Economic games can be used to promote cooperation in the field

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (47) ◽  
pp. e2026046118
Author(s):  
Stefan Meyer ◽  
Paulo Santos ◽  
Fue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate ◽  
Present Experimental Evidence

We present experimental evidence of the impact of playing a game on real-life cooperation. The game was framed as a pest-management activity, the effectiveness of which depends on the decisions of others. Playing the game changes behavior in the field, increasing the participation in all collective activities directed at reducing pest pressure. The economic impact of those activities is important, leading to losses that are ∼20% lower than in the control group. Increased cooperation reflects changes in the understanding of others’ willingness to cooperate, not changes in the understanding of underlying technological interdependencies.

The Impact of Exposure With No Training: Implications for Future Partner Training Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2347-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aura Kagan ◽  
Nina Simmons-Mackie ◽  
J. Charles Victor
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
Negative Finding ◽  
Conversational Skills ◽  
Training Studies ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This research note reports on an unexpected negative finding related to behavior change in a controlled trial designed to test whether partner training improves the conversational skills of volunteers. Method The clinical trial involving training in “Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia” utilized a single-blind, randomized, controlled, pre–post design. Eighty participants making up 40 dyads of a volunteer conversation partner and an adult with aphasia were randomly allocated to either an experimental or control group of 20 dyads each. Descriptive statistics including exact 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the percentage of control group participants who got worse after exposure to individuals with aphasia. Results Positive outcomes of training in Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia for both the trained volunteers and their partners with aphasia were reported by Kagan, Black, Felson Duchan, Simmons-Mackie, and Square in 2001. However, post hoc data analysis revealed that almost one third of untrained control participants had a negative outcome rather than the anticipated neutral or slightly positive outcome. Conclusions If the results of this small study are in any way representative of what happens in real life, communication partner training in aphasia becomes even more important than indicated from the positive results of training studies. That is, it is possible that mere exposure to a communication disability such as aphasia could have negative impacts on communication and social interaction. This may be akin to what is known as a “nocebo” effect—something for partner training studies in aphasia to take into account.

scholarly journals The Impact Of Problem Based Learning On The Students’ Learning Outcomes Toward Critical Thinking Skill In Elementary School

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustiningsih Agustiningsih ◽  
Singgih Bektiarso ◽  
Arju Mutiah ◽  
Ahmad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Critical Thinking Skill ◽  
The Impact

Problem based learning supports students to have an ability to solve problems in real life, so that students’ critical thinking skill is structurally able to appear and is examined well. By problem based learning, students are able construct their own knowledges. This research is held in elementary school using true experimental with test post-test control group design. It uses quantitative descriptive approach. The data of critical thinking skill indicates that problem based learning does not affect significantly toward students’ critical thinking. The data of learning outcomes is analyzed by using t-test in 5 % signification level. The calculation result using t-test gains tcount = 2, 533. This value is consulted to ttable with db = 54 in 5 % signification level, so that it gains ttable = 2,005. It gains tcount>ttable (2,533 > 2,005). Based on its result, it can be concluded that problem based learning affects students’ learning result, unlike students’ critical thinking skill.

scholarly journals Real Life Clinical Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Actions on the Blood Culture Workflow from a Microbiology Laboratory

