Muscle fibre types in the reduced forelimb and enlarged hindlimb of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus, Macropodidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Casinos ◽  
N. Milne ◽  
F. K. Jouffroy ◽  
M. F. Médina
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Anatomical Adaptations ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Fibre Pattern ◽  
Gastrocnemius Lateralis

The quokka (Setonyx brachyurus) is restricted to two offshore islands and small isolates on the mainland of south-western Australia. It displays a tendency to saltatorial locomotion and moves at speed by bipedal hopping, although it also uses its forelimbs at low speed. Its bipedal adaptation involves enlarged hind limbs, with elongated feet. The fibre type distribution of the elbow and knee extensors, and the ankle plantar flexors, in comparison with two eutherians, the quadrupedal rhesus monkey, as a locomotor generalist, and the jerboa, a small eutherian hopping species morphologically similar to the quokka, were studied. The quokka’s forelimb showed the same characteristics as that of the jerboa, lacking the fatigue-resistant Type I fibres that are used to sustain posture. As in the jerboa, the gastrocnemius lateralis was the muscle head with the highest proportion of fast twitch fibres. Muscular fibre pattern is not identical in the quokka and the jerboa hindlimb, but it appears that both species have similar anatomical adaptations to saltatorial locomotion. Differences in muscle fibre proportions could be due to several factors including, resting posture, body size and the propensity for elastic energy storage, the burrowing behaviour of the jerboa, but also to phylogenetic constraints where the adaptation to hop on the hindlimbs is a shared behaviour of the Macropodoidea (jerboas are the only Dipodidae to have elongated hindlimbs).

Muscle morphology and enzymes in proximal and distal muscle groups of lower limb from patients with corticosteroid treated rheumatoid arthritis: the relationship to maximal isokinetic muscle strength

1986 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Danneskiold-Samsøe ◽  
G. Grimby
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Isokinetic Muscle Strength

1. Abnormal morphological and enzymatic patterns in the lateral vastus muscle have been found in women with corticosteroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. By means of biopsies from the lateral heads of right gastrocnemius muscles, the histology and enzyme activities were compared with those found in right vastus lateralis biopsies. The findings were correlated with isometric and isokinetic strength of the plantar flexors. 2. The relative occurrence of type I fibres in the gastrocnemius muscle was 46.4 ± 18.7 (sd) %, which is significantly higher than found in the vastus lateralis [35.7 ± 13.3 (sd) %] (P < 0.03). 3. The relatively lower percentage of type II fibres in the gastrocnemius muscle was due to a relatively low percentage of type II A fibres [mean 27.9 ± 16.4 (sd) %] (P < 0.05). 4. The area of type I fibres in the gastrocnemius muscle was 26.1 × 102 ± 10.0 (sd) μm2, which is 74% of the mean area for type I fibres found in the vastus lateralis (P < 0.01). 5. The area of type II fibres in the gastrocnemius was 14.9 × 102 ± 7.1 (sd) μm2, which is 77% of the mean area for type II fibres found in the vastus lateralis. 6. The isokinetic muscle strength of the plantar flexors in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis was reduced to less than 50% at all angular velocities when compared with healthy women. The same difference was found in the knee extensors. 7. Both type I and type II fibre areas correlated positively with the activity of β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (r = 0.72, P < 0.02; r = 0.77, P < 0.01). The activity of the oxidative enzyme citric acid synthase (but not β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase) correlated positively with the isokinetic muscle strength of the plantar flexors at all the angular velocities (r = 0.75, P < 0.01; r = 0.57, P < 0.05). 8. The isokinetic strength as well as the type I and II fibre areas in the vastus lateralis biopsies correlated well with the same parameters in the gastrocnemius muscle (r approx. 0.70, P < 0.001). The vastus lateralis and the gastrocnemius muscles had similar morphology in the same subjects. In the control subjects and in the patients a close correlation was found between the isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and the plantar flexors. 9. It is concluded that the corticosteroid effect on muscles seems to occur in both the proximal and distal skeletal muscles.

scholarly journals The turnover of cytochrome c in different skeletal-muscle fibre types of the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
R L Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Fast Twitch

