scholarly journals Facile bottom-up synthesis of partially oxidized black phosphorus nanosheets as metal-free photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4345-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tian ◽  
Bining Tian ◽  
Bethany Smith ◽  
M. C. Scott ◽  
Qin Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Wet Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Intense Activity

Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets were first reported as a 2D material for the application of field-effect transistors in 2014 and have stimulated intense activity among physicists, chemists, and material and biomedical scientists, driving research into novel synthetic techniques to produce BP nanosheets. At present, exfoliation is the main route toward few-layer BP nanosheets via employing bulk BP as raw material. However, this is a complicated and time-consuming process, which is difficult for the large-scale synthesis of BP nanosheets. Moreover, BP degrades rapidly when exfoliated to nanoscale dimensions, resulting in the rapid loss of semiconducting properties. Here, we report the direct wet-chemical synthesis of few-layer BP nanosheets in gram-scale quantities in a bottom-up approach based on common laboratory reagents at low temperature, showing excellent stability due to partial oxidation of surface. Solvent and temperature are two critical factors, controlling not only the formation of BP nanosheets but also the thickness. The as-prepared BP nanosheets can extract hydrogen from pure water (pH = 6.8), exhibiting more than 24-fold higher activity than the well-known C3N4 nanosheets. Our results reporting the ability to prepare few-layer BP nanosheets with a facile, scalable, low-cost approach take us a step closer to real-world applications of phosphorene including next-generation metal-free photocatalysts for photosynthesis.

scholarly journals Visible-Light Photocatalysis: A Low-Cost Metal-Free Photocatalyst Based on Black Phosphorus (Adv. Sci. 1/2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1970007
Author(s):  
Min Wen ◽  
Jiahong Wang ◽  
Ruifeng Tong ◽  
Danni Liu ◽  
Hao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Visible Light Photocatalysis ◽  
Metal Free

The Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide by a Low-Cost Vacuum System for Supercapacitor Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 609-612
Author(s):  
Quezia Cardoso ◽  
Franks Martins Silva ◽  
Ligia Silverio Vieira ◽  
Julio Cesar Serafim Casini ◽  
Solange Kazume Sakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pump Pressure

Graphene has attracted significant interest because of its excellent electrical properties. However, a practical method for producing graphene on a large scale is yet to be developed. Graphene oxide (GO) can be partially reduced to graphene-like sheets by removing the oxygen-containing groups and recovering the conjugated structure. GO can be produced using inexpensive graphite as the raw material via cost-effective chemical methods. High vacuum and temperature (10−7 mbar and 1100°C, respectively) conditions are well-known to enable the preparation of reduced powder at the laboratory scale. However, a large-scale high vacuum reduction system that can be routinely operated at 10−7 mbar requires considerable initial capital as well as substantial operational and maintenance costs. The current study aims at developing an inexpensive method for the large-scale reduction of graphene oxide. A stainless steel vessel was evacuated to backing-pump pressure (10−2 mbar) and used to process GO at a range of temperatures. The reduction of GO powder at low vacuum pressures was attempted and investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results of processing GO powder at various temperatures (200–1000°C) at relatively low pressures are reported. The microstructures of the processed materials were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and chemical microanalyses via energy dispersive X-ray analysis.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of graphene layers from rice husks

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Makpal Seitzhanova ◽  
Dmitry Chenchik ◽  
Mukhtar Yeleuov ◽  
Zulkhair Mansurov ◽  
Roberto Di Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Naoh Solution

In this work, a method of obtaining graphene layers from natural source specifically from rice husk was developed. A rice husk (RH) was used as a raw material, and potassium hydroxide was used as activation agent. The graphene layers were obtained after four successive stages: pre-carbonization, desilication in 1M NaOH solution, chemical activation and exfoliation of the carbonized rice husk (CRH). The obtained samples were studied using Raman spectroscopy, TEM and SEM; the Raman peaks evidenced the presence of graphene multilayers in the sample. A detailed observation of Raman spectroscopy showed that the obtained samples with ratio of 1/4 and 1/5 (RH/KOH) consisted of graphene layers with a high content of amorphous component. The yield of the product was ~ 3% by weight. This study can provide a new way to the large-scale synthesis of low-cost single and multi-layered graphene using rice husk or other renewable resources.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Cockle Shell-Based Calcium Carbonate Aragonite Polymorph Nanoparticles with Surface Functionalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syairah Liyana Mohd Abd Ghafar ◽  
Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽  
Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Surface Functionalization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Cockle Shell