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1511
Author(s):  
Jose Maria López-Pintor ◽  
Javier Sánchez-López ◽  
Carolina Navarro-San Francisco ◽  
Ana Maria Sánchez-Díaz ◽  
Elena Loza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Accelerating the diagnosis of bacteremia is one of the biggest challenges in clinical microbiology departments. The fast establishment of a correct treatment is determinant on bacteremic patients’ outcomes. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial therapy and clinical outcomes of a rapid blood culture workflow protocol in positive blood cultures with Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Methods: A quasi-experimental before–after study was performed with two groups: (i) control group (conventional work-protocol) and (ii) intervention group (rapid workflow-protocol: rapid identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) from bacterial pellet without overnight incubation). Patients were divided into different categories according to the type of intervention over treatment. Outcomes were compared between both groups. Results: A total of 313 patients with GNB-bacteremia were included: 125 patients in the control group and 188 in the intervention. The time from positive blood culture to intervention on antibiotic treatment decreased from 2.0 days in the control group to 1.0 in the intervention group (p < 0.001). On the maintenance of correct empirical treatment, the control group reported 2.0 median days until the clinical decision, while in the intervention group was 1.0 (p < 0.001). In the case of treatment de-escalation, a significant difference between both groups (4.0 vs. 2.0, p < 0.001) was found. A decreasing trend on the change from inappropriate treatments to appropriate ones was observed: 3.5 vs. 1.5; p = 0.12. No significant differences were found between both groups on 7-days mortality or on readmissions in the first 30-days. Conclusions: Routine implementation of a rapid workflow protocol anticipates the report of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results in patients with GNB-bacteremia, decreasing the time to effective and optimal antibiotic therapy.

Nutritional and economic impact of five alternative front-of-pack nutritional labels: experimental evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Crosetto ◽  
Anne Lacroix ◽  
Laurent Muller ◽  
Bernard Ruffieux
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Framed Field Experiment ◽  
Nutritional Score ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAn incentivised laboratory framed field experiment with 691 subjects examined the impact of five front-of-pack labels (Multiple Traffic Lights; Reference Intakes; HealthStarRating; NutriScore and Système d’Etiquetage Nutritionnel Simplifié) on food shopping within a catalogue of 290 products. Using difference-in-difference, we estimate the between-label variability of within-subject changes in the shopping’s Food and Standards Agency aggregated nutritional score. All labels improve the nutritional quality (−1.56 FSA points on average). NutriScore is the most effective (−2.65), followed by HealthStarRating (−1.86). Behaviourally, subjects react mostly to the extreme values of the labels and not to intermediate values. Nutritional gains are not correlated with higher expenditure.

scholarly journals Realia-Mediated Instruction: An Effective Tool for Improving Young Learners' Vocabulary Skills

Al-Lisan ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Muhammad Safdar Bhatti ◽  
Alvons Habibie ◽  
Shaista Noreen ◽  
Sabir Hussain ◽  
Shahla Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Menu Selection ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Impact

A foreign language teacher often employs realia to strengthen pupils' association between words and objects. The current study investigates real-life activities that improve vocabulary learning in the English language and the impact of realia on improving students' vocabulary learning performance. It was an experimental study with only post-test design. Forty students participated in the study. The data were collected and analyzed statistically. The results revealed that vital activities used for vocabulary development were menu selection, game recognition, picture identification, activity identification, magazine adds understanding, and identification of cities and map reading, respectively. It was evident that the experimental group performed better when compared with the control group. The study suggested that students may focus their attention, stimulate their interest, give them real impact, make them aware, and modernize their language learning through vocabulary improvement.

The effect of storage temperature fluctuations on the stability of biochemical analytes in blood serum

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmuth Haslacher ◽  
Thomas Szekeres ◽  
Marlene Gerner ◽  
Elisabeth Ponweiser ◽  
Manuela Repl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Complex Temperature ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackground:Irreproducibility of scientific results constitutes an undesirably onerous economic burden and is in many cases caused by low-quality materials. Therefore, researchers are increasingly devoting their attention to the bioresources they use. In turn, those bioresources are required to validate their preanalytical processes in order to ensure best possible quality. The present study thus aimed to evaluate the impact of repeated temperature fluctuations, as they occur in most research biobanks due to repetitive opening and closing of freezer doors, on the stability of 26 biochemical analytes.Methods:Serum of 43 individuals was randomly assigned to a fluctuation (n=21) and a control group (n=22). Serum of the fluctuation group underwent controlled temperature fluctuations (30 fluctuations <−75°C – <−65°C – <−75°C under real-life freezer conditions within 21 days). Control sera were stored at constant conditions. After 10, 20, and 30 fluctuations, results derived from the fluctuation group were compared to baseline and to the control group by means of general linear models.Results:Sixteen biomarkers showed statistically significant changes over time, whereas only seven of those presented with diagnostically/clinically relevant changes at certain time points (aspartate aminotransferase, amylase, calcium, uric acid, creatinine, inorganic phosphate and total protein). However, there was no difference between the fluctuation and the control group.Conclusions:Some serum analytes are influenced by storage, even at temperatures as low as <−70°C. In contrast, we found no evidence that complex temperature fluctuations produced by storage of and access to biospecimens in biobank freezers generate any additional variability.

