Colonization of Broiler Chicks by Salmonella Typhimurium Definitive Phage Type 104

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
SCOTT R. LADELY ◽  
J. STAN BAILEY ◽  
NORMAN J. STERN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
And Control ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg ◽  
Over Time

The prevalence of an antibiotic-resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) has increased dramatically in recent years resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in both animals and humans. Colonization and shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 was studied in broiler chickens in two trials. In trial 1, 180 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 60 per group, n = 30 per replicate) were challenged with 106 CFU DT104 (wild-type isolate from poultry) or were commingled with a seeder chick challenged with 106 CFU DT104. In trial 2, 360 day-of-hatch chicks (n = 120 per treatment, n = 30 per rep) were divided into three groups. Chicks in the susceptible group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird of a pan-sensitive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Chicks in the resistant group were commingled with two seeder chicks that were orally challenged with 107 CFU/bird DT104 used in trial 1. For both trials, a control group was not exposed to DT104, composite fecal samples were evaluated twice weekly for levels of Salmonella shedding and 20 chicks per group were necropsied weekly and their cecal contents were cultured. At hatch all groups were colonized with naturally occurring Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Mbandaka (trial 1) or Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Ohio (trial 2) prior to exposure to DT104. Throughout the study, the level of Salmonella spp. shedding in feces (trial 1 means 3.1, 2.9, and 3.0 log10 CFU per g feces for challenged, seeder, and control groups, respectively) or ceca (trial 2 means 2.9, 2.9, and 2.5 log10 CFU per g ceca for resistant, susceptible, and control groups, respectively)did not differ among groups. In trial 1, colonization of DT104 remained constant at higher levels in the challenged group (mean 87%, P < 0.01), increased over time in the seeder group (10 to 50%, P < 0.02) and was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Mbandaka colonization remained steady within each group with challenge and seeder groups maintaining higher levels of colonization than the control group. Salmonella Senftenberg colonization levels tended to decline (P = .058) over time in the challenged group (20 to 0%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.01) over time for both the seeder (80 to 0%) and control chicks (85 to 10%). In trial 2, the percentage of chicks colonized with susceptible DT104 declined (r = 0.90, P < 0.05) over the course of the trial from 45 to 0%, while recovery of the resistant DT104 persisted at a mean percentage of 27%. DT104 was not recovered from the control chicks. Salmonella Ohio colonization levels tended to decline (r = 0.79, P > 0.05) over time in the control group (75 to 20%) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) over time in both susceptible and resistant groups (40 to 10%, r = 0.82 and 55 to 5%, r = 0.85, respectively). Salmonella Senftenberg was recovered from the control group at low frequency throughout the trial and was not recovered from the other groups. For either trial, no apparent affect on morbidity or mortality was observed. Introduction of DT104 by commingling may induce colonization resulting in persistent high levels of shedding in flocks simultaneously with other Salmonella species.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Eduarda Alexandra Gonçalves de Oliveira Moura ◽  
Daniela Gomes da Silva ◽  
Caio Henrique Turco ◽  
Thainara Vitoria Carnevalli Sanches ◽  
Gabriel Yuri Storino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.

Effect of Indoor Wall Climbing on Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceptions of Children with Special Needs

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Mazzoni ◽  
P. Lynn Purves ◽  
Julie Southward ◽  
Ryan E. Rhodes ◽  
Viviene A. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The impact of a six-week indoor wall climbing on the perceptions of self for children with special needs aged 6–12 years was explored. Participants (n = 46) were randomly assigned to the intervention (girls, n = 4; boys, n = 19) and control groups (girls, n = 5; boys, n = 18). Belayers’ and children’s perceptions of efficacy were measured using specifically designed questionnaires and perceptions of competence and global self-worth were measured using Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children for participants with an adaptive age of 8 years or higher. Children’s self-efficacy and belayers’ ratings of children’s efficacy improved significantly, t(21) = 3.9, p = .001, d = .84 and F(2, 44) = 30.03, p < .001, respectively. The children’s judgments of their athletic and social competence and global self-worth, however, did not change over time or differ from the wait-listed control group (p > .05). These results suggest that it is likely that many experiences that enhance self-efficacy may be needed to improve self-perceptions.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal sepsis in mothers and newborn babies

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Spink
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
And Control