The development of cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph nanoparticle synthesis method using the technique of mechanical stirring in the presence of dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) incorporated with surface functionalization demonstrated high homogeneity of sample product with good nanoparticles dispersion. The cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite nanoparticle with functionalized surface was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle size distribution, pH measurement analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface functionalization was proven to improve the overall size and shape of the nanoparticles and enhance their dispersion properties, preventing coarse agglomeration among nanoparticles in general. The improved method was verified to retain its aragonite crystalline nature. Additionally, surface functionalization did not increase the size of nanoparticles throughout the modification process. This facile preparation using naturally occurring cockle shells as the main source is environmentally friendly because it provides relatively low cost of raw material source as it is abundantly available in nature and has good mineral purity content. Hence, high quality production of surface functionalized cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph nanoparticles can potentially be exploited and produced on a large scale for various industrial applications, especially for biomedical purposes in the near future.

scholarly journals Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Aluminum/Magnesium/Sodium-Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Na Zhu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Feng Wu ◽  
Ying Bai ◽  
Chuan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Electrochemical Window ◽  
Battery Systems

Developing post-lithium-ion battery technology featured with high raw material abundance and low cost is extremely important for the large-scale energy storage applications, especially for the metal-based battery systems such as aluminum, sodium, and magnesium ion batteries. However, their developments are still in early stages, and one of the major challenges is to explore a safe and reliable electrolyte. An ionic liquid-based electrolyte is attractive and promising for developing safe and nonflammable devices with wide temperature ranges owing to their several unique properties such as ultralow volatility, high ionic conductivity, good thermal stability, low flammability, a wide electrochemical window, and tunable polarity and basicity/acidity. In this review, the recent emerging limitations and strategies of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in the above battery systems are summarized. In particular, for aluminum-ion batteries, the interfacial reaction between ionic liquid-based electrolytes and the electrode, the mechanism of aluminum storage, and the optimization of electrolyte composition are fully discussed. Moreover, the strategies to solve the problems of electrolyte corrosion and battery system side reactions are also highlighted. Finally, a general conclusion and a perspective focusing on the current development limitations and directions of ionic liquid-based electrolytes are proposed along with an outlook. In order to develop novel high-performance ionic liquid electrolytes, we need in-depth understanding and research on their fundamentals, paving the way for designing next-generation products.

scholarly journals Rapid growth of a large-scale (600 mm aperture) KDP crystal and its optical quality

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohui Li ◽  
Guozong Zheng ◽  
Yingkun Qi ◽  
Peixiu Yin ◽  
En Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Inertial Confinement Fusion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Spontaneous Nucleation ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Kdp Crystals

AbstractPotassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals are the only nonlinear crystals currently used for electro-optic switches and frequency converters in inertial confinement fusion research, due to their large dimension and exclusive physical properties. Based on the traditional solution-growth process, large bulk KDP crystals, usually with sizes up to 600 $\times $ 600 mm$^{{2}}$ so as to make a frequency doubler for the facility requirement loading highly flux of power laser, can be grown in standard Holden-type crystallizers, without spontaneous nucleation and visible defects, one to two orders of magnitude faster than by conventional methods. Pure water and KDP raw material with a few ion impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Al (less than 0.1 ppm) were used. The rapid-growth method includes extreme conditions such as temperature range from 60 to 35$^{\circ }$C, overcooling up to 5$^{\circ }$C, growth rates exceeding 10 mm/day, and crystal size up to 600 mm. The optical parameters of KDP crystals were determined. The optical properties of crystals determined indicate that they are of favorable quality for application in the facility.