Acupuncture for Mild to Moderate Emotional Complaints in Pregnancy – a Prospective, Quasi-Randomised, Controlled Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Bosco Guerreiro da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Acupuncture Group ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background The aim of this study was to describe the effects of acupuncture under real life conditions, in the treatment of emotional complaints during pregnancy. Methods A group of 51 conventionally treated pregnant women (with counselling by their physicians and nurses) was allocated by chance into two groups to be either treated or not by acupuncture. Both groups (28 in the study group and 23 in the control group) presented emotional complaints such as anxiety, depression and irritability. They reported the severity of symptoms using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) from 0 to 10; and they rated how much the symptoms disturbed five aspects of their lives: mood, sleep, relationships, social activities, sexual life and joy of living. Traditional acupuncture was used. In order to facilitate protocols we used pre-programmed points. Up to four points were permitted as optional points. Results Three women from the acupuncture group and four from the control group dropped out of the study. Over the study period, the NRS scores of intensity of emotional distress decreased by at least half in 15/25 (60%) of patients in the study group and in 5/19 (26%) of those in the control group (P=0.013). The impact of the distress on three out of the five aspects of life was significantly less in the acupuncture group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Emotional complaints are very common in pregnancy and medication is always a risk. In this study, acupuncture seems to be an efficacious means of reducing symptoms and improving the quality of life of women with emotional complaints during pregnancy. Large randomised studies are recommended to confirm these results.

Investigating the Impact of an Intervention to Promote Mastery Goal Orientation

2021 ◽  
pp. 009862832110262
Author(s):  
Ordene V. Edwards ◽  
Herman G. Ray ◽  
Marion Granger
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Mastery Goal Orientation ◽  
Mastery Goal ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Psychology Course ◽  
Approach Goals ◽  
The Impact

Background Encouraging students to adopt a mastery goal orientation can help increase learning and motivation. However, the effect of mastery goal orientation interventions specifically in upper-division online elective psychology courses has not been studied. Objective The purpose of this replication study was to examine the effects of a mastery goal intervention on fear of failure, mastery and performance-approach goals, self-efficacy, and academic performance over time. Method Fifty-eight students enrolled in an online upper-division educational psychology course were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group engaged in activities that steered them toward a mastery goal orientation, while the control group completed a stress management activity. Outcomes were measured four times during the study. Results Contrary to our predictions, there were no significant differences between conditions on any of the outcomes. Conclusion Although a mastery adoption intervention has been shown to be effective in prior studies, the current intervention had no impact on students in an upper-level online psychology course. Teaching Implications Considering that a mastery goal orientation is consistently linked to adaptive academic outcomes, potentially impactful ways to apply the intervention are discussed.

Information and Communication Technology and Cultural Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hansen ◽  
Tom Postmes ◽  
Nikita van der Vinne ◽  
Wendy van Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ict For Development ◽  
Practical Implications

This paper studies whether and how information and communication technology (ICT) changes self-construal and cultural values in a developing country. Ethiopian children were given laptops in the context of an ICT for development scheme. We compared children who used laptops (n = 69) with a control group without laptops (n = 76) and a second control group of children whose laptop had broken down (n = 24). Results confirmed that after 1 year of laptop usage, the children’s self-concept had become more independent and children endorsed individualist values more strongly. Interestingly, the impact of laptop usage on cultural values was mediated by self-construal (moderated mediation). Importantly, modernization did not “crowd out” traditional culture: ICT usage was not associated with a reduction in traditional expressions (interdependent self-construal, collectivist values). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

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