154 UNDERNUTRITION DURING THE PERICONCEPTIONAL PERIOD IN EWES AFFECTS THE BLOOD PRESSURE AND WEIGHT OF THEIR NEONATAL LAMBS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
N. A. Smith ◽  
P. Lonergan ◽  
P. Duffy ◽  
T. F. Crosby ◽  
P. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Periconceptional Period ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
The Impact

Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies has shown that maternal undernutrition during pregnancy can alter fetal growth and development and is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. However, there is a paucity of data examining the effect of undernutrition during the periconceptual period on offspring health. Therefore, we investigated the impact of ewe undernutrition during the periconceptional period on lamb birth weight and blood pressure. Crossbred ewes (n = 166) were individually penned and randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatments and fed either 0.7 (restricted) or 1.1 (control) maintenance energy requirements from 28 days prior until 7 days post-mating. After Day 7, ewes in both treatments were managed similarly until parturition. Following parturition, lamb gender, birth weight, and blood pressure were recorded. Lamb weight and blood pressure were subsequently measured at 4 and 10 weeks of age. Restricted ewes lost 2.6 � 0.2 kg over the treatment period compared with control ewes which gained 1.7 � 0.58 kg (P < 0.01). There was no treatment effect on lamb birth weight in either singleton or twin gestations. However, at 4 and 10 weeks of age singleton lambs born to nutritionally restricted ewes were heavier than those born to control ewes (males, n = 17: 19.4 � 0.1 vs. 16.4 � 0.1 kg; females, n = 16: 34.9 � 1.0 vs. 30.9 � 1.6 kg, P < 0.05). Blood pressure, measured within the first 24 h of life, was higher (P < 0.05) in singleton lambs born to nutritionally restricted mothers compared to controls (males: systolic 126 � 11 vs. 94 � 5; diastolic 99 � 12 vs. 58 � 5; mean 112 � 11 vs. 77 � 5 mmHg; P < 0.05; females: systolic 126 � 11 vs. 94 � 5; diastolic 99 � 12 vs. 58 � 5; mean 112 � 11 vs. 77 � 5 mmHg; P < 0.05). This difference was no longer apparent at 4 or 10 weeks of age. Mean blood pressures of twin lambs at birth and 4 weeks of age were numerically greater in the restricted than in the control treatment but were significantly different only among male twin groups at 4 weeks of age (diastolic 77 � 4 vs. 94 � 4; mean 96 � 4 vs. 110 � 3 mmHg; P < 0.01). Maternal undernutrition during the periconceptional period was associated with increased offspring weight at 4 and 10 weeks of age in singletons, as well as alterations in offspring cardiovascular function in both singletons and twins. These findings suggest that maternal nutrition at the time of conception influences offspring health. Exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated but may involve genetic modification. This research was funded by IRCSET and University College Dublin.

Abstract P029: Vendor Specific Differences in the Sprague Dawley Rat Strain Alter Baseline Blood Pressure and Body Composition and Influence the Impact of Slow Fetal Growth on Later Cardiovascular Risk

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Henry H Dasinger ◽  
Suttira Intapad ◽  
Miles A Backstrom ◽  
Anthony J Carter ◽  
Barbara T Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rat Strain ◽  
The Impact

Low birth weight is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease including hypertension in later life. We previously reported that reduced uterine perfusion (RUP) in timed pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) dams purchased from Harlan induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with hypertension and enhanced sensitivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) in male rats at 4 months of age. In addition, male IUGR exhibited a two-fold increase in testosterone relative to control. Upon castration, hypertension and sensitivity to Ang II were abolished suggesting that programmed CV risk is testosterone dependent in the male IUGR. The aim of this study was to determine if vendor differences in the SD strain impact CV risk following a developmental insult. Timed pregnant SD rats were purchased from Charles River and underwent either RUP or sham surgery at day 14 of gestation. Birth weight was significantly reduced in IUGR relative to control (P<0.05). At 4 months of age, body weight remained significantly decreased in male IUGR relative to control, blood pressure did not differ when measured in conscious, chronically instrumented animals, and male control and IUGR from Charles River also exhibited a similar blood pressure response to acute Ang II. However, baseline blood pressures were higher in male control from Charles River versus blood pressure previously noted for male control from Harlan. Thus, these results suggest that vendor specific differences in the SD rat strain influence baseline CV risk and effect the developmental programming of CV risk following slow fetal growth.

