Isotopic studies of the nitrogen balance in a cracking clay. IV. Fate of the three nitrogen fertilizers in fallow soil in the field

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
ET Craswell
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Immobilization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Loss Mechanism ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Fallow Soil

Urea, ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate, labelled with 15N, were added to 30-cm diameter microplots at a cracking clay field site. Sorghum stubble was applied to one series of microplots, while another series was stubble-free. The plots were kept fallow for 14 weeks after which the loss, movement and immobilization of the 15N added in the fertilizers was measured. Losses totalled 9, 23 and 26% of the urea, ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate respectively. Denitrification, which occurred during the sixth and seventh weeks of the experiment when the soil was waterlogged, was presumed to be the loss mechanism; the differences in rate of loss would then be related to the rate of nitrification of the urea and ammonium fertilizers. Adding sorghum stubble did not influence the rate of loss but caused net immobilization of an extra 5 % of the added nitrogen; immobilization was 11, 11 and 7% in the microplots receiving urea, ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate respectively. The 155 mm of rain received during the 14 weeks leached 20% of the added nitrate and only 10% of the other fertilizers below 30 cm.

Nitrogen fertilization stimulates germination of dormant pin cherry seed

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Auchmoody
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Muriate Of Potash

Nitrogen fertilizers triggered germination of dormant Prunuspensylvanica L. seed naturally buried in the forest floor of 60-year-old Allegheny hardwood stands. Neither triple superphosphate nor muriate of potash applied with urea increased germination over that which occurred with urea alone. Rates as low as 56 kg/ha N from urea and calcium nitrate and 112 kg/ha N from ammonium sulfate stimulated germination. Nitrate was apparently responsible for breaking dormancy.

scholarly journals Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone as sources of nitrogen for oats and barley

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Pentti Hänninen ◽  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cent Level

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone (»Oulunsalpietari») were compared as the nitrogen fertilizer for oats in 15 field trials and for barley in one trial. The trials were carried out in summers 1959 and 1960 in various places in Finland. The split plot technique was employed in order to reduce the variation as much as possible. In 1959 the amounts of nitrogen applied as these two fertilizers to the corresponding halves of the plots were 25 and 50 kg/ha. In 1960 also higher applications were used: 75 and 100 kg/ha of N. In three trials these fertilizers were compared both as a surface dressing and worked in. Visual observations suggested about 5—6 weeks after sowing a darker green colour in the stands treated with calcium nitrate as compared with the other half treated with ammonium nitrate limestone. These differences later disappeared. In some trials a higher nitrogen content of the plants from the calcium nitrate stands could be demonstrated during this period. The uptake of nitrogen by plants was regularly followed throughout the growing period. Owing to the large variation, usually, no statistically significant difference between the effect of the fertilizers could be detected. In a few cases the superiority of calcium nitrate could be demonstrated. No differences in the ripening could be found. In most trials there was a fairly regular tendency to higher yields and higher nitrogen content in the grain and straw produced by calcium nitrate. Yet, only in a few cases were the differences statistically significant at the five per cent level. Thus, it was concluded that on the basis of the results of these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate may be considered practically equal as nitrogen fertilizers for oats. There was no difference in the yields of barley produced by these two fertilizers, but the nitrogen content of grains was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate limestone than with calcium nitrate. This may be worth further study in connection with the production of malting barley.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). I. Cheminement des engrais dans le sol

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-422
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Coated Urea

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for nitrogen retention in the different horizons of a podzol under jack pine. Despite its susceptibility to nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, urea was by far, among readily available nitrogen fertilizers, the one whose nitrogen is best retained in soil surface horizons. Retention varied with weather conditions that prevailed immediately after fertilizer application. With the other fertilizers used, nitrogen retention followed this order: ammonium sulfate > ammonium nitrate > calcium nitrate. After four seasons, about 50% of the nitrogen applied as sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde was still found in its original form. Ammonium sulfate is next to urea among the recommended nitrogen sources for similar jack pine sites, considering that fertilizers with nitrate are prone to leaching and the sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde used presented problems of nitrogen availability.

Isotopic studies of the nitrogen balance in a cracking clay. I. Recovery of added nitrogen from soil and wheat in the glasshouse and gas lysimeter

Soil Research ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
ET Craswell ◽  
AE Martin
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Fate Of Nitrogen ◽  
The Common