The turnover of cytochrome c was determined in the three skeletal-muscle fibre types of adult male rats by a kinetic analysis that followed the time course of cytochrome c content change. Confirming evidence was obtained with double-labelling studies using delta-aminolaevulinate. Cytochrome c turnover was most rapid in the low-oxidative fast-twitch white fibre [t1/2 (half-life) about 4 days], slowest in the high-oxidative fast-twitch red fibre (t1/2 9-10 days) and relatively rapid in the high-oxidative slow-twitch red fibre (t1/2 5-6 days). Thus cytochrome c turnover does not strictly conform to either the appearance (i.e. red or white) or the contractile characteristics (i.e. fast or slow) of the muscle fibres. The synthesis rates needed to maintain the corresponding cytochrome c concentrations, however, were similarly high in the two mitochondria-rich red fibre types. These data illustrate that both the synthesis and degradation processes are important in establishing the cytochrome c concentrations that distinguish the different skeletal-muscle fibre types.

Adaptations in muscle fibre characteristics induced by physical activity in pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Petersen ◽  
P. Henckel ◽  
N. Oksbjerg ◽  
M. T. Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fast Twitch

AbstractThe influence of regular exercise training and physical activity on distribution of muscle fibre types, fibre cross-sectional areas and the number of adjacent capillaries per fibre type and per fibre (capillarization) was studied in five muscles from 48 female and 48 entire male pigs. In the growth interval from 30 to 100 kg, the pigs were subjected to one of three treatments: individual housing in pens of 2·5 m2 (treatment C), individual housing and treadmill training for 15 minlday at a speed of 4 kmlh, 5 days/week for a period of 70 days (treatment T), and housing in large pens (36 m2, 40 pigs per pen) allowing for spontaneous physical activity (treatment F). In m. longissimus dorsi, treatment F increased the ratio of fast-twitch oxidative (FTa-) to fast twitch glycolytic (FTb-) fibres, elevated the mean fibre cross-sectional area and the number of capillaries per fibre. In m. biceps femoris (BF) from female pigs, the only adaptation found was a marked training-induced (treatment T) increase in the cross-sectional area of the slow-twitch (ST-) fibres. In m. semitendinosus and BF from male pigs, treatments T and F increased the ratio of FTa- to FTb-fibres. Both training and spontaneous activity increased the proportion of ST-fibres in m. trapezius thoracis (0·48 in treatment C, 0·53 in T and 0·52 in F). Conversely in m. psoas major, treatment F increased the proportion of FTa-fibres (0·15 in C and 0·19 in F) at the expense of ST- and intermediate FTc-fibres. Spontaneous activity induced ST-fibre hypertrophy in the five muscles. For several muscles, the mean fibre cross-sectional area was significantly higher in female than in male pigs.

Physical activity, forced by steep pastures, affects muscle characteristics and meat quality of suckling beef calves

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. M. GANGNAT ◽  
F. LEIBER ◽  
P.-A. DUFEY ◽  
P. SILACCI ◽  
M. KREUZER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Fast Twitch

SUMMARYOn steep slopes, grazing is associated with elevated physical activity. This is assumed to influence muscle metabolism, carcass and meat quality in beef cattle. However, there is a lack of experiments which allow distinguishing between physical activity and other factors of influence. In the present experiment, a setup was applied which excluded other factors as best as possible. Two groups of 12 Angus-sired suckling calves were each kept on high altitude pastures with either steep (whole area with about 40% inclination; S-calves) or with flat areas (0% inclination; F-calves). The two areas offered forage of similar nutritional quality. The calves, initially 18 ± 2·5 weeks old, were kept with their dams on the pastures for 11 weeks in a rotational grazing system. The calves were equipped with pedometers and rumination sensors to record physical activity and feeding behaviour, respectively. Slaughter took place on two dates immediately after the grazing period and carcass quality was assessed. Muscle fibre types were classified according to their contractile metabolism and post mortem (p.m.) protein degradation was quantified. The meat, aged for 21 days, was subjected to various physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation. S-calves walked more steps and spent more time lying down than F-calves, whereas feeding behaviour was not affected by pasture inclination. The daily gains of S-calves were 10% lower compared with those of F-calves. Carcass characteristics were not influenced by pasture inclination. S-calves had a larger proportion of fast-twitch type IIX/B muscle fibres than F-calves. The opposite was observed for intermediate type IIA muscle fibres, whereas the proportion of slow-twitch type I muscle fibres was unaffected. Occasional differences were observed between S- and F-calves regarding indicators of p.m. proteolysis. In S-calves, compared with F-calves, meat from the longissimus thoracis muscle was juicier and showed a tendency to be of lighter colour, whereas meat from the biceps femoris muscle had a smaller shear force (24·5 v. 27·5 N in F-calves). In conclusion, 11 weeks’ exposure to environments forcing calves to exhibit different physical activities in a hypoxic environment was sufficient to cause adaptations in muscle metabolism and several, though small, differences in meat quality.