Impact of maternal undernutrition on diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in adult offspring

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Le Clair ◽  
Tina Abbi ◽  
Heather Sandhu ◽  
Paramjit S. Tappia
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
The Impact

Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult lifestyle factors, but also by environmental factors during early life. Low birth weight, a marker of intrauterine stress, has been linked to predisposition to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. The compelling animal evidence and significant human data to support this conclusion are reviewed. Specifically, the review discusses the role of maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy, placental insufficiencies and epigenetic changes in the increased predisposition to diabetes and CVD in adult life. The impact of low birth weight and catch-up growth as they pertain to risk of disease in adult life is also discussed. In addition, adult disease risk in the overnourished fetus is also mentioned. Reference is made to some of the mechanisms of the induction of diabetes and CVD phenotype. It is proposed that fetal nutrition, growth and development through efficient maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy could constitute the basis for nutritional strategies for the primary prevention of diabetes and CVD.

Role of maternal nutrition in programming adiposity in the offspring: potential implications of glucocorticoids

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Breton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe epidemiological studies initially indicated that maternal undernutrition leading to a low birth weight may predispose to the long-lasting energy balance disorders. A high birth weight due to maternal obesity or diabetes, inappropriate early postnatal nutrition, and rapid catch-up growth, may also sensitize to an increased risk of obesity. As stated by the developmental origin of health and disease concept, the perinatal perturbation of the fetus/neonate nutrient supply might be a crucial determinant of the individual programming of the body weight set point. The adipose tissue is considered as the main fuel storage unit involved in the maintenance of the energy homeostasis. Several models have demonstrated that this tissue is a prime target of the developmental programming in a gender- and depot-specific manner. In the rodents, the perinatal period of life corresponds largely to the period of adipogenesis. In contrast, this phenomenon essentially takes place before birth in bigger mammals. Despite these different developmental time windows, the altricial and precocial species share several common offspring programming mechanisms. Thus, the adipose tissue of the offspring from malnourished dams exhibited impaired glucose uptake and leptin/insulin resistance with increased proinflammatory markers. It also displayed a modified sympathetic activity, circadian rhythm, fatty acid composition, and thermogenesis. This might lead to the reprogrammed metabolism and distribution of the adipose tissue with enhanced adipogenesis and fat accumulation predisposing to adiposity. The inappropriate glucocorticoid (GC) levels and modified tissue sensitivity might be key actors of perinatal programming and long-lasting altered adipose tissue activity in the offspring. Following maternal malnutrition, the epigenetic mechanisms might also be responsible for the adipose tissue programming.

scholarly journals Firefighter hemodynamic responses to different fire training environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1358863X2098760
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C Lefferts ◽  
Alexander J Rosenberg ◽  
Georgios Grigoriadis ◽  
Sang Ouk Wee ◽  
Stephen Kerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Hemodynamic Response ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fire Smoke ◽  
System Activation ◽  
The Impact

Firefighting is associated with an increased risk for a cardiovascular (CV) event, likely due to increased CV strain. The increase in CV strain during firefighting can be attributed to the interaction of several factors such as the strenuous physical demand, sympathetic nervous system activation, increased thermal burden, and the environmental exposure to smoke pollutants. Characterizing the impact of varying thermal burden and pollutant exposure on hemodynamics may help understand the CV burden experienced during firefighting. The purpose of this study was to examine the hemodynamic response of firefighters to training environments created by pallets and straw; oriented strand board (OSB); or simulated fire/smoke (fog). Twenty-three firefighters had brachial blood pressure measured and central blood pressure and hemodynamics estimated from the pressure waveform at baseline, and immediately and 30 minutes after each scenario. The training environment did not influence the hemodynamic response over time (interaction, p > 0.05); however, OSB scenarios resulted in higher pulse wave velocity and blood pressure (environment, p < 0.05). In conclusion, conducting OSB training scenarios appears to create the largest arterial burden in firefighters compared to other scenarios in this study. Environmental thermal burden in combination with the strenuous exercise, and psychological and environmental stress placed on firefighters should be considered when designing fire training scenarios and evaluating CV risk.