The stable isotope 15N was used to study the fate of nitrogen fertilizers applied to a black earth growing wheat. In a glasshouse experiment using soil packed at 56 % moisture (pF 2) into pots, added nitrate was almost completely recovered (mean, 98.8 � 2.3 %) by soil and plant analysis. This experiment was repeated using 15N-labelled ammonium as well as nitrate; mean recoveries at 15 weeks were 96.8 and 97% respectively (� 2.2% at P < 0.05). A series of pots with soil wetter than pF 2 (at 63% moisture) was also included in an attempt to favour denitrification. Again, virtually complete recovery of added 15N was measured, 97 and 96.8% at 56 and 63% moisture respectively. Fallow and planted systems were then studied in a gas lysimeter. During experiments lasting up to 14 weeks, gaseous losses as 15N-labelled denitrification products were less than the equivalent of 0.2 �g nitrogen/g soil (the lower limit of detection with a mass spectrometer). Although analysis of plant and soil from the lysimeter in two experiments showed virtually quantitative recovery (99.7 and 97.05%), small (0.16%) losses of labelled ammonia into the lysimeter atmosphere were detected. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the common finding of large deficits in nitrogen balance studies.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana) II. Variations de la masse foliaire et des éléments nutritifs du feuillage de pin gris et de quelques espèces du sous-bois

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Fertilisation Azotée

Fall or spring applications of six different nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and calcium nitrate) at a rate of 224 kg N/ha in an 18-year-old jack pine stand induced a very rapid increase of nitrogen concentration in current year and 1-year-old needles, as well as in weight of current year needles. In the latter, nitrogen content (concentration × weight) increased more than 100% the 1st year following fertilization in the ammonium sulfate and the ammonium nitrate treatments applied in spring. Response did not last more than 2 years. Foliar analysis of other elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn) revealed a reduction of P concentration in the needles sampled the first fall after treatment together with a reduction of Ca and Mn in the current foliage of the second and third seasons after treatment. Changes in nitrogen concentration in Kalmiaangustifolia L. and particularly in Solidagopuberula Nutt. were in good correlation with those observed in jack pine needles.

scholarly journals Ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions by stabilized conventional nitrogen fertilizers and controlled release in corn crop

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Lima de Souza ◽  
Douglas Ramos Guelfi ◽  
André Leite Silva ◽  
André Baldansi Andrade ◽  
Wantuir Filipe Teixeira Chagas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Thermoplastic Resin ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Corn Crop

ABSTRACT The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha-1 N. N-NH3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg-1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values of cumulative CO2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). III. Croissance du pin gris

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for their effects on growth distribution along the stem, height increase, basal area increase, and volume increase of an 18-year-old jack pine stand during 5 years after treatment. The response to nitrogen treatments was maximum the 2nd and 3rd years after fertilization and became nil in the fifth season. The distribution of growth along the stem varied with the height considered, the maximum being observed in the first 3 m aboveground. Treatments that responded best in terms of increase in basal area (2 m2/ha or 34% higher than control) and in volume (10 m3/ha or 21% higher than control) were urea and ammonium sulfate applied in fall, and ammonium nitrate applied in spring. Regression analysis on principal components revealed that growth the year before treatment and nutrient concentrations in foliage (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, and Mn) explain at least 80% of the observed growth variations on a 5-year basis.

Influence of formulations of nitrogen fertilizes on oil flax productivity under conditions of western forest-steppe

2018 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
High Yields

The results of studies on the influence of forms and doses of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, carbamide-ammonia mixture, ammonium sulfate) on the productivity of oil flax under the conditions of the western forest-steppe are given. In the traditional system of fertilizer, oil flax is not able to provide high yields and quality products. An effective solution to this is optimization of plant nutrition due to its balance, which promotes intensive plant development, makes it possible to actively and efficiently intervene in the process of harvesting and its quality. Therefore, determining the optimal fertilizer rate for oil flax in specific soil-climatic conditions is important for obtaining stable and high yields of culture. The purpose of our research was to determine the contribution of doses and forms of nitrogen fertilizers to the productivity of flaxseed oil in the soil-climatic conditions of the western forest-steppe. The research was carried out in 2016-2018 at the experimental field of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of NAAS in five-point crop rotation with the total area of the plant growing on a gray forest surface glued type of soil In general, four forms of nitrogen fertilizers were studied: ammonia, nitrate, carbamide-ammonia mixture, urea and ammonium sulfate, which were added in doses: N30; N45 one time; and N30 + N15 under pre-sowing cultivation and in the "fir tree" phase against the background of P30K60. The total number of variants was 16. The object of research was a variety of flax oilseed crops of breeding of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. The seed sowing rate is 6 mln similar seed per hectare. According to the results of three-year studies, the effect of intensification of mineral nitrogen feed and various forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the indices of the elements of productivity and yield of flaxseed oil has been established. In particular, it was found that their use had little effect on the density change of plant stem growth. The use of nitrogen fertilizers in the dose N45 on the background of P30K60 improved plant survival (killed during the vegetation of 0.33-0.42 million pp./ha, which is 5.2-6.3 % for control, where the death observed 0.58 million ppm/ha or 8.4 %)) compared to the N30 dose (0.39-0.49 million pcs/ha). In addition, the use of the dose N45 separately (N30 under cultivation + N15 in the phase of the "fir tree") also improved the survival rate of plants (5.2-5.8 % of dead plants) compared with the simultaneous application of N45 cultivation (5.6-7.1 %) The percentage of deaths grew in control (without fertilizers) - 8.4 % against the background of P30K60 - 7.0 %. The application of various forms and doses of nitrogen fertilizers led to an increase in the control of the elements of productivity. The introduction of N45 against the background of P30K60 contributed to an increase in the number of boxes on plants, according to the variants of fertilizers, this index varied from 14.6 to 18.3 pieces per plant (10.9 - on the control, 12.9 pcs/roll - on the РК background), increasing the amount of seeds per plant by 12.7 pc. per plant, a mass of 1000 seeds per 0.2-0.3 g compared with the control and 0.1-0.2 g compared with the LCD background, where this figure was 6.8 g. On average, over the years of research, the highest productivity of flax seed of oilseed Vodograi (2,27 and 2,48 t / ha) was obtained provided the mineral fertilizer N15P30K60 was applied for cultivation in combination with carbamide feed in the phase of "fir tree" at a dose of N15. When using the nitrogen component in the form of KAS, the gain to control was 1.45 t / ha, to the background - 1.12 t/ha. In control and against the background, this indicator was 1.04 and 1.36 t/ha respectively. When using other forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the background of P30K60, lower yields of flaxseed crops were obtained (1.37-1.38 t/ha). The introduction of the N45 separately (N30 under cultivation + N15 into the "fir tree" phase) generally led to higher performance than a single application for cultivation. Among the studied forms of fertilizers, urea and carbamide-ammonia also caused a slightly higher percentage of fiber content in flax stems, however, it was within the experimental error and was not significantly increased.