scholarly journals Composition and cross-sectional area of muscle fibre types in relation to daily gain and lean and fat content of carcass in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marita Ruusunen ◽  
Marja-Liisa Sevon-Aimonen ◽  
Eero Puolanne
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs

The muscle fibre-type properties of longissimus were compared between Landrace and Yorkshire breeds and between the sexes in an attempt to shed light on the relationship of these histochemical parameters to animal growth and carcass composition. Muscle fibres were classified into three groups, type I, type lIA and type 11B, using the myosin ATPase method. At a given live weight, the cross-sectional area of type I fibres (CSA1) was smaller (p

Relaxation Rate of Constituent Muscle-Fibre Types in Human Quadriceps

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wiles ◽  
A. Young ◽  
D. A. Jones ◽  
R. H. T. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fibre Type Composition

1. Muscle fibres may be subdivided into type I (with slow-twitch contractile properties) and type II (fast-twitch) depending on their myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity. In voluntary isometric contractions type I fibres are utilized at low forces (<20% of maximum) whereas type II fibres are recruited in addition at high forces. This physiological recruitment order has enabled us to measure the relaxation rate of type I and II fibres in vivo in normal human subjects. 2. Relaxation rate was measured in 16 subjects from low (10% of maximum) and maximum isometric quadriceps contractions and the muscle-fibre type composition determined from needle-biopsy specimens in 10 subjects. The relaxation rate of type II fibres was calculated to be twice as fast as that of type I. 3. It was not possible to estimate, from studies in 33 quadriceps muscles (25 normal subjects), the contribution of type II fibres to overall fibre area from the relaxation rate as determined from electrically stimulated isometric contractions.

Effect of aerobic exercise on muscle structure and expression of proteins promoting hypertrophy and metabolism in aged rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
W. Isobe ◽  
S. Murakami ◽  
T. Saito ◽  
S. Kumagai ◽  
M. Sakita
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibre Type Composition ◽  
Muscle Structure

Aging and physical inactivity lead to histochemical changes in muscles. The expression of many muscle proteins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), silent information regulator of transcription 1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1a), declines with age. However, the effect of aerobic exercise on muscle structure and the expression profile of these proteins in elderly rats is unknown. Here, we investigated whether short-term aerobic exercise improves muscle structure and increases BDNF, SIRT1, and PGC-1a levels in aged rats. Ten male Wistar rats (95-week-old) were assigned to sedentary (SED) or exercise (Ex) groups. The Ex group performed running on a treadmill for 1 h, 6 times per week, for 2 weeks. The extensor digitorum longus muscles were removed to examine the muscle fibre type composition, cross-sectional area, and capillary-to-fibre (C/F) ratio. BDNF, SIRT1, and PGC-1a levels were evaluated by western blotting. Relative to the SED group, the Ex group showed increased proportion of Type I fibres (P<0.05), cross-sectional area of all muscle fibre types (P<0.05), succinate dehydrogenase activity (P<0.001), C/F ratio (P<0.05), and expression of BDNF, SIRT1, and PGC-1a (P<0.05).Thus, 2 weeks of aerobic exercise is sufficient to improve muscle histology and hypertrophic marker protein expression, indicating that it could prevent skeletal muscle atrophy in elderly rats.