scholarly journals Consequences of Paternal Nutrition on Offspring Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2818
Author(s):  
Pauline Dimofski ◽  
David Meyre ◽  
Natacha Dreumont ◽  
Brigitte Leininger-Muller
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Periconceptional Period ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
The Impact

It is well established that the maternal diet during the periconceptional period affects the progeny’s health. A growing body of evidence suggests that the paternal diet also influences disease onset in offspring. For many years, sperm was considered only to contribute half of the progeny’s genome. It now appears that it also plays a crucial role in health and disease in offspring’s adult life. The nutritional status and environmental exposure of fathers during their childhood and/or the periconceptional period have significant transgenerational consequences. This review aims to describe the effects of various human and rodent paternal feeding patterns on progeny’s metabolism and health, including fasting or intermittent fasting, low-protein and folic acid deficient food, and overnutrition in high-fat and high-sugar diets. The impact on pregnancy outcome, metabolic pathways, and chronic disease onset will be described. The biological and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the transmission from fathers to their progeny will be discussed. All these data provide evidence of the impact of paternal nutrition on progeny health which could lead to preventive diet recommendations for future fathers.

Abstract P206: Prenatal Cadmium Burden, Birth Weight, And Offspring Adolescent Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K Suter ◽  
Daniel Enquobahrie ◽  
Catherine Karr ◽  
Sheela Sathyanarayana ◽  
Joseph T Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cadmium is a ubiquitous, toxic heavy metal associated with several adverse health outcomes, including high blood pressure, in adults. The impact of maternal cadmium burden on offspring birth weight and have not been thoroughly explored. We investigated associations of prenatal cadmium burden with birth weight and offspring blood pressure in childhood and adolescence. Methods: We analyzed data from 202 mother-child pairs who were recruited for the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) study in Mexico City (1997-2000). Prenatal cadmium burden was characterized using maternal urine collected in the third trimester of pregnancy - continuous and quartile specific-gravity adjusted cadmium (log-UCd, μg/L). Outcomes were offspring birth weight and blood pressure (measured at age 7-15 years). Blood pressure status (normal, elevated, stage 1 hypertension) was defined based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. Those with elevated or stage 1 hypertension were categorized as having high blood pressure. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations, adjusted for potential confounders. Potential effect modification by offspring sex was assessed using interaction terms and sex-stratified models. Results: Study participants included 93 males and 109 females, with a mean age of 10.0 (SD=1.5) years. Median third trimester urinary cadmium concentration was 0.17 μg/L (IQR=0.12, 0.26). The prevalence of high blood pressure was 19.3% (39/202). Prenatal cadmium was not associated with birthweight (β=-58.94 grams, 95%CI: -138.07, 20.19), offspring systolic blood pressure (β=-0.90 mmHg, 95%CI: -2.87, 1.06), diastolic blood pressure (β=-1.21 mmHg, 95%CI: -2.68, 0.26), or high blood pressure (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.34, 1.21). We found similar results when prenatal cadmium was modeled with quartiles. There was no evidence of effect modification by sex for any of the outcomes. Conclusions: In the current study, maternal third trimester was not associated with offspring blood pressure or birth weight, however future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Myocardial reperfusion reverses the J-curve association of cardiovascular risk and diastolic blood pressure in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure after myocardial infarction: insights from the EPHESUS trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (17) ◽  
pp. 1673-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Böhm ◽  
João Pedro Ferreira ◽  
Felix Mahfoud ◽  
Kevin Duarte ◽  
Bertram Pitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims The described association of low diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with increased cardiovascular outcomes could be due to reduced coronary perfusion or is simply due to reverse causation. If DBP is physiologically relevant, coronary reperfusion after myocardial infarction (MI) might influence DBP–risk association. Methods and results The relation of achieved DBP with cardiovascular death or cardiovascular hospitalization, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death was explored in 5929 patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with impaired left ventricular function, signs and symptoms of heart failure, or diabetes in the EPHESUS trial according to their reperfusion status. Cox regression models were used to assess the impact of reperfusion status on the association of DBP and systolic blood pressure (SBP) with outcomes in an adjusted fashion. In patients without reperfusion, lower DBP &lt;70 mmHg was associated with increased risk for all-cause death [adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41–2.30; P &lt; 0.001], cardiovascular death (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.3–3.22; P &lt; 0.001), cardiovascular death or cardiovascular hospitalization (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26–1.87; P &lt; 0.001). In patients with reperfusion, the risk increase at low DBP was not observed. At low SBP, risk increased independently of reperfusion. A sensitivity analysis in the subgroup of patients with optimal SBP of 120–130 mmHg showed again risk reduction of reperfusion at low DBP. Adding the treatment allocation to eplerenone or placebo into the models had no effects on the results. Conclusion Patients after AMIs with a low DBP had an increased risk, which was sensitive to reperfusion therapy. Low blood pressure after MI identifies in patients with particular higher risk. These data support the hypothesis that low DBP in patients with stenotic coronary lesions is associated with risk, potentially involving coronary perfusion pressure and the recommendations provided by guidelines suggesting lower DBP boundaries for these high-risk patients.

