scholarly journals Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 5250-5259 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Aburto ◽  
Francisco Villavicencio ◽  
Ugofilippo Basellini ◽  
Søren Kjærgaard ◽  
James W. Vaupel
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Mortality Increase ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

As people live longer, ages at death are becoming more similar. This dual advance over the last two centuries, a central aim of public health policies, is a major achievement of modern civilization. Some recent exceptions to the joint rise of life expectancy and life span equality, however, make it difficult to determine the underlying causes of this relationship. Here, we develop a unifying framework to study life expectancy and life span equality over time, relying on concepts about the pace and shape of aging. We study the dynamic relationship between life expectancy and life span equality with reliable data from the Human Mortality Database for 49 countries and regions with emphasis on the long time series from Sweden. Our results demonstrate that both changes in life expectancy and life span equality are weighted totals of rates of progress in reducing mortality. This finding holds for three different measures of the variability of life spans. The weights evolve over time and indicate the ages at which reductions in mortality increase life expectancy and life span equality: the more progress at the youngest ages, the tighter the relationship. The link between life expectancy and life span equality is especially strong when life expectancy is less than 70 y. In recent decades, life expectancy and life span equality have occasionally moved in opposite directions due to larger improvements in mortality at older ages or a slowdown in declines in midlife mortality. Saving lives at ages below life expectancy is the key to increasing both life expectancy and life span equality.

Imperial Monumentalism, Ceremony, and Forms of Pageantry

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-265
Author(s):  
Cecily J. Hilsdale
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
New Kingdom ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Taking the figure of the obelisk as its organizing principle, this chapter considers the dynamic, performative, and commemorative dimensions of empire. Over time and across cultures, obelisks have come to anchor imperial ceremonial across such broad terrain as ancient Egypt, Augustan Rome, Byzantine Constantinople (New Rome), and Ottoman Kostantiniyye. In surveying these diverse contexts marked by great monoliths, this chapter traces the relationship between imperial ritual as performed in time and over time and the persistent monumental articulations that structured and memorialized those ephemeral performances. By presenting a focused analysis of the dynamic relationship between concrete and ephemeral performances of imperial ceremonial over a nearly global scale, this chapter insists on the importance of a diachronic view of the long interactions of empires from the New Kingdom Egypt to the Ottoman Empire and beyond.

scholarly journals Experience report on strategy design for effective public health policies in the Piauí, Brazil, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Vilarinho ◽  
A Amorim ◽  
C Fé ◽  
O Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
State Planning ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Strategic Actions ◽  
Health Area ◽  
Swot Matrix ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Aim Report of the ascending, collective and participative process of construction of the Strategic Action Plan of the State Secretariat of Health of Piauí for the period from 2020 to 2023 and its compatibility with the Planning and Management Instrument of the State of Piauí - PPA (Plano Pluri Yearly). Action developed for the Institutional Development Program of SUS. We sought consistency and compatibility for health needs and Government priorities, implementing public health policies, technical, operational and financial feasibility and feasibility, impact and improvement in living conditions and health of the population, reducing inequalities, expanding the access to inclusive health policies, increase in citizen's life expectancy and life expectancy at birth. Methods Workshops, with technical staff from the Health Secretariat and the State Planning Secretariat, using the Situational Strategic Planning-PES, in addition to the Balanced Scorecard, and the SWOT Matrix. The SESAPI Strategic Map was previously built, with priorities for the identification of plans and results oriented to the goals. Results The SWOT Matrix focused on analyzing the environment or scenarios, internal and external, with strategies to maintain strengths, reduce the intensity of weaknesses, use opportunities and protect against threats. The technical health priorities were legitimized and made compatible with the State Planning Secretariat, in Workshops with Social Representations of the 12 Regional Development Territories of the State. Conclusions The prioritized strategic actions embodied the definition of Budgetary Actions for the health area that conform to the LOA- Annual Budget Law, linking the estimated amounts to a set of indicators and desired and possible results to be achieved in the established period. The entire process was technically monitored and submitted to analysis and approval by the Social Control bodies in compliance with the provisions of the legislation in force. Key messages The prioritized strategic actions embodied the definition of Budgetary Actions for the health area and linked the estimated amounts to a set of indicators. All production has generated the formation of a government staff with managerial capacity to strategic planning and evaluation as part of training teams trained by the government.