A serious outbreak of staphylococcal infections in the maternity units in Blackburn was investigated. There were considerably more than one hundred cases of breast abscesses altogether, well over half of which occurred in primiparae. Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 80, was the predominating organism throughout the outbreak and at the peak period during the early part of the outbreak this type was responsible for nearly 80% of the infections.After the introduction of a number of procedures for the general reduction of cross-infection the incidence of breast abscess fell markedly and a controlled trial of an antibacterial cream, containing neomycin and hibitane, which was applied to the nasal mucosa of all infants and mothers in the test group of patients, was undertaken. The conditions obtaining in the test and control groups were identical in every way except that the control patients did not receive the neomycin-hibitane cream. There were about 1250 mothers and infants each in the test and control groups; the incidence of breast abscesses in the test group was 0·8% and in the control group it was 2·7%. The method adopted for the detection and treatment of carriers among the nursing staff broke down on two occasions; this fact and the emergence of an unforeseen source resulted in a larger number of infections than should have occurred. Had it not been for these incidents there is little doubt that the trial would have shown more conclusively the effectiveness of the neomycinhibitane cream, by the method laid down, in reducing cross-infection.Investigation of the bacterial flora on the nasal mucosa of over 1000 infants in the control group yielded results of considerable interest. Of 300 cases where there was early colonization by Staph. albus, this organism established its dominating position in 70% of the cases and it was not subsequently displaced by Staph. aureus. The significance of this observation and the evidence favouring nasal dissemination of Staph.aureus as the most important cause of hospital cross-infection are discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ginger on Preventing Post-spinal Puncture Headache in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Banafsheh Mashak ◽  
Maryam Hashemnejad ◽  
Kourosh Kabir ◽  
Mansoureh Refaei ◽  
Sara Esmaelzadeh Saeieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Spinal Puncture ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Over Time

Objectives: Post-spinal puncture headache (PSPH) has constantly been one of the research priorities, especially in women undergoing cesarean section (C-section) and it is related to physical and psychological problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of ginger on preventing PSPH in patients undergoing C-section. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 160 women undergoing C-section with spinal anesthesia, who were eligible to enter the study in the experimental and control groups. One ginger capsule (250 mg) was prescribed every 8 hours (TDS) to the experimental group 24 hours before the C-section. The prescription of ginger was continued half an hour after transfer to the post-partum ward until the PSPH onset. PSPH intensity was measured by using visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 6 timepoints (Time 1=30, Time 2=60, and Time 3=90 minutes vs. Time 4=3, Time 5 =6, and Time 6=12 hours) after C-section. No interventions were performed in the control group. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software by descriptive statistics and analytical tests were applied to determine the changes in PSPH intensity. Results: The comparison results of the mean score of PSPH intensity in the experimental and control groups indicated significant differences over time (P<0.05), except for the sixth time point (12 hours after C-section). In addition, the trend of changes at 6 timepoints based on the results of the repeated-measures test demonstrated that PSPH intensity significantly differed in the two groups over time (P<0.001). Conclusions: Based on the result, the oral prescription of ginger to women undergoing C-section under spinal anesthesia led to effective PSPH prevention at 5 time-points (30, 60, and 90 minutes, along with 3 and 6 hours). Further, the trend of the changes represented that the intensity of PSPH decreased in the experimental group over time. Therefore, ginger is suggested as a noninvasive and efficient method used for preventing PSPH.

scholarly journals Effect of different surface penetrating sealants on the roughness of a nanofiller composite resin

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murilo Baena Lopes ◽  
Paulo Cesar Saquy ◽  
Sandra Kiss Moura ◽  
Linda Wang ◽  
Fabiana Mezzaroba Ortenzi Graciano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Activation ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Steel Mold ◽  
And Control ◽  
Simulated Time ◽  
Water Dilution ◽  
Over Time

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different sealants applied to a nanofiller composite resin. Forty specimens of Filtek Z-350 were obtained after inserting the material in a 6x3 mm stainless steel mold followed by light activation for 20 s. The groups were divided (n=10) according to the surface treatment applied: Control group (no surface treatment), Fortify, Fortify Plus and Biscover LV. The specimens were subjected to simulated toothbrushing using a 200 g load and 250 strokes/min to simulate 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months and 1 and 3 years in the mouth, considering 10,000 cycles equivalent to 1 year of toothbrushing. Oral-B soft-bristle-tip toothbrush heads and Colgate Total dentifrice at a 1:2 water-dilution were used. After each simulated time, surface roughness was assessed in random triplicate readings. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level. The specimens were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after each toothbrushing cycle. The control group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the other groups, except for Fortify Plus (p<0.05), which was rougher. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed at the 1-month assessment between the experimental and control groups. Fortify and Fortify Plus presented a rougher surface over time, differing from the baseline (p<0.05). Biscover LV did not differ (p>0.05) from the baseline at any time. None of the experimental groups showed a significantly better performance (p>0.05) than the control group at any time. SEM confirmed the differences found during the roughness testing. Surface penetrating sealants did not improve the roughness of nanofiller composite resin.

scholarly journals Studies onEmblica officinalisDerived Tannins for Their Immunostimulatory and Protective Activities against Coccidiosis in Industrial Broiler Chickens

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qari Muhammad Kaleem ◽  
Masood Akhtar ◽  
Mian Muhammad Awais ◽  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Muddassar Zafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Intestinal Lesion ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
And Control