Large-scale Production of Selective Gas Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Mats Transistors

2010 ◽  
Vol 1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Gorintin ◽  
Paolo Bondavalli ◽  
pierre legagneux ◽  
Marc Chatelet
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flexible Substrates ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Metal Electrodes ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Large Scale Production

AbstractThe first paper showing the great potentiality of Carbon Nanotubes Field Effect transistors (CNTFETs) for gas sensing applications was published in 2000 [1]. It has been demonstrated that the performances of this kind of sensors are extremely interesting : a sensitivity of around 100ppt (e.g. for NO2 [2]) has been achieved in 2003 and several techniques to improve selectivity have been tested with very promising results [2]. The main issues that have not allowed, up to now, these devices to strike more largely the market of sensors, have been the lack of an industrial method to obtain low-cost devices, a demonstration of their selectivity in relevant environments and finally a deeper study on the effect of humidity and the possible solutions to reduce it. This contribution deals with CNTFETs based sensors fabricated using air-brush technique deposition on large surfaces. Compared to our last contribution [3], we have optimized the air-brush technique in order to obtain high performances transistors (Log(Ion)/ Log(Ioff) ~ 5/6) with highly reproducible characteristics : this is a key point for the industrial exploitation. We have developed a machine which allows us the dynamic deposition on heated substrates of the SWCNT solutions, improving dramatically the uniformity of the SWCNT mats. We have performed tests using different solvents that could be adapted as a function of the substrates (e.g. flexible substrates). Moreover these transistors have been achieved using different metal electrodes (patented approach [4]) in order to improve selectivity. Results of tests using NO2, NH3 with concentrations between ~ 1ppm and 10ppm will be shown during the meeting.

Terahertz Detectors Based on Silicon Technology Field Effect Transistors

2012 ◽  
Vol 1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Knap ◽  
Franz Schuster ◽  
Dominique Coquillat ◽  
Frédéric Teppe ◽  
Benoît Giffard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Effect ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Focal Plane Arrays ◽  
Terahertz Detectors ◽  
Silicon Technology ◽  
Thz Detection ◽  
On Chip

ABSTRACTThe concept of THz detection based on excitation of plasma waves in two-dimensional electron gas in Si FETs is one of the most attractive ones, as it makes possible the development of the large-scale integrated devices based on a conventional microelectronic technology including on-chip antennas and readout devices integration. In this work we report on investigations of Terahertz detectors based on low-cost silicon technology field effect transistors. We show that detectors, consisting of a coupling antenna and a n-MOS field effect transistor as rectifying element, are efficient for THz detection and imaging. We demonstrate that in the atmospheric window around 300 GHz, these detectors can achieve a record noise equivalent power below 10 pW/Hz0.5 and a responsivity above 90 kV/W once integrated with on-chip amplifier. We show also that they can be used in a very wide frequency range: from ∼0.2 THz up to 1.1 THz. THz detection by Si FETs pave the way towards high sensitivity silicon technology based focal plane arrays for THz imaging.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Metal-Free Photocatalyst Based on Black Phosphorus

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1801321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wen ◽  
Jiahong Wang ◽  
Ruifeng Tong ◽  
Danni Liu ◽  
Hao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Metal Free

scholarly journals Process Variability in Top-Down Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire-Based Biosensor Arrays

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5153
Author(s):  
Marcel Tintelott ◽  
Vivek Pachauri ◽  
Sven Ingebrandt ◽  
Xuan Thang Vu
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nanowires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Silicon Nanowire ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Impact

Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW-FET) have been studied as ultra-high sensitive sensors for the detection of biomolecules, metal ions, gas molecules and as an interface for biological systems due to their remarkable electronic properties. “Bottom-up” or “top-down” approaches that are used for the fabrication of SiNW-FET sensors have their respective limitations in terms of technology development. The “bottom-up” approach allows the synthesis of silicon nanowires (SiNW) in the range from a few nm to hundreds of nm in diameter. However, it is technologically challenging to realize reproducible bottom-up devices on a large scale for clinical biosensing applications. The top-down approach involves state-of-the-art lithography and nanofabrication techniques to cast SiNW down to a few 10s of nanometers in diameter out of high-quality Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafers in a controlled environment, enabling the large-scale fabrication of sensors for a myriad of applications. The possibility of their wafer-scale integration in standard semiconductor processes makes SiNW-FETs one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of biosensor platforms for applications in healthcare and medicine. Although advanced fabrication techniques are employed for fabricating SiNW, the sensor-to-sensor variation in the fabrication processes is one of the limiting factors for a large-scale production towards commercial applications. To provide a detailed overview of the technical aspects responsible for this sensor-to-sensor variation, we critically review and discuss the fundamental aspects that could lead to such a sensor-to-sensor variation, focusing on fabrication parameters and processes described in the state-of-the-art literature. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of functionalization aspects, surface modification, and system integration of the SiNW-FET biosensors on post-fabrication-induced sensor-to-sensor variations for biosensing experiments.

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