scholarly journals Avoidable deaths in Sweden, 1997–2018: temporal trend and the contribution to the gender gap in life expectancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kiadaliri
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Avoidable Mortality ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Avoidable mortality is considered as a potential indicator of the influences of public health policies and healthcare quality on population health. This study aimed to examine the trend in avoidable mortality and its influence on rising life expectancy (LE) and declining gender gap in LE (GGLE) in Sweden. Methods We extracted data on causes of death by age, sex, and year from national registry from 1997 to 2018. The UK Office for National Statistics definition was used to divide causes of death into five mutually exclusive categories: amenable, preventable, amenable & preventable, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and non-avoidable causes. We applied Joinpoint regression to analyse temporal trends in age-standardized mortality rates. The Arriaga method was applied to decompose changes in LE and GGLE by age group and causes of death. Results Average annual reductions in avoidable vs. non-avoidable mortality were 2.6% (95% CI:2.5, 2.7) vs. 1.4% (95% CI:1.3, 1.5) in men, and 1.6% (95% CI:1.4, 1.9) vs. 0.9% (95% CI:0.7, 1.0) in women over the study period. LE in men rose by 4.1 years between 1997 and 2018 (from 72.8 to 76.9 years), of which 2.4 years (59.3%) were attributable to reductions in avoidable mortality. Corresponding LE gain was 2.3 years in women (from 78.0 in 1997 to 80.3 in 2018) and avoidable mortality accounted for 1.0 year (45.6%) of this gain. Between 1997 and 2018, the GGLE narrowed by 1.9 years, of which 1.4 years (77.7%) were attributable to avoidable causes. Among avoidable causes, while preventable causes had the largest contribution to the GGLE, IHD had the greatest contributions to LE gains and the narrowing GGLE. Conclusions Our findings showed that avoidable causes had a substantial contribution to gain in LE with more profound gain in men than in women, resulting in narrowing the GGLE. Lower pace of reductions in preventable than amenable mortality highlights the need for improving the effectiveness of inter-sectoral health policies aimed at behavioural changes.

scholarly journals Do men need special services?

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Special Services

The targeting of services to groups with special needs is today commonplace in enlightened public health policies. To list men among the ‘minorities’ in need of such special help might have the semblance of satire. This air of levity is not really reduced by listing male's shorter life expectancy, higher infant mortality and higher rates of natural and unnatural deaths in all age groups (Drever & Bunting, 1997; Kelly & Bunting, 1998).

scholarly journals How Cultural Stereotypes and Abuse Affect Family Risk in HIV Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Family Risk ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
The Family ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Many of the individuals who are affected come from marginalized groups, such as the LGTBQ community, ethnic minorities, and women. Because this disease is so politicized, many of these groups are ostracized, whether it be through discrimination or prejudice. While these individuals do suffer terribly, many social institutions are also affected. This article culls the literature and argues that cultural stereotypes, as well as domestic abuse, are two of the most important determining factors as to how HIV transmission risks will affect the family. Understanding the relationship between cultural stereotypes and abuse can further enhance present research regarding public health policies for HIV.

scholarly journals Health care for people with amputation: analysis from the perspective of bioethics

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Fernandes Borges Marques ◽  
Mara Ambrosina de Oliveira Vargas ◽  
Soraia Dornelles Schoeller ◽  
Erika Yuriko Kinoshita ◽  
Flávia Regina Souza Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Care Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 18 people undergoing amputation in the period 2008-2010, in public hospitals in Florianópolis. The objectives were to analyze the care provided by health professionals throughout the amputation process in the perspective of the amputee patient; and discuss the process of health care to the person with amputation in the bioethical analysis perspective. Data were analyzed according to content analysis. Three thematic categories emerged: the process of amputation; team performance and rehabilitation. Bioethics permits reflection on the care provided to amputees and problematizes the relationship of the health care process with support available through public health policies. The professional involved in this process has to take responsibility for putting the process in practice and interdisciplinary is essential for the recovery of the amputated patient.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal model to estimate life expectancy and to detect unusual trends at the local authority level in England

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e036855
Author(s):  
Areti Boulieri ◽  
Marta Blangiardo
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Estimate Life Expectancy ◽  
Temporal Model ◽  
Spatio Temporal

