed set. These four PIs showed a mean decrease in seed yield of 72.9% from control to high temperature treatment, as compared to 90.3% among all tepary beans. These accessions were hybridized with the dry bean cultivar `ICA Pijao', and the heat-tolerant bean cultivars `Carson' and `CELRK' and breeding line `Cornell 503'. Immature embryos were cultured to obtain interspecific hybrids. Fertility of F1 hybrids and generation of backcrosses are discussed.

Effect of timing of heat stress during grain filling in two wheat varieties under moderate and very high temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
W. F. Song ◽  
L. J. Zhao ◽  
X. M. Zhang ◽  
Y. M. Zhang ◽  
J. L. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Very High

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. I. Grain Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common in many of the world's wheat growing areas and can be a significant factor in reducing yield and quality of wheat. This study was designed to determine the stage at which grain growth is most sensitive to a short period of high temperature and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed throughout the whole grain-filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley) were exposed to a short (5 days) period of very high temperature (40�C max. for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, starting from 15 days after anthesis (DAA) and concluding at 50 DAA. Responses of grain dry matter accumulation and water content to high temperature were monitored throughout grain filling, and the results compared with controls maintained at 21/16�C day/night. Varietal differences in heat tolerance were expressed throughout the grain-filling period. Mature individual kernel mass was most sensitive to heat stress applied early in grain filling and became progressively less sensitive throughout grain filling, for both varieties. Reductions in mature kernel mass resulted primarily from reductions in duration rather than rate of grain filling.

scholarly journals Screening and identification of genes affecting grain quality and spikelet fertility during high-temperature treatment in grain filling stage of rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Ryoung Park ◽  
Eun-Gyeong Kim ◽  
Yoon-Hee Jang ◽  
Kyung-Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Abstract Background Recent temperature increases due to rapid climate change have negatively affected rice yield and grain quality. Particularly, high temperatures during right after the flowering stage reduce spikelet fertility, while interfering with sugar energy transport, and cause severe damage to grain quality by forming chalkiness grains. The effect of high-temperature on spikelet fertility and grain quality during grain filling stage was evaluated using a double haploid line derived from another culture of F1 by crossing Cheongcheong and Nagdong cultivars. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identifies candidate genes significantly associated with spikelet fertility and grain quality at high temperatures. Results Our analysis screened OsSFq3 that contributes to spikelet fertility and grain quality at high-temperature. OsSFq3 was fine-mapped in the region RM15749-RM15689 on chromosome 3, wherein four candidate genes related to the synthesis and decomposition of amylose, a starch component, were predicted. Four major candidate genes, including OsSFq3, and 10 different genes involved in the synthesis and decomposition of amylose and amylopectin, which are starch constituents, together with relative expression levels were analyzed. OsSFq3 was highly expressed during the initial stage of high-temperature treatment. It exhibited high homology with FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 in Gramineae plants and is therefore expected to function similarly. Conclusion The QTL, major candidate genes, and OsSFq3 identified herein could be effectively used in breeding rice varieties to improve grain quality, while tolerating high temperatures, to cope with climate changes. Furthermore, linked markers can aid in marker-assisted selection of high-quality and -yield rice varieties tolerant to high temperatures.

Final grain weight in wheat as affected by short periods of high temperature during pre- and post-anthesis under field conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer ◽  
Leonor G. Abeledo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Response To Temperature

Individual grain weight is an important source of variation for grain yield in wheat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short periods of high temperature immediately pre-anthesis, or during post-anthesis, on grain weight under field conditions. Thus, two wheat cultivars of different grain weight potential were sown on four different sowing dates to provide different temperature conditions during the pre- and post-anthesis periods. In addition, for two sowings, acrylic boxes were installed to increase spike temperature either immediately before anthesis, or during the lineal phase of the grain-filling period. Final grain weight was significantly affected by sowing date, genotype and grain position on the spike. Grain weight showed a clear relationship with the average temperature of the grain filling period, but this relationship was either linear or curvilinear, depending on the cultivar. Both high temperature treatments, i.e. at pre- or post-anthesis, significantly diminished final grain weight, and their effect was similar with the exception of heavier grains, which were unresponsive to the high temperature treatment at pre-anthesis. Finally, a better understanding of final grain weight was reached when temperatures from the pre-anthesis period were included in the analysis of grain weight response to temperature.

The Influence of Recovery Temperature on the Effects of a Brief Heat Shock on Wheat. I. Grain Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
R Savin ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Mature Individual ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderately High Temperature ◽  
Individual Kernel

The responses of wheat yield to moderately high (20-32�C) and very high temperatures (> 32�C) have been studied separately in the literature, but not in combination, despite the fact that this is usually how elevated temperatures occur in the field. In this study, controlled environment conditions were used in order to examine the interaction of moderately high and very high temperatures during grain filling and their effect on wheat yield. Specifically, we wished to test the hypothesis that cooler conditions would facilitate greater recovery of grain growth following a brief exposure to very high temperature. To this end, wheat was exposed to either 21/16 or 40/16�C (day/night) from 15-19 days after anthesis and subsequently grown under one of three moderately high temperature regimes until maturity: 21/16, 27/22 or 30/25�C. For all moderately high temperature treatments, a brief 'heat shock' significantly reduced mature individual kernel mass by 17%, on average. In the absence of 'heat shock', increasing moderately high temperature progressively reduced mature individual kernel mass by ca 2.5% for each 1�C increase in average daily temperature. After a 'heat shock' event, however, there was not a progressive decline in mature individual kernel mass with increasing moderately high temperature. A short period of very high temperature applied early in grain filling therefore reduced the response of wheat to subsequent moderately high temperatures. We conclude that the reduction in yield caused by 'heat shock' is not alleviated by cool post-shock conditions.

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