New aliens in Australia: 18 years of vertebrate interceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Toomes ◽  
Pablo García-Díaz ◽  
Talia A. Wittmann ◽  
John Virtue ◽  
Phillip Cassey
Keyword(s):  
Pet Trade ◽  
Psittacula Krameri ◽  
Boa Constrictor ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Commonwealth Government ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Alien Vertebrates ◽  
Invasion Pathway ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract ContextAustralia has a high diversity of endemic vertebrate fauna. Yet, transnational human activities continue to increase the rate of transportation, introduction and establishment of new alien vertebrates in Australia, to the detriment of environmental and socioeconomic services. Eradication of invasive vertebrates is often costly and without guarantee of success; therefore, methods for detecting, intercepting and preventing the transport of alien species earlier in the invasion pathway provide substantial benefit. AimTo anticipate emergent threats to Australian biosecurity posed by the transport and introduction of new alien vertebrates over time. MethodsWe collated vertebrate interception data from various mainland Australian State, Territory and Commonwealth government reporting agencies, including data from a previously published study, at both pre-border and post-border stages from 1999 to 2016. Using generalised linear and generalised additive modelling, we predicted trends in interception frequency using predictors such as vertebrate taxa, detection category and alien status. Key resultsInterception frequency increased over time for all vertebrate classes, for pre-border stowaways and for post-border captive and at-large interceptions, with no saturation in the accumulation of new species over time. Five species were responsible for almost half of all incidents, of which red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans), boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) and corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) are prominent in Australia’s illegal alien pet trade. Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) are prominent in the legal alien cage-bird trade, which remains poorly regulated. Asian common toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) were frequently detected as stowaways, and most stowaway incidents originated from Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, via shipping. Data deficiency for pre-border incidents increased rapidly in 2015 and 2016. ConclusionsAustralia is subject to a persistent and increasing risk of alien vertebrate introductions and incursions over time, owing partly to emergent trends in the alien pet trade as well as increased global trade and tourism. ImplicationsThe future of Australia’s biosecurity remains dependent on stringent border security to prevent the arrival of novel species, but our findings also highlight the importance of ongoing management and control of high-risk species already present, often illegally, within Australia.

Israel’s Ground Forces in the Occupied Territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Eyal Ben-Ari ◽  
Uzi Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Institutional Autonomy ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
The West ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Media Monitoring ◽  
Israel Defense Forces ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) routinely rotate ground forces in and out of the Occupied Territories in the West Bank. While these troops are trained for soldiering in high-intensity wars, in the Territories they have long had to carry out a variety of policing activities. These activities often exist in tension with their soldierly training and ethos, both of which center on violent encounters. IDF ground forces have adapted to this situation by maintaining a hierarchy of ‘logics of action’, in which handling potentially hostile encounters takes precedence over other forms of policing. Over time, this hierarchy has been adapted to the changed nature of contemporary conflict, in which soldiering is increasingly exposed to multiple forms of media, monitoring, and juridification. To maintain its public legitimacy and institutional autonomy, the IDF has had to adapt to the changes imposed on it by creating multiple mechanisms of force generation and control of soldierly action.

Domains of Socialization

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-90
Author(s):  
Joan E. Grusec
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Guided Learning ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
And Control ◽  
Value Learning ◽  
Over Time

This chapter surveys how behavior, affect, and cognition with respect to parenting and moral development have been conceptualized over time. It moves to a discussion of domains of socialization; that is, different contexts in which socialization occurs and where different mechanisms operate. Domains include protection where the child is experiencing negative affect, reciprocity where there is an exchange of favors, group participation or learning through observing others and engaging with them in positive action, guided learning where values are taught in the child’s zone of proximal development, and control where values are learned through discipline and reward. Research using narratives of young adults about value-learning events suggests that inhibition of antisocial behavior is more likely learned in the control domain, and prosocial behavior more likely in the group participation domain. Internalization of values, measured by narrative meaningfulness, is most likely in the group participation domain.

Indigenous higher education sector: the evolution of recognised Indigenous Leaders within Australian Universities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Kim Coates ◽  
Michelle Trudgett ◽  
Susan Page
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Indigenous Education ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
Indigenous Students ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Commonwealth Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There is clear evidence that Indigenous education has changed considerably over time. Indigenous Australians' early experiences of ‘colonialised education’ included missionary schools, segregated and mixed public schooling, total exclusion and ‘modified curriculum’ specifically for Indigenous students which focused on teaching manual labour skills (as opposed to literacy and numeracy skills). The historical inequalities left a legacy of educational disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Following activist movements in the 1960s, the Commonwealth Government initiated a number of reviews and forged new policy directions with the aim of achieving parity of participation and outcomes in higher education between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Further reviews in the 1980s through to the new millennium produced recommendations specifically calling for Indigenous Australians to be given equality of access to higher education; for Indigenous Australians to be employed in higher education settings; and to be included in decisions regarding higher education. This paper aims to examine the evolution of Indigenous leaders in higher education from the period when we entered the space through to now. In doing so, it will examine the key documents to explore how the landscape has changed over time, eventually leading to a number of formal reviews, culminating in the Universities Australia 2017–2020 Indigenous Strategy (Universities Australia, 2017).