ObjectivesTo estimate life expectancy at the local authority level and detect those areas that have a substantially low life expectancy after accounting for deprivation.DesignWe used registration data from the Office for National Statistics on mortality and population in England, by local authority, age group and socioeconomic deprivation decile, for both men and women over the period 2001–2018. We used a statistical model within the Bayesian framework to produce robust mortality rates, which were then transformed to life expectancy estimates. A rule based on exceedance probabilities was used to detect local authorities characterised by a low life expectancy among areas with a similar deprivation level from 2012 onwards.ResultsWe confirmed previous findings showing differences in the life expectancy gap between the most and least deprived areas from 2012 to 2018. We found variations in life expectancy trends across local authorities, and we detected a number of those with a low life expectancy when compared with others of a similar deprivation level.ConclusionsThere are factors other than deprivation that are responsible for low life expectancy in certain local authorities. Further investigation on the detected areas can help understand better the stalling of life expectancy which was observed from 2012 onwards and plan efficient public health policies.

scholarly journals An Automatic Approach Designed for Inference of the Underlying Cause-of-Death of Citizens

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2414
Author(s):  
Hui Ge ◽  
Keyan Gao ◽  
Shaoqiong Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Manual Methods ◽  
Underlying Cause Of Death

It is very important to have a comprehensive understanding of the health status of a country’s population, which helps to develop corresponding public health policies. Correct inference of the underlying cause-of-death for citizens is essential to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the health status of a country’s population. Traditionally, this relies mainly on manual methods based on medical staff’s experiences, which require a lot of resources and is not very efficient. In this work, we present our efforts to construct an automatic method to perform inferences of the underlying causes-of-death for citizens. A sink algorithm is introduced, which could perform automatic inference of the underlying cause-of-death for citizens. The results show that our sink algorithm could generate a reasonable output and outperforms other stat-of-the-art algorithms. We believe it would be very useful to greatly enhance the efficiency of correct inferences of the underlying causes-of-death for citizens.

scholarly journals Modeling COVID-19 with Uncertainty in Granada, Spain. Intra-Hospitalary Circuit and Expectations over the Next Months

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
José M. Garrido ◽  
David Martínez-Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez-Serrano ◽  
Sorina-M. Sferle ◽  
Rafael-J. Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Seir Model ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hospital Resources ◽  
Over Time

Mathematical models have been remarkable tools for knowing in advance the appropriate time to enforce population restrictions and distribute hospital resources. Here, we present a mathematical Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model to study the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Granada, Spain, taking into account the uncertainty of the phenomenon. In the model, the patients moving throughout the hospital’s departments (intra-hospitalary circuit) are considered in order to help to optimize the use of a hospital’s resources in the future. Two main seasons, September–April (autumn-winter) and May–August (summer), where the hospital pressure is significantly different, have been included. The model is calibrated and validated with data obtained from the hospitals in Granada. Possible future scenarios have been simulated. The model is able to capture the history of the pandemic in Granada. It provides predictions about the intra-hospitalary COVID-19 circuit over time and shows that the number of infected is expected to decline continuously from May without an increase next autumn–winter if population measures continue to be satisfied. The model strongly suggests that the number of infected cases will reduce rapidly with aggressive vaccination policies. The proposed study is being used in Granada to design public health policies and perform wise re-distribution of hospital resources in advance.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THE COMPANY PROFIT ON THE COMPANY AVERAGE LIFE IN OPERATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-73
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article is to reveal the opinions of the textile executives, who continue their activities in Bursa, on the effect of company profitability on the average life span of the company. In addition to the primary purpose of the research, there is also the question of whether there are significant differences in the effect of company profitability on the company's average life span according to demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, educational status, years of work in the company, type of company, number of employees in the company, This study, prepared in line with the stated objectives, it is important to point out how management managers perceive the impact of the company's profitability, which is important for business management, on the life expectancy of the company to be sophisticated at the point of driving a drive to drive profitability and the life expectancy of the company. The universe of this research is the textile business managers in the field of activity in Bursa. Sampling was chosen randomly (n = 100). In the analysis of the data, a significance level of 0.05 was considered and all the analyzes explained were interpreted as appropriate for the purpose. Several hypotheses test results were examined by one-way ANOVA test and independent sample t-test. Regression analysis was applied to measure frequency distribution for all sizes, the effect of company profitability over the company life expectancy. As a result, it is concluded that the relationship between company profitability and company life expectancy is p <0.00 significant, and company profitability has been found to make a meaningful contribution to company life expectancy.

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