The present study reports the effect ofEmblica officinalis(EO) derived tannins on humoral immune responses and their protective efficacy againstEimeriainfection in chickens. Tannins were extracted from EO and characterized by HPLC. EO derived tannins (EOT) and commercial tannins (CT) were orally administered in broiler chicks in graded doses for three consecutive days, that is, 5th-7th days of age. On day 14 after administration of tannins, humoral immune response was detected against sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) by haemagglutination assay. Protective efficacy of tannins was measured against coccidial infection, induced byEimeriaspecies. Results revealed higher geomean titers against SRBCs in chickens administered with EOT as compared to those administered with CT and control group. Mean oocysts per gram of droppings were significantly lower (P<0.05) in EOT administered chickens as compared to control group. Lesion scoring also showed the lowest caecal and intestinal lesion score of mild to moderate intensity in chickens administered with EOT. Further, significantly higher (P<0.05) daily body weight gains and antibody titers were detected in EOT administered chickens as compared to those of CT administered and control groups. EOT showed the immunostimulatory properties in broilers and their administration in chickens boost the protective immunity against coccidiosis.

scholarly journals Yoga, Physical Education, and Self-Esteem

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaci A. Bridges ◽  
Melody S. Madlem
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Researchers studied increases in self-esteem of eighth-grade students after participation in regular physical education and yoga-enhanced physical education classes. Self-esteem was measured by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was given pre, mid, and post test in both the experimental and control group. The results showed that over the course of the eightweek intervention, self-esteem did increase in both the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference in self-esteem between regular physical education activities and yoga. The study revealed the importance of physical activity, including yoga, for enhancing self-esteem. Theories for why self-esteem increased over time are discussed in the study.

scholarly journals Effect of addition of exogenous enzymes in hypocaloric diet in broiler chicken on performance, biochemical parameters and meat characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Allouche ◽  
T. Madani ◽  
Ait Hamouda ◽  
M.R. Boucherit ◽  
H. Taleb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Serum Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
And Control

In developing countries, broiler farmers often use imbalanced energy diets, hence our study aims to evaluate the combined effect of addition of commercial exogenous enzymes (CEE), in low energy level corn/soybean meal based-diet on performance, serum biochemical parameters, meat characteristics in male and female of broiler chickens. A total of 120 one day old Hubbard F15 broiler chickens were divided on 2 groups (60 animals/group) with 5 replicates/group. The control group received a standard diet, while CEE group received the same diet supplemented with enzymes (250 g/ton). Addition of enzymes reduced significantly feed (p<0.001) and water intakes (p<0.05); in meantime, feed conversion ratio tended to be lower (p=0.08). No changes were observed in pH, protein or moisture contents of meat in both sexes broiler between CEE and control groups. No perturbation was found in all serum biochemical parameters in both sexes between CEE and control groups, except total protein and albumin levels were significantly higher in male birds fed enzymes when compared to male birds of the control group (p<0.001; p<0.01) respectively. Addition of enzymes allowed a decrease of 950 g/bird in feed intake for the total rearing period, hence save 337 ?/1000 birds; thus, use of CEE in hypocaloric diet enhances broilers feed efficiency and procures an economic benefit to farmers.

scholarly journals Sinus Mucosa Thickness Changes and Ostium Involvement after Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation in Sinus with Septa. A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Shingo Kato ◽  
Yuki Omori ◽  
Masatsugu Kanayama ◽  
Atsuya Hirota ◽  
Mauro Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sinus Floor Augmentation ◽  
Maxillary Sinus Floor ◽  
Sinus Floor ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sinus Mucosa ◽  
Over Time

Background: A thickening of the sinus mucosa is observed after sinus floor augmentation. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of the presence of septa in the dimensional variation and ostium involvement over time of the Schneiderian mucosa after sinus floor augmentation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen sinuses with septa (septa group) and 15 without (control group) were selected. CBCTs taken before surgery, and were analyzed after 1 week and after 9 months. Schneiderian membrane thickness changes over time and involvement of the ostium were evaluated. Results: Four perforations occurred in the septa group and none in the control group. After 1 week of healing, the sinus mucosa thickness increased in height by 5.7 mm and 7.1 mm in the septa and control groups, respectively. In this period, the patency of the ostium decreased in both groups, and three infundibula were obstructed in the septa group, and five in the control group. The mucosa was thicker and the edema was closer to the ostium in the control compared to in the septa group. After 9 months of healing, the dimensions regressed to normal pattern and no obstruction of the infundibula were observed. No statistically significant differences were found between septa and control groups. Conclusions: after one week of healing, the sinus mucosa increased in dimensions in both septa and control groups. However, the sinus mucosa presented a tendency of being thicker and closer to the ostium, resulting in a higher number of infundibula obstructions, in the control group compared to in the septa group. After 9 months, the sinus mucosa regressed to normal dimensions and no obstructions of the infundibula were observed in any group.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Min Chao ◽  
Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chun-Huei Liao ◽  
Huey-Mei Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

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