scholarly journals Histological characteristics of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis muscle fibres in pigs in relation to selected RYR1, MYOG, MYOD1 and MYF6 genotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Roman Stupka ◽  
Jaroslav Čítek ◽  
Michal Šprysl ◽  
Monika Okrouhlá ◽  
Luboš Brzobohatý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Histochemical and biochemical muscle fibre properties are the factors that influence the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pork meat. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of genetic effects of selected genetic markers MyoD genes and RYR1 on the achieved indicators of muscle fibres in the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT). The study included a total number of 216 hybrid pigs with the mean slaughter weight of 123 kg. Gene polymorphism was determined by the PCR-RFLP method. The gene polymorphism was determined in the RYR1, MYOD1, MYOG, and MYF6 genes. Muscle fibre types from MLLT were identified. Concerning the RYR1 gene, the study found that homozygous-dominant animals reached a lower number of type I (8.35 vs. 10.52; P < 0.05) and a higher number of IIA (3.66 vs. 2.10; P < 0.05) and a higher number of IIB (76.61 vs. 67.91; P < 0.05). The maximum number in all types of muscle fibres reached BB genotype of the MYOG gene (type I: 14.02; IIA: 18.47; IIB: 83.08; P < 0.05). The AA genotype of the MYOD1 gene showed the lowest (P < 0.05) number of muscle in all fibre types (type I: 9.20; IIA: 0.85; IIB: 69.23). The influence of individual genotypes of selected genes on the selected muscle fibre characteristics was proven. The obtained results confirm the possibility of affecting the quality of pork with genomic selection of MyoD genes family.

scholarly journals Histochemical Characterisation and Gene Expression Analysis of Skeletal Muscles from Maremmana and Aubrac Steers Reared on Grazing and Feedlot Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Giulia Foggi ◽  
Francesca Ciucci ◽  
Maria Conte ◽  
Laura Casarosa ◽  
Andrea Serra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity

This study aimed to characterise the fibre composition of Triceps brachii (TB) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles from 20 Maremmana (MA) and 20 Aubrac (AU) steers, and the effect of grazing activity in comparison with feedlot system. The histochemical method was performed with the m-ATPase method with an acid pre-incubation, thus allowing to distinguish type I, IIA, and IIB fibres. Additionally, on total RNA extracted from SM muscle, the expressions of atp1a1, mt-atp6, and capn1 genes were evaluated, in order to find potential associations with muscle fibre histochemical characteristics. In SM muscle, the MA steers had the greater frequency of oxidative fibres (type I and IIA) and the higher atp1a1 expression, in comparison to AU steers. Conversely, AU steers had a greater frequency of type IIB fibres, and the higher capn1 expression. A similar histochemical pattern was observed in TB muscle. The grazing activity was probably insufficient to determine differences both for fibre proportion and size, and gene expressions, except for mt-atp6 expression that was surprisingly highest in feedlot MA in comparison to other steers. These findings further the knowledge of muscle properties belonging to these breeds, and the effect of voluntary physical activity since few studies were available in this regard.

scholarly journals The effects of exercise training versus intensive insulin treatment on skeletal muscle fibre content in type 1 diabetes mellitus rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. McBey ◽  
Michelle Dotzert ◽  
C. W. J. Melling
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Fibre Type ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Type I

Abstract Background Intensive-insulin treatment (IIT) strategy for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been associated with sedentary behaviour and the development of insulin resistance. Exercising patients with T1DM often utilize a conventional insulin treatment (CIT) strategy leading to increased insulin sensitivity through improved intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. It is unclear how these exercise-related metabolic adaptations in response to exercise training relate to individual fibre-type transitions, and whether these alterations are evident between different insulin strategies (CIT vs. IIT). Purpose: This study examined glycogen and fat content in skeletal muscle fibres of diabetic rats following exercise-training. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Control-Sedentary, CIT- and IIT-treated diabetic sedentary, and CIT-exercised trained (aerobic/resistance; DARE). After 12 weeks, muscle-fibre lipids and glycogen were compared through immunohistochemical analysis. Results The primary findings were that both IIT and DARE led to significant increases in type I fibres when compared to CIT, while DARE led to significantly increased lipid content in type I fibres compared to IIT. Conclusions These findings indicate that alterations in lipid content with insulin treatment and DARE are primarily evident in type I fibres, suggesting that muscle lipotoxicity in type 1 diabetes is muscle fibre-type dependant.

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