scholarly journals The hypothalamus–adipose axis is a key target of developmental programming by maternal nutritional manipulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 216 (2) ◽  
pp. R19-R31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Breton
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk

Epidemiological studies initially demonstrated that maternal undernutrition leading to low birth weight may predispose for energy balance disorders throughout life. High birth weight due to maternal obesity or diabetes, inappropriate early post-natal nutrition and rapid catch-up growth may also sensitise to increased risk of obesity. As stated by the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease concept, the perinatal perturbation of foetus/neonate nutrient supply might be a crucial determinant of individual programming of body weight set point. The hypothalamus–adipose axis plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of energy homoeostasis controlling the nutritional status and energy storage level. The perinatal period largely corresponds to the period of brain maturation, neuronal differentiation and active adipogenesis in rodents. Numerous dams and/or foetus/neonate dietary manipulation models were developed to investigate the mechanisms underlying perinatal programming in rodents. These models showed several common offspring hypothalamic consequences such as impaired neurogenesis, neuronal functionality, nuclei structural organisation and feeding circuitry hardwiring. These alterations led to a persistent reprogrammed appetite system that favoured the orexigenic pathways, leptin/insulin resistance and hyperphagia. Impaired hypothalamic sympathetic outflow to adipose tissue and/or reduced innervation may also account for modified fat cell metabolism. Thus, enhanced adipogenesis and/or lipogenesis capacities may predispose the offspring to fat accumulation. Abnormal hypothalamus–adipose axis circadian rhythms were also evidenced. This review mainly focuses on studies in rodents. It highlights hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for long-lasting programming of energy balance in the offspring. Dietary supplementation may provide a therapeutic option using a specific regimen for reversing adverse programming outcomes in humans.

scholarly journals Fetal endocrinology and development--manipulation and adaptation to long-term nutritional and environmental challenges

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 853-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Symonds ◽  
H Budge ◽  
T Stephenson ◽  
IC McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Long Form

This article reviews the fetal endocrine system in sheep, a species that has a long gestation and primarily produces a singleton fetus. Attention is focused on information that is applicable to humans. The endocrinology of metabolic homeostasis in sheep fetuses is well adapted to respond to a range of metabolic challenges, including placental restriction and maternal undernutrition. A small placenta results in hypoxaemia, hypoglycaemia, reduced abundance of anabolic hormones, and fetal growth restriction. Fetuses with restricted growth are characterized by tissue-specific reductions in hormone receptor mRNA, for example mRNA for the long form of prolactin receptor is reduced in adipose tissue. In contrast, the adipose tissue of fetuses with accelerated growth, stimulated by increasing maternal nutrition in the second half of gestation, has more protein for the long form of the prolactin receptor and more uncoupling protein 1, by which large amounts of heat are generated at birth. Maternal undernutrition in early gestation, coinciding with the period of rapid placental growth, initially restricts placental growth, but when mothers are fed to requirements, a longer fetus results with a disproportionately large placenta. This nutritional manipulation replicates, in part, epidemiological findings from the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, for which the offspring are at increased risk of adult obesity.

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