The significance of intercalary ammonium in representative surface and subsoils from southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Nitrogen Economy ◽  
Ammonium Fixation ◽  
South Wales

Six surface and subsoils known to contain native intercalary ammonium were examined to assess the importance of ammonium fixation when nitrogen fertilizers were applied, the availability of native and recently fixed intercalary ammonium to plants, and the effect of potassium on fixation. Only one soil, a grey soil of heavy texture (Ug 5.4), fixed significant amounts of added ammonium sulphate, the level of intercalary ammonium being increased by 55 % in the surface and 100% in the subsoil. The native level of intercalary ammonium was reduced by 8 and 17% by the growth of plants in the red-brown earth (Dr 2.23) and the grey soil of heavy texture, respectively, but was unchanged in the other soils. The addition of small amounts of potassium prior to the ammonium did not affect fixation; however, additions of 500 ppm reduced the fixation of a 200 ppm solution of ammonium by 80 %. Intercalary ammonium is not considered to be important in the nitrogen economy of five of the six major farming soils of the slopes and plains area of southern New South Wales. The sixth, the grey soil of heavy texture, is an alluvium associated with the Murrumbidgee River and its tributaries, and as such is used extensively for irrigated agriculture. Because this soil can fix large amounts of ammonium, the use of ammonium or ammonium forming fertilizers is not recommended.

scholarly journals Multi-Combilipases: Co-Immobilizing Lipases with Very Different Stabilities Combining Immobilization via Interfacial Activation and Ion Exchange. The Reuse of the Most Stable Co-Immobilized Enzymes after Inactivation of the Least Stable Ones

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1207
Author(s):  
Sara Arana-Peña ◽  
Diego Carballares ◽  
Vicente Cortés Corberan ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Rhizomucor Miehei ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Vinyl Sulfone ◽  
Interfacial Activation ◽  
Agarose Beads ◽  
Immobilized Biocatalyst ◽  
Lecitase Ultra

The lipases A and B from Candida antarctica (CALA and CALB), Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) or Rhizomucor miehei (RML), and the commercial and artificial phospholipase Lecitase ultra (LEU) may be co-immobilized on octyl agarose beads. However, LEU and RML became almost fully inactivated under conditions where CALA, CALB and TLL retained full activity. This means that, to have a five components co-immobilized combi-lipase, we should discard 3 fully active and immobilized enzymes when the other two enzymes are inactivated. To solve this situation, CALA, CALB and TLL have been co-immobilized on octyl-vinyl sulfone agarose beads, coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) and the least stable enzymes, RML and LEU have been co-immobilized over these immobilized enzymes. The coating with PEI is even favorable for the activity of the immobilized enzymes. It was checked that RML and LEU could be released from the enzyme-PEI coated biocatalyst, although this also produced some release of the PEI. That way, a protocol was developed to co-immobilize the five enzymes, in a way that the most stable could be reused after the inactivation of the least stable ones. After RML and LEU inactivation, the combi-biocatalysts were incubated in 0.5 M of ammonium sulfate to release the inactivated enzymes, incubated again with PEI and a new RML and LEU batch could be immobilized, maintaining the activity of the three most stable enzymes for at least five cycles of incubation at pH 7.0 and 60 °C for 3 h, incubation on ammonium sulfate, incubation in PEI and co-immobilization of new enzymes. The effect of the order of co-immobilization of the different enzymes on the co-immobilized biocatalyst activity was also investigated using different substrates, finding that when the most active enzyme versus one substrate was immobilized first (nearer to the surface of the particle), the activity was higher than when this enzyme was co-immobilized last (nearer to the particle core).

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