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barizien ◽  
Morgan Le Guen ◽  
Stéphanie Russel ◽  
Pauline Touche ◽  
Florent Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽  
Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Caio Henrique Turco ◽  
Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽  
Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

scholarly journals Role of insulin during the development of oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Renli Jiang ◽  
Li Gao ◽  
Guanying Wang ◽  
Xinran Li ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Horses (n = 20) were divided into 2 groups: oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis group (group OF; n = 11) which received 10 g/kg b.w. of OF dissolved in 4 L water via nasogastric intubation, and control group (NS; n = 9) which received 4 L of saline. Blood was collected at 4 h intervals over 72 h study period and analysed by ELISA, kinetic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, and glucose-oxidase methods. The level of insulin changed significantly in horses which received OF (P < 0.01); there was a significant negative correlation between the level of adiponectin and insulin over time. The results suggested that insulin may play an important role in the development of OF-induced equine laminitis by altering the level of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide.

Abstract P373: Trends in Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Clinical Definitions of Prediabetes

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Liu ◽  
Kathryn Foti ◽  
Elizabeth Selvin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Risk Factor Management ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: There are five different definitions of prediabetes currently used in clinical practice. How cardiovascular risk may differ by these different definitions of prediabetes and whether trends in cardiovascular risk in persons with prediabetes have changed over time is largely uncharacterized. Hypothesis: We expect the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors will vary by prediabetes definition and will be highest among those who meet clinical definitions with higher cutoff values. We hypothesize awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia have increased over time among those with prediabetes. Methods: We analyzed data for adults ages ≥ 20 years from the 1999-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used calibrated HbA1c and FPG values to estimate prediabetes prevalence. We examined the prevalence and trends of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among those who met each clinical definition of prediabetes, as well as awareness, treatment, and control. Results: The prevalence of prediabetes by each definitions remained stable across survey years. The prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia by clinical definition modestly increased over time. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was higher among individuals who met HbA1c-based definitions of prediabetes than other measures and was highest when more restrictive criteria for prediabetes were used. Awareness, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors increased over time by any definition, but the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors highlights the need for improvement in risk factor management in people with prediabetes.

Electronic Commerce and Change in Management Accounting Practices in an Egyptian Organization

2015 ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Mayada A. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Power Strategies ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
And Control ◽  
Business To Business ◽  
Over Time

The objective of this chapter is to explore the implementation of e-commerce in an Egyptian organization. It reports on a longitudinal case study in an Egyptian organization (TexCo) that implemented Business-to-Business (B-to-B) electronic commerce. Following a change in leadership, TexCo was subject to a process of questioning the traditional ways of doing things. This process resulted in realizing planning, decision-making, and control problems within the company. The B-to-B system was chosen to introduce new control-based rules. However, the change was faced with resistance from TexCo's distributors. It is posited that various power strategies were used to ameliorate covert and overt resistance. Over time, the management accounting practices in TexCo changed towards greater decision support and control. B-to-B electronic commerce improved planning, decision-making, and control in TexCo.

Colonization of Broiler Chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium Definitive Phage Type 104

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
SCOTT R. LADELY ◽  
J. STAN BAILEY ◽  
NORMAN J. STERN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
And Control ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg ◽  
Over Time

The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 106 CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 106 CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively)did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P &lt; 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P &lt; 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P &lt; 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P &gt; 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species.

A Formal Theory of Reflected Appraisals in the Evolution of Power

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah E. Friedkin
Keyword(s):  
Formal Theory ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Interpersonal Influences ◽  
Reflected Appraisals ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Group Members ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

This article investigates the evolution of power with a formal theory that focuses on the influence network through which control of a group’s outcomes emerges via direct and indirect interpersonal influences on group members’ positions on a series of issues over time. Power evolves when individuals’ openness or closure to interpersonal influences correspond with their prior relative control over the group’s issue outcomes. In groups with members who are appraising the relative power of their members over the outcomes of prior issues, a mechanism of “reflected appraisals” will elevate and dampen members’ self-appraisals of their relative power and the amount of influence they accord to others. Across a series of issues over time, this mechanism suffices to generate state transitions of a group’s influence network. The result is an evolution of the group’s influence network such that, with rare exceptions, power becomes concentrated and the preferences of a single leader control the group’s outcomes via intermediaries. A laboratory experiment and a simulation provide support for the theory. The analysis suggests that the evolution of the influence network toward concentrated forms of power and control is generated by fundamental social psychological responses to power and may occur in all enduring social groups whose members are dealing with a lengthy sequence of issues, independent of the conditions of bureaucratic organizations.

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